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National audience; La crise du Covid-19 a fragilisé un grand nombre d’entreprises. L’un des premiers dispositifs d’aide mis en place par L’État le 25 mars dernier, l’octroi des PGE (prêts garantis par l’État), est destiné à accorder des crédits bancaires pour faire face à l’insuffisance de trésorerie des entreprises et ainsi leur éviter la faillite.

contribution à un site web; En dépit d’inquiétudes croissantes face aux conséquences économiques de la pandémie de coronavirus, la crise sanitaire ne semble pas alimenter pour l’heure le soutien aux partis de droite populiste tels que le Rassemblement national de Marine Le Pen en France, la Ligue italienne ou l’AfD en Allemagne. [Premier paragraphe]

On both sides of the Atlantic, in Anglo-Saxon countries, the issue of excess mortality due to Covid-19 among members of minorities has emerged as a central social justice issue. Outside the Anglo-Saxon countries, where race and ethnicity are generally recorded, it is difficult to address this issue. However, in France, data for the period up to the end of confinement, mentioning country of birth and place of death, from "état-civil" files, allow comparisons to be made on the determinants of the severity of Covid-19 integrating ethnicity. Regression analyses based on the difference in death counts between the spring of 2020 and the same period of previous years, show that the interweaving of health status, household size and ethnicity accurately reflects the disparities between departmental mortality rates due to Covid-19. People born in Black Africa clearly appear to be in a worse position than those born in the Maghreb, in Asian and European countries, not to mention the natives, in terms of risk of death.

International audience; The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to affect the human microbiome in infected and uninfected individuals, having a substantial impact on human health over the long term. This pandemic intersects with a decades-long decline in microbial diversity and ancestral microbes due to hygiene, antibiotics, and urban living (the hygiene hypothesis). High-risk groups succumbing to COVID-19 include those with preexisting conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, which are also associated with microbiome abnormalities. Current pandemic control measures and practices will have broad, uneven, and potentially long-term effects for the human microbiome across the planet, given the implementation of physical separation, extensive hygiene, travel barriers, and other measures that influence overall microbial loss and inability for reinoculation. Although much remains uncertain or unknown about the virus and its consequences, implementing pandemic control practices could significantly affect the microbiome. In this Perspective, we explore many facets of COVID-19−induced societal changes and their possible effects on the microbiome, and discuss current and future challenges regarding the interplay between this pandemic and the microbiome. Recent recognition of the microbiome’s influence on human health makes it critical to consider both how the microbiome, shaped by biosocial processes, affects susceptibility to the coronavirus and, conversely, how COVID-19 disease and prevention measures may affect the microbiome. This knowledge may prove key in prevention and treatment, and long-term biological and social outcomes of this pandemic.

Cahiers Risques et Résilience; International audience; Cet article s’intéresse au construit théorique de l’agilité, perçu comme un moyen pour répondre aux difficultés du management, dans le but de permettre aux entreprises de faire face à un univers incertain, non prédictible, en rupture et instable. Un outil qui offre aux organisations l’opportunité d’accompagner le processus transformationnel et organisationnel vers un nouveau cycle de croissance, ce paradigme prend en compte la dimension humaine au service du changement dans les années 90. Depuis, le construit connaît un véritable engouement au sein de la communauté scientifique notamment sur ses pratiques et attributs. Si les entreprises ont pris conscience qu’il faut changer de modèle de management et d’organisation, très peu d’entre elles savent comment y arriver. À partir d’une étude qualitative menée auprès des entreprises à dimension européenne, ce papier présente et discute les résultats des entretiens exploratoires pour savoir comment les organisations se saisissent de cet outil et les pratiques et attributs qu’elles utilisent pour s’inscrire dans une nouvelle approche organisationnelle dans des situations inédites et urgentes.

Uprising in China, the global COVID-19 epidemic soon started to spread out in Europe. As no medical treatment was available, it became urgent to design optimal non-pharmaceutical policies. With the help of a SIR model, we contrast two policies, one based on herd immunity (adopted by Sweden and the Netherlands), the other based on ICU capacity shortage. Both policies led to the danger of a second wave. Policy efficiency corresponds to the absence or limitation of a second wave. The aim of the paper is to measure the efficiency of these policies using statistical models and data. As a measure of efficiency, we propose the ratio of the size of two observed waves using a double sigmoid model coming from the biological growth literature. The Oxford data set provides a policy severity index together with observed number of cases and deaths. This severity index is used to illustrate the key features of national policies for ten European countries and to help for statistical inference. We estimate basic reproduction numbers, identify key moments of the epidemic and provide an instrument for comparing the two reported waves between January and October 2020. We reached the following conclusions. With a soft but long lasting policy, Sweden managed to master the first wave for cases thanks to a low R 0 , but at the cost of a large number of deaths compared to other Nordic countries and Denmark is taken as an example. We predict the failure of herd immunity policy for the Netherlands. We could not identify a clear sanitary policy for large European countries. What we observed was a lack of control for observed cases, but not for deaths.

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients’ perceptions regarding infection risk and vaccination in subjects suffering from chronic diseases. A prospective observational multicentric study conducted from December 2020 to April 2021 in three French University Hospitals. Patients with chronic diseases were proposed to complete a questionnaire regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on infectious risk knowledge and vaccination. A total of 1151 patients were included and analyzed (62% of which were people with diabetes). The COVID-19 pandemic increased awareness of infectious risks by 19.3%, significantly more in people with diabetes (23.2%, from 54.4% to 67.0%, p < 0.01) when compared to the other high-risk patients (12.5%, from 50.5% to 56.8%, p = 0.06). Respectively, 30.6% and 16.5% of patients not up-to-date for pneumococcal and flu vaccines reported wanting to update their vaccination due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, the proportion of patients against vaccines increased during the COVID-19 pandemic (6.0% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.01). The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a small increase in awareness regarding the risks of infection in patients with chronic diseases, including people with diabetes, but without any change in willingness to be vaccinated. This underlines the urgent need to sensibilize people with diabetes to infection risk and the importance of vaccination.

International audience

En trois mois, le nouveau coronavirus SRAS-CoV-2 et la coronavirus disease CoViD-19 ont fait le tour du globe et déclenché une crise planétaire sans précédent dans l’histoire de l’humanité. Cet ébranlement anthropologique requiert un effort de la pensée pour y faire face et créer du sens. Rarement un épisode dramatique n’aura d’ailleurs généré autant de solidarités, d’interrogations et de propositions pour amélio­rer la société ! À côté de nombreuses autres voix, les lignes qui suivent proposent quelques hypothèses bien sûr fort provisoires pour nourrir la réflexion et le débat…

Points essentiels La pandemie de COVID-19 a un impact majeur sur la sante mentale perinatale : la prevalence des symptomes psychiatriques perinataux, en particulier l’anxiete et la depression perinatale, a augmente pendant la pandemie. Cet effet pourrait etre provoque par des facteurs de stress directement lies au virus (comme la peur d’etre contamine, et l’incertitude a propos de l’effet du virus sur le fœtus et le nourrisson), mais aussi indirectement par les changements de l’organisation sanitaire, sociale et economique (comme les mesures de confinement et de distanciation sociale). Les effets du confinement generalise, et ses nombreuses consequences en termes socioeconomiques (chomage, perte des revenus et violence domestique), constituent un defi supplementaire pour la sante mentale perinatale. La limitation des visites prenatales et de la presence du conjoint et de la famille pendant l’accouchement et la periode du post-partum precoce a egalement participe a fragiliser la sante mentale des parturientes. Nous recommandons la mise en place d’un accompagnement specifique pendant la grossesse, se poursuivant pendant la periode du post-partum, et s’appuyant sur l’utilisation des technologies numeriques (consultations videos, applications connectees). Afin de limiter l’incertitude percue, des conseils clairs et rassurants devraient systematiquement etre dispenses aux meres concernant la transmission intra-uterine, le passage du virus de la mere au bebe pendant l’accouchement, et le risque d’infection par le lait maternel. Ces mesures pourraient permettre de proteger la sante mentale perinatale pendant la pandemie.