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Face à la pandémie du COVID-19, la science de l’information se trouve confrontée à un certain nombre de nouvelles problématiques, liées aux crises d’information, auxquelles elle n’était pas préparée. Qui dit crise mondiale, crise économique, crise énergétique, changement climatique, etc... dit crise d’information, crise caractérisée par une augmentation drastique de la quantité d’informations, par une épidémie d’information i.e. une infodémie et par de nouvelles et nombreuses mauvaises conduites des pratiques informationnelles. La crise sanitaire liée à la pandémie du COVID-19 n’échappe pas à la règle: infodémie de bonnes informations médicales et sanitaires mais aussi infodémie de mauvaises informations, bonnes pratiques informationnelles mais aussi nombreuses inconduites. Habituée au registre de la vérité scientifique, la science de l’information doit affronter le registre de la post-vérité et du complotisme qui semble caractériser nos sociétés actuelles. Information-soupçon, information-dénonciation, information- mensonge, c’est, pour la science de l’information, un nouvel horizon guère réjouissant qu’elle devrait pouvoir maîtriser sans problème en mobilisant son arsenal de concepts, de méthodes, de lois, de modèles et de théories bien établis en conservant et en développant l’horizon réjouissant de l’information-vérité. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, information science is facing a number of new challenges related to information crises for which it was not prepared. Who says global crisis, economic crisis, energy crisis, climate change, etc ... says information crisis, crisis characterized by a drastic increase in the amount of information, by an information epidemic ie an infodemic and by news and numerous misconduct of information practices. The health crisis linked to the COVID-19 pandemic is no exception to the rule: infodemic of good medical and health information but also infodemic of bad information, good informational practices but also numerous misconduct. Accustomed to the register of scientific truth, information science must confront the register of post-truth and conspiracy that seems to characterize our current societies. Information-suspicion, information-denunciation, information-lies, it is, for the science of information, a hardly encouraging new horizon that it should be able to master without problem by mobilizing its arsenal of concepts, methods, laws, of well- established models and theories by preserving and developing the joyous horizon of information-truth.

La crise sanitaire du COVID-19 a particulièrement accéléré le mouvement de numérisation pourtant déjà initié depuis quelques décennies dans l’enseignement supérieur. De nombreuses activités ont dû être adaptées dans l’urgence, tout particulièrement les réunions entre enseignants, l’évaluation des étudiants et les enseignements. Ces activités sont des exemples de processus « à forte intensité de connaissances » (ou « knowledge intensive processes » en anglais) qui partagent des caractéristiques rendant difficile l’intégration du numérique, telles que : l’abondance de connaissances mobilisables, autant de la part des étudiants lors de leurs travaux que de la part des enseignants évaluant ou adaptant leurs cours ; la collaboration entre toutes les parties prenantes du monde de l’enseignement supérieur ; la créativité requise pour s’adapter au contexte incertain. Ce besoin rapide de déployer de nouveaux processus à forte intensité de connaissances, ou d’adapter ceux qui existent, se confronte à de nombreux défis connus de ce domaine de recherche spécifique. La question est de savoir comment réutiliser des connaissances existantes, par exemple des connaissances entreposées en ligne dont l’abondance rend difficile la sélection des plus adaptées aux besoins des enseignants. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons la méthode CREA réutilisant des cas passés dans le domaine de l’enseignement supérieur, en particulier pour la construction de cours. La méthode CREA permet de réutiliser des supports de cours existants pour tout d’abord représenter visuellement l’écart entre eux, mais également de proposer des séances de cours présentées sous forme de regroupements de sujets majeurs à aborder. D’autres types de documents peuvent également être intégrés parmi les supports de cours (des pages web, ou des articles de recherche), afin de proposer des regroupements adaptés à un public particulier, voire de proposer des regroupements à l’état de l’art de la recherche. Cette méthode s’appuie sur des outils de traitement automatique de la langue pour extraire les termes employés indépendamment de la langue d’origine, puis sur l’analyse de concepts formels pour calculer des métriques permettant de construire des regroupements de termes et évaluer la similarité des cours fournis en entrée. Nous proposons également des résultats préliminaires d’une méthode d’ordonnancement des séances. Similarly to business domains, digitalisation and virtualisation of processes in higher education started a few decades ago. During COVID-19 pandemics, the interest in solutions for developing and delivering classes on-line grew substantially. Nevertheless, solutions allowing for efficient adaptation and reuse of the existing courses and teaching materials in the new circumstances are still lagging. Transformation of a traditional course to a virtual one, developing a new course adapted for the audience are some examples of " knowledge intensive processes ". These processes share common properties making digitalization hard, to cite some : they depend on the extensive knowledge and experience of teachers analysing the context and adapting class accordingly ; they involve an intense collaboration between all stakeholders in the higher education environment ; they require creativity for adapting to uncertain context. Deploying new knowledge intensive processes, or adapting existing ones in this unexpected situation, faced multiple challenges already known from this specific research domain. The main issue is : how to best reuse existing knowledge, including online stored knowledge, where the abundance of sources and data makes it difficult to select the most suited to teachers’ requirements. In this thesis we propose the CREA method that enables a reuse of past cases in the higher education domain, particularly in courses preparation. The CREA method supports the reuse of existing courses materials: (i) it presents graphically the gap (i.e. semantic difference) between the courses and (ii) it summarises the class sessions in a form of clusters of main terms to discuss. Other types of documents can also be integrated within the input courses materials (including web pages, or research articles) in order to propose adapted clusters for specific audiences, or even state-ofthe-art materials. This method relies on natural language processing tools in order to extract the terms regardless of the input language, then it uses formal concept analysis for computing metrics to build clusters of terms and assess the similarity of input materials. We also propose some preliminary results of a session scheduling method.

Textual analysis of 14,270 NBER Working Papers published during 1999–2016 is done to assess the effects of the 2008 crisis on the economics literature. The volume of crisis-related WPs is counter-cyclical, lagging the financial-instability-index. WPs by the Monetary-Economics, Asset-Pricing, and Corporate-Finance program members, hardly refer to “crisis/crises” in the pre-crisis period. As the crisis develops, however, their study-efforts of crisis-related issues increase rapidly. In contrast, WPs in macroeconomics-related programs refer quite extensively in the pre-crisis period to “crisis/crises” and to crises-related topics. Overall, our findings are consistent with the claim that economists were not engaged sufficiently in crises studies before the 2008 crisis. However, counter to the popular image, as soon as the crisis began to unravel, the NBER affiliated economists responded dramatically by switching their focus and efforts to studying and understanding the crisis, its causes and its consequences. Thus, although economists were slow to see the crisis coming, they were fast to act. Preliminary observations on current developments suggest that the economists’ initial response to the ongoing Covid-19 crisis is consistent with these conclusions.

International audience; We examine how corporate real estate market participants adjust to the take-off of teleworking. We develop an indicator of the exposure of counties to teleworking in France by combining teleworking capacity with incentives and frictions to its deployment. We study how this indicator relates to prices and quantities in the corporate real estate market. We find that for offices in counties more exposed, the Covid-19 crisis has led to (1) higher vacancy rates, (2) less construction, (3) lower prices. Our findings reveal that teleworking has already an impact on the office market. Furthermore, forward-looking indicators suggest that market participants are anticipating the shift to teleworking to be durable.

COVID-19 outbreaks at nursing homes during the recent pandemic, which received ample media coverage, may have lasting negative impacts on individuals’ perceptions regarding ursing homes. We argue that this could have sizable and persistent implications for savings and long-term care policies. We first develop a theoretical model predicting that higher nurs- ing home aversion should induce higher savings and stronger support for policies subsidizing home care. We further document, based on a survey on Canadians in their 50s and 60s, that higher nursing home aversion is widespread: 72% of respondents are less inclined to enter a nursing home because of the pandemic. Consistent with our model, we find that the latter are much more likely to have higher intended savings for older age because of the pandemic. We also find that they are more likely to strongly support home care subsidies.

In this study, we use comprehensive French consumer data from the Nielsen ScanTrack retailer panel to analyse the progression of purchasing trends of French households during the coronavirus outbreak. Our results are threefold: First, we observe three temporal phases, namely the normal (pre-Covid-19) period, the anticipation period, and the lockdown period. During the three weeks of anticipation (24 February – 15 March), sales of basic and cleaning products increased by 17%. The first week of the preventive lockdown saw panic buying with sales jumping by 30%, followed by a more subdued growth during the subsequent weeks of the lockdown. We found these time trends to be similar to those observed in Italy and Spain. Second, sales of the hypermarkets fell by 6% during the lockdown, while those of supermarkets and convenience stores rose by 13% and 28% respectively. Online sales through drive stores (80%) and home delivery (93%) showed the highest growth. Covid-19 appears to have accentuated the joint evolution of two major phenomena: strong development of E-commerce, and the desire of the households to visit small shops close to their homes. Third, in terms of product categories, we observe an increase in basic, easy-to-store food products, an increasing consumption of fresh, local & organic products, a significant increase in the purchase of basic hygiene products, and a decline in the purchase of cosmetics. In the latter case, Covid-19 seems to have accentuated a fundamental trend in household purchases in France: "eat local".

We investigate, for the first time, the empirical drivers of the COVID-19 cross-country mortality rates at a macroeconomic level. The intensity of the pandemic (number of infected people), the demographic structure (proportion of people age 65 or above) and the openness degree (number of tourists arrivals) seem to be significant predictors in addition to health infrastructures (number of hospital beds, physicians). We also find that the subprime crisis and the austerity policies conducted in certain countries, by reducing the public health expenditures in the last ten years and altering the adaptation capacity of the health system, have probably intensified the tragic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Pollution seems to have only played a marginal role as well as control strategies (travel restrictions, testing policy). We do not find consistent effects against the COVID-19 virus due to past exposal to other types of epidemics like Malaria or Tuberculosis.

The aim is to show how forgetting the disasters of the past contributes to increasing exposure to risks in our societies. It first addresses the question of historical materials and methods and emphasizes the role of expert speech and modeling, as almost revealed truth and irrefutable proof of the unprecedented nature of a catastrophe. In practice, such a posture often leads to unpreparedness in the face of the coming disaster and to a form of routine risk management, as evidenced by the examples of the flood risk in Paris, the Xynthia storm of 2010 and, more recently still, the Covid 19 crisis. These weaknesses demonstrated, it is finally important to propose other horizons capable of reducing vulnerability. Cet article vise à montrer comment l’oubli des catastrophes du passé contribue à accroître l’exposition aux risques de nos sociétés. Il aborde la question des matériaux et des méthodes historiques, et souligne le rôle de la parole et de la modélisation de l’expert, comme vérité quasi révélée et preuve irréfutable du caractère inédit d’une catastrophe. En pratique, une telle posture conduit souvent à une impréparation face à la catastrophe à venir et à une forme de gestion routinière du risque, comme en témoignent les risques d’inondation à Paris, la tempête Xynthia de 2010 et la crise du Covid 19. Ces faiblesses démontrées, d’autres horizons à même de réduire la vulnérabilité sont proposés.