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In recent years, international shipping has received considerable attention with regard to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While efficient ships are key, benchmarking the energy efficiency of ships is not straightforward. Technical indicators, such as the EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index), reflect a ship's efficiency in ideal conditions (calm sea, no wind, fully laden, design speed). In contrast, operational indicators, such as the EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operational Index), are affected by factors either completely out of the operator's control (weather conditions, etc.) or partially controllable due to market conditions (volume of cargo, speed, etc.). In its way towards decarbonization, the maritime industry needs a realistic benchmarking tool for ship energy efficiency that considers both technical and operational aspects. The automotive industry has been using driving cycles for decades to test and assess the efficiency of vehicles in terms of air pollutants, and more recently, GHG emissions. This concept does not exist in maritime transport, at least not in formal policy-making. This work investigates the possibility of applying the concept of operational cycles in the maritime industry based on experiences acquired from the automotive driving cycles. More specifically, we will: (i) present the motivations for developing operational cycles for ships, (ii) provide an overview of the methods and uses of the driving cycles in road transport, and (iii) suggest an initial procedure for developing these cycles in maritime transport, including the data needed. A literature review identifies the development and use of the driving cycles, the methodologies applied worldwide, and the benefits and limitations of the different types of driving cycles. We also identify the few applications of operational cycles in the maritime industry. The lessons learned from the automotive industry form the foundation for discussing the possibility of applying this concept in the maritime sector, considering the differences between the two industries. We identify the necessary data, and we discuss further development work along with the potential use of these cycles as a tool for enhancing policy-making and ultimately improving the design of efficient ships.

We compare an enhancement of the BGP protocol for TE support in GMPLS networks with a simple TE extension of BGP in terms of signaling overhead and connection blocking ratio. Our results show increased performance of the enhanced BGP.

Recent advances have shown sensor-fusion’s vital role in accurate detection, especially for advanced driver assistancesystems. We introduce a novel procedure for depth upsampling and sensor-fusion that together lead to an improved detectionperformance, compared to state-of-the-art results for detecting cars. Upsampling is generally based on combining datafrom an image to compensate for the low resolution of a LiDAR (Light Detector and Ranging). This paper, on the otherhand, presents a framework to obtain dense depth map solely from a single LiDAR point cloud that makes it possible touse just one deep network for both LiDAR and image modalities. The produced full-depth map is added to the grayscaleversion of the image to produce a two-channel input for a deep neural network. The simple preprocessing structure isefficiently competent in filing cars’ shapes, which helps the fusion framework to outperforms the state-of-the-art on theKITTI object detection for the Car class. Additionally, the combination of depth and image makes it easier for the networkto discriminate highly occluded and truncated vehicles.

Management of containers and carriers in a supply chain that spreads across different intermodal legs of ocean, land, river, rail and air transport is a challenging task in the shipping industry. During the intermodal phase, the triangulation of containers or carriers is a process that is sought to minimize cost by saving a possible transport leg. In this paper, we discuss an optimal triangulation process of containers carried by trucks in an intermodal transport network. We are addressing a specific triangulation process for the trucks engaged in import drops or export pickups of containers such that they can be effectively reused for the next export pickups or import drops in locations within a neighbourhood. We propose a mathematical model to address this problem in the framework of minimum cost network flows. Further, we introduce a heuristic method using the successive shortest path algorithm for the proposed model. The model is analyzed using data from current shipping networks of one of the major shipping industries for its North America database.

Sammenhængen mellem trafikulykker og hastighed viser, at øget hastighed resulterer i flere og mere alvorlige trafikulykker. Tidligere undersøgelser har indikeret, at bilister overskrider hastighedsgrænsen på gennemfartsveje i mindre byer i Danmark. For at holde farten nede i bygennemfarter er der i Danmark traditionelt anvendt vejtekniske tiltag i form af bump, forsætninger og byporte. Formålet med denne undersøgelse er at finde ud af, hvilken effekt disse tiltag har på bilisters kørselsadfærd i gennemfartsbyer i Danmark. Undersøgelsen er foretaget på baggrund af GPS-baserede data fra kørende biler for 14 gennemfartsbyer i Nordjylland. Undersøgelsen viser, at enkeltstående bump og forsætninger kun har meget lokal effekt og ikke er tilstrækkelige til at holde bilisternes hastighed nede i byerne. Bilisterne øger hastigheden igen umiddelbart efter passagen af tiltaget. Kun hvor der er etableret bump og forsætninger efter Vejreglernes anbefalinger, er hastigheden reduceret, som ønsket. En tætliggende randbebyggelse reducerer også hastigheden i en del bygennemfarter, men den har ingen effekt på de højeste hastigheder. En modellering af effekter på hastighedsvalget viser, at uden hastighedsdæmpende foranstaltninger og en lav andel af byggeri nær bygennemfarten overskrides hastigheden ved ca. 75 % af passagerne. Endvidere har afstanden mellem hastighedsdæmpende tiltag stor betydning for hastighedsvalget, og randbebyggelsens karakter påvirker også hastighedsvalget i betydelig grad.

To help users of P2P communication systems perform better-than-random selection of communication peers, Internet Engineering Task Force standardized theApplication Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) protocol. The ALTO provided data-routing cost metric, can be used to rank peers in P2P communication systems. However, the method to derive the data-routing cost metric is undefined by the standard. This paper proposes and evaluates three methods to derive the data-routing cost metric for use in ALTO servers.

In the recent years more and more existing services have moved from local execution environments into the cloud. In addition, new cloud-based services are emerging, which are characterized by very stringent delay requirements. This trend puts a stress in the existing monolithic architecture of Data Center Networks (DCN), thus creating the need to evolve them. Traffic Engineering (TE) has long been the way of attacking this problem, but as with DCN, needs to evolve by encompassing new technologies and paradigms. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of current DCN operational and TE techniques focusing on their limitations. Then, it highlights the benefits of incorporating the Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm to address these limitations. Furthermore, it illustrates two methodologies and addresses the scalability aspect of DCN-oriented TE, network and service testing, by presenting a hybrid physical-simulated SDN enabled testbed for TE studies.

This working paper investigates the question of changing people mobility towards more sustainable habits involving them in an engaging gameplay. The work is performed within MUV H2020 research and innovation action. The game design, definition and features have been co-created through the involvement of different citizens and stakeholders in six European neighbourhoods. The paper discusses the game design as resulting from co-creation and co-design experiences with each neighbourhood communities involved in initial phases. The paper argues that the local co-design activities have influenced the game definition, together with the community engagement approach. The MUV gameplay approach results thus a demand-side measure able to encouraging people to sustainable mobility modes in the awareness of their potential role as agents of urban livability. The data collected by the players will be used to support a citizen-centric approach to facilitate equity and mobility justice in urban policies.

In this paper we explore tramp ship routing and scheduling. Tramp ships operate much like taxies following the available demand. Tramp operators can determine some of their demand in advance by entering into long-term contracts and then try to maximise profits from optional voyages found in the spot market. Routing and scheduling a tramp fleet to best utilise fleet capacity according to current demand is therefore an ongoing and complicated problem. Here we add further complexity to the routing and scheduling problem by incorporating voyage separation requirements that enforce a minimum time spread between some voyages. The incorporation of these separation requirements helps balance the conflicting objectives of maximising profit for the tramp operator and minimising inventory costs for the charterer, since thesecosts increase if similar voyages are not performed with some separation in time. We have developed a new and exact branch-and-price procedure for this problem. We use a dynamic programming algorithm to generate columns and describe a time window branching scheme used to enforce the voyage separation requirements which we relax in the master problem. Computational results show that our algorithm in general finds optimal solutions very quickly and performs much faster compared to an earlier a priori path generation method. Finally, we compare our method to an earlier adaptive large neighbourhood search heuristic and find that on similar-sized instances our approach generally uses less time to find the optimal solution than the adaptive large neighbourhood search method uses to find a heuristic solution.

People controlling complex systems is often associated with domains such as air traffic control, power stations, chemical plants or other industrial settings. Financial markets are, however, not well explored in human computer interaction research although they are of similar complexity and may offer valuable lessons to other work domains. Foreign exchange dealers in trading rooms in banks and brokerage houses work in highly stressed environments where decisions are made in narrow time windows and where the electronic push is very high on many measures - volume of information, speed of delivery and complexity of content of messages. The use of electronic text and filtering tools by foreign exchange dealers was studied to examine how and why skills at using these tools might impact performance. Based on a case study of foreign exchange dealers at a large Danish bank, the study proposes measures for IT-reliant and Non-IT-reliant users of information handling tools and suggests that such users can be distinguished by two main characteristics, attitudes and knowledge of the market and filtering tools. Hypothesis on the possible connection between these different types of users and performance were also explored.