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International audience; Since 2017, the goal of the two-million song WASABI database has been to build a knowledge graph linking collected metadata (artists,discography, producers, dates, etc.) with metadata generated by the analysis of both the songs’ lyrics (topics, places, emotions, structure, etc.) and audio signal (chords, sound, etc.). It relies on natural language processing and machine learning methods for extraction, and semantic Web frameworks for representation and integration. It describes more than 2 millions commercial songs, 200K albums and 77K artists. It can be exploited by music search engines, music professionals (e.g. journalists, radio presenters, music teachers) or scientists willing to analyze popular music published since 1950. It is available under an open license, inmultiple formats and with online and open source services including aninteractive navigator, a REST API and a SPARQL endpoint.

We study an annealed model of Uniform Infinite Planar Quadrangulation (UIPQ) with an infinite two-sided self-avoiding walk (SAW), which can also be described as the result of glueing together two independent uniform infinite quadrangulations of the half-plane (UIHPQs). We prove a lower bound on the displacement of the SAW which, combined with the estimates of [15], shows that the self-avoiding walk is diffusive. As a byproduct this implies that the volume growth exponent of the lattice in question is 4 (as is the case for the standard UIPQ); nevertheless, using our previous work [9] we show its law to be singular with respect to that of the standard UIPQ, that is – in the language of statistical physics – the fact that disorder holds.

Abstract The chapter deals with multiple scales in both space and time. First, the state-of-the-art is presented. Then, we discuss a family of computational approaches using time-space homogenization. Emphasis is put on the time aspects.

à paraitre; International audience; We present and compare various types of discretizations which have been proposed to approximate the total variation (mostly, of a grey-level image in two dimensions). We discuss the properties of finite differences and finite elements based approach and compare their merits, in particular in terms of error estimates and quality of the reconstruction.

Everywhere humans structure their social field, amongst others, by way of what is called a kinship system. Such systems include aspects of language (kinship terminology), aspects of practice and strategy (marriage, normative behaviours) and aspects of transmission and social reproduction (inheritance and descent). This chapter provides the theoretical and methodological tools to investigate this important social field.

Multiple theories of working memory are described in the chapters of this book and often these theories are viewed as being mutually incompatible, yet each is associated with a supporting body of empirical evidence. This chapter argues that many of these differences reflect different research questions, different levels of explanation, and differences in how participants perform their assigned tasks in different laboratories, rather than fundamental theoretical adversity. It describes a version of a multiple component working memory in which a range of specialized cognitive functions (or mental tools) act in concert, giving the impression, at a different level of explanation, of a unified cognitive system. The chapter argues that more rapid and more substantial scientific progress on the understanding of the concept of working memory would be achieved through identifying the levels of explanation explored within each theoretical framework, and attempting to integrate theoretical frameworks rather than perpetuating debate with no clear resolution in sight.

International audience; Chemical synapses enable neurons to communicate rapidly, process and filter signals and to store information. However, studying their functional properties is difficult because synaptic connections typically consist of multiple synaptic contacts that release vesicles stochastically and exhibit time-dependent behavior. Moreover, most central synapses are small and inaccessible to direct measurements. Estimation of synaptic properties from responses recorded at the soma is complicated by the presence of nonuniform release probability and nonuniform quantal properties. The presence of multivesicular release and postsynaptic receptor saturation at some synapses can also complicate the interpretation of quantal parameters. Multiple-probability fluctuation analysis (MPFA; also known as variance-mean analysis) is a method that has been developed for estimating synaptic parameters from the variance and mean amplitude of synaptic responses recorded at different release probabilities. This statistical approach, which incorporates nonuniform synaptic properties, has become widely used for studying synaptic transmission. In this chapter, we describe the statistical models used to extract quantal parameters and discuss their interpretation when applying MPFA.

International audience; ”Nothing in Biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution.” This famous citation of Theodosius Dobzhansky also underlies the integrative field of evolutionary medicine, which faces the challenge to combine (patho-)physiological mechanisms with evolutionary function. Here we introduce a concept from the study of animal behaviour, which are the four questions of Tinbergen that consider 1) the ontogeny of an individual describing its development, 2) its physiological machinery, which 3) has fitness consequences influencing 4) the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of future generations. It is shown how this concept can be applied to infectious disease and to chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. Evolutionary medicine takes lifetime reproductive success into account. The hypothesis to be tested is that mechanisms underlying a disease in old age might have higher fitness benefits in the pre-reproductive and / or reproductive life history stage. We emphasize that our human aim is not to increase evolutionary fitness but to reduce suffering and costs of public health. Thus, medical research might be most successful in diseases that have no lifetime fitness cost, as otherwise evolution would already have acted against it. Importantly, while no selection pressure existed to favour physiological mechanisms acting against such diseases, such mechanisms might become available via biomedical research. We conclude that for a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of a disease, its fitness consequences and its evolutionary history should be considered. The special situation of the immune system and chronic inflammatory systemic diseases is highlighted.

International audience; Synthetic biology is an emergent field of research whose aim is to make biology an engineering discipline, thus permitting to design, control, and standardize biological processes. Synthetic biology is therefore expected to boost the development of biotechnological processes such as protein production and enzyme engineering, which can be significantly relevant for lipases and esterases.

International audience; Transformative changes in agriculture at multiple scales are needed to ensure sustainability, i.e. achieving food security while fostering social justice and environmental integrity. These transformations go beyond technological fixes and require fundamental changes in cognitive, relational, structural and functional aspects of agricultural systems. However, research on agricultural transformations fails to engage deeply with underlying social aspects such as differing perceptions of sustainability, uncertainties and ambiguities, politics of knowledge, power imbalances and deficits in democracy. In this paper, we suggest that conflict is one manifestation of such underlying social aspects. We present an original conceptualization and analytical framework, wherein conflict is recognized as an important motor for redistribution of power and leverage for social learning that—if addressed through a conflict transformation process—could potentially create a step-change in agricultural transformation towards greater sustainability. Our analysis, building on an extensive literature review and empirical case studies from around the world, suggests a novel approach to guide future transdisciplinary research that can support agricultural transformations towards sustainability.