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We examined vowel-initial irregular phonation in real words as a function of vowel quality, backness and height, and speech rate in Hungarian. We analyzed two types of irregular phonation: glottalization and glottal stop. We found that open vowels elicited more irregular phonation than mid and close ones, but we found no effect of the backness. The frequency of irregular phonation was lower in fast than in slow speech. Inconsistently with the claims of earlier studies, the relative frequency of glottalization to glottal stops was not influenced by speech rate in general. However, while /i/ was produced with a relatively higher ratio of glottal stops in fast speech, the open vowels showed the widely documented tendency of being realized with relatively less glottal stops under the same conditions.

A kötet a Magyar Gyógypedagógusok Egyesületének éves szakmai konferenciáján elhangzott előadások alapján készült rövid tanulmányokat tartalmazza. A kötet bemutatja, hogy a szakemberek és segítő szervezetek közreműködésével miként lehet elősegíteni a speciális társadalmi megsegítést igényló gyermekek, fiatalok és felnőttek életminőségének javulását, esélyegyenlőségének megvalósulását.

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Power grids, road maps, and river streams are examples of infrastructural networks which are highly vulnerable to external perturbations. An abrupt local change of load (voltage, traffic density, or water level) might propagate in a cascading way and affect a significant fraction of the network. Almost discontinuous perturbations can be modeled by shock waves which can eventually interfere constructively and endanger the normal functionality of the infrastructure. We study their dynamics by solving the Burgers equation under random perturbations on several real and artificial directed graphs. Even for graphs with a narrow distribution of node properties (e.g., degree or betweenness), a steady state is reached exhibiting a heterogeneous load distribution, having a difference of one order of magnitude between the highest and average loads. Unexpectedly we find for the European power grid and for finite Watts-Strogatz networks a broad pronounced bimodal distribution for the loads. To identify the most vulnerable nodes, we introduce the concept of node-basin size, a purely topological property which we show to be strongly correlated to the average load of a node. Scientific Reports, 4 ISSN:2045-2322