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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lüpsen, Haiko;

    Die etwa 30 bekanntesten parametrischen und ca. 20 nichtparametrischen Verfahren für multiple Mittelwertvergleiche sowie ca. 25 Methoden für alpha-Korrekturen bei Paarvergleichen werden vorgestellt. Dabei stehen solche im Vordergrund, die in R und/oder in SPSS ohne großen Aufwand anwendbar sind. Es werden die Voraussetzungen der Verfahren besprochen sowie Lösungen mit R und SPSS ausführlich gezeigt.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Selders, Peter A.;

    Topic of this work is the analysis and improvement of the sensitivity of high-Tcsuperconducting rf-SQUIDs for operation in unshielded environment. The increase ofthe low-frequency noise due vortex motion in an applied magnetic field leads to adrastic reduction of sensibility of the sensors, which affects possible application ofSQUIDs. Aim of this work was the reduction of the vortex motion by simplemeasures, i. e. specially positioned micrometer holes (antidots), in order to achieve afield independent noise performance of the SQUIDs. This work can be divided intothree major parts: 1. The penetration and motion of vortices in rf-Washer SQUIDs with applied magneticfield has been examined and compared with existing models of the surface barrierand the thermal activated vortex motion. 2. Concepts for the reduction of the low frequency noise due to vortex motion havebeen developed. These are based on the pinning of vortices by artificial defectsespecially micrometer holes, so called antidots. 3. The noise reduction due to vortex pinning by antidots in rf-Washer SQUIDs in anapplied magnetic field has been experimentally demonstrated in field-cooled andzero-field cooled measurements. In the frame of this work the connections between the penetration and motion ofvortices into and in the washer of the SQUID on one hand and the low frequencynoise on the other hand are proved and illuminated by different measurements. Thepenetration and motion of single vortices into and in the washer of the SQUIDs hasbeen detected. The reduction of the low frequency noise in applied magnetic fields tothe zero field level is realized by special arrangements of antidots. A shift of the onsetof the increase of the low frequency noise from 8$\mu$T for the SQUIDs without antidotsto 40$\mu$T in field-cooled measurements and to 25$\mu$T in zero-field cooledmeasurements with SQUIDs with antidots is achieved. The developed measurementtechniques are well suited for the further examination of the properties of vortices inrf-Washer SQUIDs and the vortex antidot interaction.

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    Authors: Jünger, Saskia; Jannes, Marc; Bogedain, Victoria; Geldermann, Anna; +1 Authors

    Das Internet spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der Gesundheitskommunikation und hat sich als Informationsquelle in Gesundheitsfragen fest etabliert. In der Folge rückt die Frage nach der Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Online-Gesundheitsinformationen in den Blick. Nutzer:innen stehen vor der Herausforderung, geeignete Suchstrategien zu entwickeln, die Verlässlichkeit der Quellen einzuschätzen und deren Bedeutung für ihre eigene Gesundheit zu bewerten. Ziel des vorliegenden Projekts war die Entwicklung einer Orientierungshilfe für den Umgang mit digitalen Gesundheitsinformationen. Das Projekt richtete sich an zwei Adressat:innengruppen: Jugendliche (14 – 19 Jahre) und Erwachsene mittleren Alters (35 – 65 Jahre). Für die Studie wurde ein multi-methodischer Ansatz gewählt; die Methodik umfasste eine orientierende Literaturrecherche, Beobachtungsstudien und Gruppendiskussionen, einen Online-Survey sowie partizipative Workshops. Auf Grundlage der empirischen Erhebungen im Rahmen dieses Projekts wurden Ansatzpunkte für die Praxis identifiziert und in die Entwicklung einer Orientierungshilfe übertragen. Diese wurde in Form einer Webseite umgesetzt und in zwei Varianten („gesund-im-netz.net“ und „klick2health.net“) an die Bedürfnisse von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen angepasst. Verbraucher:innen sollen damit in ihrer Kompetenz gestärkt werden, bei der Gesundheitsinformationssuche selbstständig einschätzen zu können, ob es sich um relevante und qualitativ hochwertige Informationen handelt. Die Ergebnisse bilden zudem einen Ausgangspunkt, um die Orientierungshilfe perspektivisch für weitere Adressat:innengruppen weiterzuentwickeln, sowie an die sich fortlaufend ändernden Anforderungen bezüglich der Online-Suche nach Gesundheitsinformationen anzupassen.

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    Authors: Zanga, Gervais; Pasch, Helma;

    Konstruktionsanleitung in Zande mit französischer Übersetzung

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kreft, Sabrina;

    For the development of new analogues of the highly affine and selective radioligand 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-[$^{18}$F]fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine ([$^{18}$F]CPFPX) for the adenosine A$_{1}$ receptorwith improved metabolic stability for molecular imaging by positron-emission-tomography theaffinities of different in-house synthesized xanthine derivatives to the adenosine A$_{1}$ receptorwere investigated, in order to reveal relationships between molecular structure and bindingproperties of these ligands. Based on these studies, on the results of earlier studies on metabolism in-house, known biological properties as well as computed lipophilicity parameters of various xanthinederivatives, new compounds were designed as possible adenosine A$_{1}$ receptor ligands. Froma series of xanthine derivatives 8-cyclobutyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)xanthine(CBCPM) and 1-cyclopropylmethyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-8-(1-methylcyclobutyl)xanthine(CPMMCB) emerged as the most suitable candidates. The non-radioactive target compounds and corresponding mesylate precursors for radiofluorination could successfully be synthesized. The labelled products were obtained by nucleophilic substitution with no-carrier-added [$^{18}$F]fluoride and subsequent deprotection. [$^{18}$F]CBCPM was obtained and isolated in radiochemical yields of 21,3 ± 3,8 % and a molar activity of 12.3 ± 0.2 GBq/$\mu$mol (0.33 ± 0.01 Ci/$\mu$mol). In the case of [$^{18}$F]CPMMCB, a radiochemical yield of 14.4 ± 2.5 % and a molar activity of 36.5 ± 1.1 GBq/$\mu$mol(0.99 ± 0.03 Ci/$\mu$mol) could be achieved. $\textit{In vitro}$ competition assays revealed a high affinity to the adenosine A$_{1}$ receptor for both compounds. The inhibition constants were K$_{l}$ = 10.1 nM (CBCMP) and K$_{l}$ = 15.5 nM (CPMMCB), while the K$_{l}$ value of the established CPFPX as reference compound in this test series was 15.1 nM. Autoradiographic studies confirmed the high affinity as well as high selectivity of the radiofluorinated compounds to the target receptor. The specific binding amounted to 86.8 % for [$^{18}$F]CBCPM and 84.8 % for [$^{18}$F]CPMMCB. In $\textit{in vitro}$ studies usinghuman liver microsomes both new non labeled xanthine derivatives show a distinctly slowermetabolism than CPFPX. Thus, it was successful to develop [$^{18}$F]CBMCP and [$^{18}$F]CPMMCB as two new, highly affine and selective xanthine derivatives, potential radioligands for the adenosine A$_{1}$ receptor. The slower degradation of the ligands in $\textit{in vitro}$ studies supports reasonable presumptions of asignificantly higher $\textit{in vivo}$ stability causing the aspired longer biological half-life.

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    Authors: Lüttgens, Gunnar;

    handle: 2128/172

    Metal-adsorbate-clusters have been studied using femtosecond-time-resolved and conventional photoelectron spectroscopy. Information concerning the dissociation dynamics as well as the electronic and geometric structures of these systems could be deduced. The photodesorption of CO from Au$_{2}$CO- and Pt$_{2}$(CO)$_{5}$ after excitation with an 1.5 eV-photon could be studied with pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy. The desorption occurs in a statistical manner via statistical fluctuations of the hot phonon system. The time constants of desorption are (470 ± 50) fs (Au$_{2}$CO$^{-}$) and (3 ± 2) ps (Pt$_{2}$(CO)$_{5}$). From the measured time constant one can deduce the energy barrier for CO-desorption. The photodissociation process of Pt$_{2}$N$_{2}$ occurs rather slowly on a time scale of $\tau$ = (100 ± 25) ps. The relaxation of the electronic system after excitation and the thermalisation of the excitation energy could be studied as well. The electronic relaxation in Au$_{2}$CO$^{-}$ and Pt$_{2}$(CO)$_{5}$ occurs very fast on an time scale < 70 fs. Using conventional photoelectron spectroscopy the electronic and geometric structures of platinum-, palladium and lead-dimmes with benzene-molecule adsorbed an them were studied. A strong interaction of the benzene-frontier-orbitals with the metal orbitals of the dimer can be deduced from the spectra. In the spectra of Pt$_{2}$Bz and Pd$_{2}$Bz a vibrational progression could be resolved. It could be concluded that the benzenemolecules adsorbs in an C$_{6v}$-like symmetry perpendicular to the axis of the dimer. Fitting a Franck-Condon-Profile to the vibrational progression the spectroscopy constants of Pt$_{2}$Bz, Pd$_{2}$Bz and the anions could be deduced. Contrary to this situation benzene was found to adsorb parallel to the main group metal dimer Pb$_{2}$ forming a Pb$_{2}$Bz-cluster with C$_{2v}$ symmetry.

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    Authors: Zschörner, Helmut F.;

    Band 1 leitet eine Reihe von bisher unveröffentlichten Arbeiten des Physikers Helmut Zschörner ein, die sich mit grundlegenden Fragen der Erkenntnistheorie, Physik und Kosmologie befassen und zum grössten Teil in den 80er Jahren entstanden. Sie beruhen auf einer Theorie universeller und determinierbarer Systeme, die vom Autor mit Hilfe der Methode der reinen und vollständigen Deduktion erarbeitet wurde. Diese Theorie wird in den fol-genden Bänden 2 und 3 vorgestellt. Für die Deutung der Entstehung und des Zustandes der materiellen Welt ergeben sich daraus faszinierende neuartige Einsichten, die zum Teil im eklatanten Widerspruch zu aktuellen Deutungen der theoretischen Physik stehen oder – wie im Fall der Relativitätstheorie – ergänzend darüber hinaus führen. Für diesen Band wurden drei spezielle Aufsätze als Auftakt für die geschlossene Darstellung der Theorie universeller und determinierbarer Systeme in den folgenden Bänden 2 und 3 ausgewählt. Es handelt sich um Ausführungen zur Vakuum-Lichtgeschwindigkeit, zur Theorie von Elementarobjekten (vom Autor als Neutrinos definiert) als Grundlage des materiellen Universums und - darauf aufbauend – zur Herkunft und Wirkung der Gravitation. Dabei werden Fragen nach der Art des „Urknalls“, nach der Entstehung der 3K-Hintergrundstrahlung und der einheitlichen Deutung aller physikalischen Wechselwirkungen angesprochen. U. a. ergibt sich aus der Theorie der Ausdehnung des Universums und aus der deduktiv abgeleiteten Zunahme der Vakuum-Lichtgeschwindigkeit mit der Zeit eine beschleunigte Ausdehnung des Universums, ohne dass dunkle Energie postuliert werden muss. Dieser Befund wurde rund 10 Jahre nach der Entstehung der Aufsätze durch astronomische Beobachtungen bestätigt. Die Aufsätze mögen als Motivation zur weiteren Beschäftigung mit den Arbeiten Helmut Zschörners dienen, die in der anhängenden Dokumentation vom Autor kurz beschrieben werden. Die Auswahl der in diesem Band vereinten sechs Aufsätze Helmut Zschörners ist vor allem bedingt durch die Verfügbarkeit reproduzierbarer Manuskripte, die sich im engeren und weiteren Sinn mit Fragen der Physik befassen. Die Arbeiten kreisen um Fragen der Interpretation der Relativitätstheorie und ihrer Erweiterung. Die Hypothese der Dunkelmaterie wird als fundamentales Denkproblem identifiziert. Die Anwendung der ihrem Charakter nach nicht-objektiven Mathematik auf das objektive materielle Universum wird kritisch diskutiert. Und es wird gefragt woher die Naturgesetze kommen, welche Bedeutung sie für die geistige Existenz des Menschen haben und wie sich durch Vor-Urteile belastetes axiomatisches Denken in den Naturwissenschaften aus-wirkt.

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    Authors: Thöne, Michael; Dobroschke, Stephan;

    Gegenstand der vorliegenden Studie ist eine Überprüfung des von der EU-Kommission vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes zur indikatorbasierten Messung der Qualität öffentlicher Finanzen am Fallbeispiel Deutschland. Auf Basis grundlegender Anforderungen an ein solches Instrument wird die Darstellung der Ausgaben-, der Einnahmendimension sowie der Dimension "Fiscal Governance" einer näheren Analyse unterzogen. Es zeigt sich, dass der Versuch einer indikatorbasierten, qualitativen Bewertung öffentlicher Finanzen zwar wünschenswert und in einzelnen Teilbereichen machbar, im Gesamtkontext - auch vor dem Hintergrund einer geplanten Synthese unterschiedlicher Teilindikatoren zu "synthetischen Indikatoren" - jedoch mit Problemen verbunden ist. Während die indikatorbasierte Abbildung einzelner Teilbereiche durchaus belastbare Ergebnisse erzielen kann, könnte die mangelnde Berücksichtigung vielschichtiger und z. T. endogener Wirkungszusammenhänge - etwa in der Einnahmendimension - zu Verfälschungen in der Länderbewertung führen. In Anbetracht struktureller Schwächen synthetischer Indikatoren könnte eine Weiterentwicklung darin liegen, einzelne und zentrale Indikatoren in den Vordergrund zu rücken - nicht allerdings, um sie an die Stelle eines unverzichtbaren umfassenden und disaggregierten Ansatzes zu stellen. Forschungsauftrag Nr. 10/08 des Bundesministeriums der Finanzen The purpose of this study is to examine the practicability of a concept proposed by the European Commission to assess the quality of public finances. This concept consists of a broad set of indicators related to certain dimensions of the quality of public finances. On the basis of fundamental requirements to such an assessment, the representativeness of indicator based evaluations of the quality dimensions fiscal expenditure, revenue systems as well as fiscal governance are being elaborated. Apparently, the attempt to display the quality of public finances by certain "quality indicators" is wishful and may be feasible in some subareas of public finances. In light of the intended aggregation of indicators to synthetic "overall indicators", this assessment, however, is subject to significant drawbacks. Whereas the appraisal of some sectors - such as certain subdomains of public expenditures - seems to be reliable, the complexity of underlying interrelations in other areas may lead to distorted country ratings. In view of structural shortcomings of synthetic indicators, further potential of this concept could lie in the preferential use of single and central indicators - whereas these indicators should not replace a comprehensive and disaggregated assessment of all dimensions of the quality of public finances.

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    Report . 2010
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    Authors: Klawonn, Axel; Lanser, Martin; Rheinbach, Oliver; Uran, Matthias;

    The Nakajima test is a well-known material test from steel industries to determine the forming limit of sheet metal. It is demonstrated how FE2TI, our highly parallel scalable implementation of the computational homogenization method FE^2, can be used for the simulation of the Nakajima test. In this test, a sample sheet geometry is clamped between a blank holder and a die. Then, a hemispherical punch is driven into the specimen until material failure occurs. For the simulation of the Nakajima test, our software package FE2TI has been enhanced with a frictionless contact formulation on the macroscopic level using the penalty method. The appropriate choice of suitable boundary conditions as well as the influence of symmetry assumptions regarding the symmetric test setup are discussed. In order to be able to solve larger macroscopic problems more efficiently, the balancing domain decomposition by constraints (BDDC) approach has been implemented on the macroscopic level as an alternative to a sparse direct solver. To improve the computational efficiency of FE2TI even further, additionally, an adaptive load step approach has been implemented and different extrapolation strategies are compared. Both strategies yield a significant reduction of the overall computing time. Furthermore, a strategy to dynamically increase the penalty parameter is presented which allows to resolve the contact conditions more accurately without increasing the overall computing time too much. Numerically computed forming limit diagrams based on virtual Nakajima tests are presented.

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    Authors: Seinsche, Laura; Neumann, Jana; Lindert, Lara; Zeike, Sabrina Jasmina; +1 Authors

    Follow-Up-Befragung zur Studie „Homeoffice- und Präsenzkultur im Bereich IT und technische Dienstleistungen in Zeiten der Covid-19-Pandemie“: Durch die Ausbreitung des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 und die damit verbundenen Schutzmaßnahmen sind für viele Beschäftigte aus dem Bereich IT und technische Dienstleistungen eine Reihe von Veränderungen im Arbeits- und Privatleben entstanden. Ein Jahr später ist die Homeoffice-Situation für einige Beschäftigte – nicht zuletzt auch durch die Corona-Arbeitsschutzverordnung weiter verstärkt – zum Alltag geworden. Es stellt sich die Frage, wie die Beschäftigten mit ihrer neuen Arbeitssituation umgehen. Die vorliegende Studie zielt darauf ab, die Veränderung der Homeoffice- und Präsenzkultur in Zeiten der Covid-19-Pandemie im Bereich IT und technische Dienstleistungen zu untersuchen. Zudem sollen die wahrgenommenen Veränderungen nach einem Jahr Homeoffice ermittelt sowie der Zusammenhang zwischen Homeoffice- und Präsenzkultur und der mentalen Gesundheit von Beschäftigten untersucht werden. Aufbauend auf einer Online-Umfrage aus April 2020 mit 1.933 Beschäftigten aus dem Bereich IT und technische Dienstleistungen führte das IMVR eine Folgebefragung im Mai 2021 durch. Zum zweiten Befragungszeitpunkt haben 236 Beschäftigte erneut an der Befragung teilgenommen. Die Ergebnisse der zweiten Befragung zeigen, dass die Präsenzkultur nach einem Jahr Homeoffice signifikant abgenommen hat und die Homeofficekultur signifikant gestiegen ist. Zudem werden Empfehlungen für eine gesundheitsförderliche Arbeitsgestaltung im Homeoffice häufiger eingehalten. Wahrgenommene Veränderungen der Arbeitssituation nach einem Jahr im Homeoffice beziehen sich vor allem auf den Kontakt und die Zusammenarbeit, die Akzeptanz von Homeoffice sowie den erhöhten Arbeitsaufwand und Flexibilität im Homeoffice. Des Weiteren zeigt sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Homeoffice- bzw. Präsenzkultur und der Gesundheit von Beschäftigten.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lüpsen, Haiko;

    Die etwa 30 bekanntesten parametrischen und ca. 20 nichtparametrischen Verfahren für multiple Mittelwertvergleiche sowie ca. 25 Methoden für alpha-Korrekturen bei Paarvergleichen werden vorgestellt. Dabei stehen solche im Vordergrund, die in R und/oder in SPSS ohne großen Aufwand anwendbar sind. Es werden die Voraussetzungen der Verfahren besprochen sowie Lösungen mit R und SPSS ausführlich gezeigt.

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    Authors: Selders, Peter A.;

    Topic of this work is the analysis and improvement of the sensitivity of high-Tcsuperconducting rf-SQUIDs for operation in unshielded environment. The increase ofthe low-frequency noise due vortex motion in an applied magnetic field leads to adrastic reduction of sensibility of the sensors, which affects possible application ofSQUIDs. Aim of this work was the reduction of the vortex motion by simplemeasures, i. e. specially positioned micrometer holes (antidots), in order to achieve afield independent noise performance of the SQUIDs. This work can be divided intothree major parts: 1. The penetration and motion of vortices in rf-Washer SQUIDs with applied magneticfield has been examined and compared with existing models of the surface barrierand the thermal activated vortex motion. 2. Concepts for the reduction of the low frequency noise due to vortex motion havebeen developed. These are based on the pinning of vortices by artificial defectsespecially micrometer holes, so called antidots. 3. The noise reduction due to vortex pinning by antidots in rf-Washer SQUIDs in anapplied magnetic field has been experimentally demonstrated in field-cooled andzero-field cooled measurements. In the frame of this work the connections between the penetration and motion ofvortices into and in the washer of the SQUID on one hand and the low frequencynoise on the other hand are proved and illuminated by different measurements. Thepenetration and motion of single vortices into and in the washer of the SQUIDs hasbeen detected. The reduction of the low frequency noise in applied magnetic fields tothe zero field level is realized by special arrangements of antidots. A shift of the onsetof the increase of the low frequency noise from 8$\mu$T for the SQUIDs without antidotsto 40$\mu$T in field-cooled measurements and to 25$\mu$T in zero-field cooledmeasurements with SQUIDs with antidots is achieved. The developed measurementtechniques are well suited for the further examination of the properties of vortices inrf-Washer SQUIDs and the vortex antidot interaction.

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    Authors: Jünger, Saskia; Jannes, Marc; Bogedain, Victoria; Geldermann, Anna; +1 Authors

    Das Internet spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der Gesundheitskommunikation und hat sich als Informationsquelle in Gesundheitsfragen fest etabliert. In der Folge rückt die Frage nach der Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Online-Gesundheitsinformationen in den Blick. Nutzer:innen stehen vor der Herausforderung, geeignete Suchstrategien zu entwickeln, die Verlässlichkeit der Quellen einzuschätzen und deren Bedeutung für ihre eigene Gesundheit zu bewerten. Ziel des vorliegenden Projekts war die Entwicklung einer Orientierungshilfe für den Umgang mit digitalen Gesundheitsinformationen. Das Projekt richtete sich an zwei Adressat:innengruppen: Jugendliche (14 – 19 Jahre) und Erwachsene mittleren Alters (35 – 65 Jahre). Für die Studie wurde ein multi-methodischer Ansatz gewählt; die Methodik umfasste eine orientierende Literaturrecherche, Beobachtungsstudien und Gruppendiskussionen, einen Online-Survey sowie partizipative Workshops. Auf Grundlage der empirischen Erhebungen im Rahmen dieses Projekts wurden Ansatzpunkte für die Praxis identifiziert und in die Entwicklung einer Orientierungshilfe übertragen. Diese wurde in Form einer Webseite umgesetzt und in zwei Varianten („gesund-im-netz.net“ und „klick2health.net“) an die Bedürfnisse von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen angepasst. Verbraucher:innen sollen damit in ihrer Kompetenz gestärkt werden, bei der Gesundheitsinformationssuche selbstständig einschätzen zu können, ob es sich um relevante und qualitativ hochwertige Informationen handelt. Die Ergebnisse bilden zudem einen Ausgangspunkt, um die Orientierungshilfe perspektivisch für weitere Adressat:innengruppen weiterzuentwickeln, sowie an die sich fortlaufend ändernden Anforderungen bezüglich der Online-Suche nach Gesundheitsinformationen anzupassen.

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    Authors: Zanga, Gervais; Pasch, Helma;

    Konstruktionsanleitung in Zande mit französischer Übersetzung

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    Authors: Kreft, Sabrina;

    For the development of new analogues of the highly affine and selective radioligand 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-[$^{18}$F]fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine ([$^{18}$F]CPFPX) for the adenosine A$_{1}$ receptorwith improved metabolic stability for molecular imaging by positron-emission-tomography theaffinities of different in-house synthesized xanthine derivatives to the adenosine A$_{1}$ receptorwere investigated, in order to reveal relationships between molecular structure and bindingproperties of these ligands. Based on these studies, on the results of earlier studies on metabolism in-house, known biological properties as well as computed lipophilicity parameters of various xanthinederivatives, new compounds were designed as possible adenosine A$_{1}$ receptor ligands. Froma series of xanthine derivatives 8-cyclobutyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)xanthine(CBCPM) and 1-cyclopropylmethyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-8-(1-methylcyclobutyl)xanthine(CPMMCB) emerged as the most suitable candidates. The non-radioactive target compounds and corresponding mesylate precursors for radiofluorination could successfully be synthesized. The labelled products were obtained by nucleophilic substitution with no-carrier-added [$^{18}$F]fluoride and subsequent deprotection. [$^{18}$F]CBCPM was obtained and isolated in radiochemical yields of 21,3 ± 3,8 % and a molar activity of 12.3 ± 0.2 GBq/$\mu$mol (0.33 ± 0.01 Ci/$\mu$mol). In the case of [$^{18}$F]CPMMCB, a radiochemical yield of 14.4 ± 2.5 % and a molar activity of 36.5 ± 1.1 GBq/$\mu$mol(0.99 ± 0.03 Ci/$\mu$mol) could be achieved. $\textit{In vitro}$ competition assays revealed a high affinity to the adenosine A$_{1}$ receptor for both compounds. The inhibition constants were K$_{l}$ = 10.1 nM (CBCMP) and K$_{l}$ = 15.5 nM (CPMMCB), while the K$_{l}$ value of the established CPFPX as reference compound in this test series was 15.1 nM. Autoradiographic studies confirmed the high affinity as well as high selectivity of the radiofluorinated compounds to the target receptor. The specific binding amounted to 86.8 % for [$^{18}$F]CBCPM and 84.8 % for [$^{18}$F]CPMMCB. In $\textit{in vitro}$ studies usinghuman liver microsomes both new non labeled xanthine derivatives show a distinctly slowermetabolism than CPFPX. Thus, it was successful to develop [$^{18}$F]CBMCP and [$^{18}$F]CPMMCB as two new, highly affine and selective xanthine derivatives, potential radioligands for the adenosine A$_{1}$ receptor. The slower degradation of the ligands in $\textit{in vitro}$ studies supports reasonable presumptions of asignificantly higher $\textit{in vivo}$ stability causing the aspired longer biological half-life.

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    Authors: Lüttgens, Gunnar;

    handle: 2128/172

    Metal-adsorbate-clusters have been studied using femtosecond-time-resolved and conventional photoelectron spectroscopy. Information concerning the dissociation dynamics as well as the electronic and geometric structures of these systems could be deduced. The photodesorption of CO from Au$_{2}$CO- and Pt$_{2}$(CO)$_{5}$ after excitation with an 1.5 eV-photon could be studied with pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy. The desorption occurs in a statistical manner via statistical fluctuations of the hot phonon system. The time constants of desorption are (470 ± 50) fs (Au$_{2}$CO$^{-}$) and (3 ± 2) ps (Pt$_{2}$(CO)$_{5}$). From the measured time constant one can deduce the energy barrier for CO-desorption. The photodissociation process of Pt$_{2}$N$_{2}$ occurs rather slowly on a time scale of $\tau$ = (100 ± 25) ps. The relaxation of the electronic system after excitation and the thermalisation of the excitation energy could be studied as well. The electronic relaxation in Au$_{2}$CO$^{-}$ and Pt$_{2}$(CO)$_{5}$ occurs very fast on an time scale < 70 fs. Using conventional photoelectron spectroscopy the electronic and geometric structures of platinum-, palladium and lead-dimmes with benzene-molecule adsorbed an them were studied. A strong interaction of the benzene-frontier-orbitals with the metal orbitals of the dimer can be deduced from the spectra. In the spectra of Pt$_{2}$Bz and Pd$_{2}$Bz a vibrational progression could be resolved. It could be concluded that the benzenemolecules adsorbs in an C$_{6v}$-like symmetry perpendicular to the axis of the dimer. Fitting a Franck-Condon-Profile to the vibrational progression the spectroscopy constants of Pt$_{2}$Bz, Pd$_{2}$Bz and the anions could be deduced. Contrary to this situation benzene was found to adsorb parallel to the main group metal dimer Pb$_{2}$ forming a Pb$_{2}$Bz-cluster with C$_{2v}$ symmetry.

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    Authors: Zschörner, Helmut F.;

    Band 1 leitet eine Reihe von bisher unveröffentlichten Arbeiten des Physikers Helmut Zschörner ein, die sich mit grundlegenden Fragen der Erkenntnistheorie, Physik und Kosmologie befassen und zum grössten Teil in den 80er Jahren entstanden. Sie beruhen auf einer Theorie universeller und determinierbarer Systeme, die vom Autor mit Hilfe der Methode der reinen und vollständigen Deduktion erarbeitet wurde. Diese Theorie wird in den fol-genden Bänden 2 und 3 vorgestellt. Für die Deutung der Entstehung und des Zustandes der materiellen Welt ergeben sich daraus faszinierende neuartige Einsichten, die zum Teil im eklatanten Widerspruch zu aktuellen Deutungen der theoretischen Physik stehen oder – wie im Fall der Relativitätstheorie – ergänzend darüber hinaus führen. Für diesen Band wurden drei spezielle Aufsätze als Auftakt für die geschlossene Darstellung der Theorie universeller und determinierbarer Systeme in den folgenden Bänden 2 und 3 ausgewählt. Es handelt sich um Ausführungen zur Vakuum-Lichtgeschwindigkeit, zur Theorie von Elementarobjekten (vom Autor als Neutrinos definiert) als Grundlage des materiellen Universums und - darauf aufbauend – zur Herkunft und Wirkung der Gravitation. Dabei werden Fragen nach der Art des „Urknalls“, nach der Entstehung der 3K-Hintergrundstrahlung und der einheitlichen Deutung aller physikalischen Wechselwirkungen angesprochen. U. a. ergibt sich aus der Theorie der Ausdehnung des Universums und aus der deduktiv abgeleiteten Zunahme der Vakuum-Lichtgeschwindigkeit mit der Zeit eine beschleunigte Ausdehnung des Universums, ohne dass dunkle Energie postuliert werden muss. Dieser Befund wurde rund 10 Jahre nach der Entstehung der Aufsätze durch astronomische Beobachtungen bestätigt. Die Aufsätze mögen als Motivation zur weiteren Beschäftigung mit den Arbeiten Helmut Zschörners dienen, die in der anhängenden Dokumentation vom Autor kurz beschrieben werden. Die Auswahl der in diesem Band vereinten sechs Aufsätze Helmut Zschörners ist vor allem bedingt durch die Verfügbarkeit reproduzierbarer Manuskripte, die sich im engeren und weiteren Sinn mit Fragen der Physik befassen. Die Arbeiten kreisen um Fragen der Interpretation der Relativitätstheorie und ihrer Erweiterung. Die Hypothese der Dunkelmaterie wird als fundamentales Denkproblem identifiziert. Die Anwendung der ihrem Charakter nach nicht-objektiven Mathematik auf das objektive materielle Universum wird kritisch diskutiert. Und es wird gefragt woher die Naturgesetze kommen, welche Bedeutung sie für die geistige Existenz des Menschen haben und wie sich durch Vor-Urteile belastetes axiomatisches Denken in den Naturwissenschaften aus-wirkt.

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    Authors: Thöne, Michael; Dobroschke, Stephan;

    Gegenstand der vorliegenden Studie ist eine Überprüfung des von der EU-Kommission vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes zur indikatorbasierten Messung der Qualität öffentlicher Finanzen am Fallbeispiel Deutschland. Auf Basis grundlegender Anforderungen an ein solches Instrument wird die Darstellung der Ausgaben-, der Einnahmendimension sowie der Dimension "Fiscal Governance" einer näheren Analyse unterzogen. Es zeigt sich, dass der Versuch einer indikatorbasierten, qualitativen Bewertung öffentlicher Finanzen zwar wünschenswert und in einzelnen Teilbereichen machbar, im Gesamtkontext - auch vor dem Hintergrund einer geplanten Synthese unterschiedlicher Teilindikatoren zu "synthetischen Indikatoren" - jedoch mit Problemen verbunden ist. Während die indikatorbasierte Abbildung einzelner Teilbereiche durchaus belastbare Ergebnisse erzielen kann, könnte die mangelnde Berücksichtigung vielschichtiger und z. T. endogener Wirkungszusammenhänge - etwa in der Einnahmendimension - zu Verfälschungen in der Länderbewertung führen. In Anbetracht struktureller Schwächen synthetischer Indikatoren könnte eine Weiterentwicklung darin liegen, einzelne und zentrale Indikatoren in den Vordergrund zu rücken - nicht allerdings, um sie an die Stelle eines unverzichtbaren umfassenden und disaggregierten Ansatzes zu stellen. Forschungsauftrag Nr. 10/08 des Bundesministeriums der Finanzen The purpose of this study is to examine the practicability of a concept proposed by the European Commission to assess the quality of public finances. This concept consists of a broad set of indicators related to certain dimensions of the quality of public finances. On the basis of fundamental requirements to such an assessment, the representativeness of indicator based evaluations of the quality dimensions fiscal expenditure, revenue systems as well as fiscal governance are being elaborated. Apparently, the attempt to display the quality of public finances by certain "quality indicators" is wishful and may be feasible in some subareas of public finances. In light of the intended aggregation of indicators to synthetic "overall indicators", this assessment, however, is subject to significant drawbacks. Whereas the appraisal of some sectors - such as certain subdomains of public expenditures - seems to be reliable, the complexity of underlying interrelations in other areas may lead to distorted country ratings. In view of structural shortcomings of synthetic indicators, further potential of this concept could lie in the preferential use of single and central indicators - whereas these indicators should not replace a comprehensive and disaggregated assessment of all dimensions of the quality of public finances.

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    Authors: Klawonn, Axel; Lanser, Martin; Rheinbach, Oliver; Uran, Matthias;

    The Nakajima test is a well-known material test from steel industries to determine the forming limit of sheet metal. It is demonstrated how FE2TI, our highly parallel scalable implementation of the computational homogenization method FE^2, can be used for the simulation of the Nakajima test. In this test, a sample sheet geometry is clamped between a blank holder and a die. Then, a hemispherical punch is driven into the specimen until material failure occurs. For the simulation of the Nakajima test, our software package FE2TI has been enhanced with a frictionless contact formulation on the macroscopic level using the penalty method. The appropriate choice of suitable boundary conditions as well as the influence of symmetry assumptions regarding the symmetric test setup are discussed. In order to be able to solve larger macroscopic problems more efficiently, the balancing domain decomposition by constraints (BDDC) approach has been implemented on the macroscopic level as an alternative to a sparse direct solver. To improve the computational efficiency of FE2TI even further, additionally, an adaptive load step approach has been implemented and different extrapolation strategies are compared. Both strategies yield a significant reduction of the overall computing time. Furthermore, a strategy to dynamically increase the penalty parameter is presented which allows to resolve the contact conditions more accurately without increasing the overall computing time too much. Numerically computed forming limit diagrams based on virtual Nakajima tests are presented.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Kölner UniversitätsP...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/