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International audience; The article discusses literary representations of Łódź, challenging the popular notionabout the lack of portrayals of this city in the literature. It offers a selection of walkingtours of Łódź tracing literary characters (including Piotrowska Street, the Bałutydistrict, Łódź cemeteries, hotels, and tenement houses), and the argument presentedin the papers aims to show that literary space and urban space are interlinked.; Artykuł jest poświęcony literackim reprezentacjom Łodzi, przełamując popularne mniemanie o braku obrazów tego miasta w literaturze. Stanowi propozycję wybranych spacerów po Łodzi szlakiem bohaterów literackich (m.in. po ulicy Piotrkowskiej, dzielnicy Bałuty, łódzkich nekropoliach, hotelach i kamienicach), a rozważania zostały tak poprowadzone, by pokazać, że przestrzeń miejska i przestrzeń literacka interferują.

International audience

International audience

Twórczość literacka publikujących we Francji pisarzy żydowskich pochodzenia maghrebskiego, której początki sięgają lat 50. XX wieku, rozwija się szczególnie dynamicznie począwszy od lat 80. Spełnia ona następujące funkcje społeczne: wspomnieniową, historiograficzną i adaptacyjną. Migracja wywołuje zachodzące w nowym środowisku procesy wspominania oraz upamiętniania, pozwalając ewentualnie walczyć z doświadczoną traumą i dostarczając grupie migrantów punktów odniesienia. Twórczość literacka pozwala snuć narrację o przeszłości, bez konieczności poddawania się rygorom naukowości. Procesy te zapośredniczają relacje między migrantami a wspólnotą przyjmującą, w której literatura wychodzi poza rzeczywistość społeczną, jaka ukształtowała jednostki. Literary production by Jewish writers from North Africa in France reaches back to the 1950s and has been gaining momentum since the 1980s. These works function as vectors of memory, ‘historiography’ and adaptation. In a new environment, exile leads to recollection and memorialization processes, enabling the subject to fight against trauma and providing the migrant group with a framework of reference. Literature, which does not require a scientific framework, is able immediately to take over the narration of the past. These processes mediate between the exiled group and the host community, in which the exile literary work transcends the social realities that help construct the individual.

International audience

International audience

International audience

Document disponible en ligne :http://docplayer.pl/11817173-Wies-i-rolnictwo-1-1-2015-kwartalnik-166-1-instytut-rozwoju-wsi-i-rolnictwa-polska-akademia-nauk.html; International audience; Family farming is the dominant form of agricultural production in the contemporary world. It fulfills various important economic (food security, employment, etc.) as well as other (social, environmental, etc.) functions. It is an extremely differentiated phenomenon resulting from various interrelationships among such factors, as: access to resources, investment potential, self-consumption, relations between farms and the market, families’ vocational activities, differentiation and specialization of production, substitution of family work-force by capital, the goals for the functioning of the farm as well as results of actions. Modern and intensive family farms in highly developed countries (Western Europe, North America, Australia) are a result of a so-called conventional (classic) way of modernization and account for only 2% of all family farms existing in the contemporary world. This implies that the result of a so-called “industrial revolution” in agriculture is not observed all over the world. It also means that the repetition of this “classic” way of modernization resulting in the growing level of productivity and a structural diversification in agricultural economy seems to be a impossible goal in the coming decades. This can be attributed, to the effects of demographic pressure, food shortages and a lack of financial resources especially in Asia and Africa. Basing on such a diagnosis the author suggests a re-definition of global policies focused on family farming. There should be a more integrative and multi-sector approach taking into consideration such issue as: diversity of the family farming phenomenon, multi-functionality of family farms, treating them as an important type of a public good, control of market mechanisms and speculation issues, strengthening of cooperation and risk reduction activities in agriculture as well as the relation between the family and the farm. Such an approach requires new institutional frameworks for family farming and for agricultural policies to take into consideration territorial and regional differences.