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Additional file 1: Supplementary Material 1. Stata and R code used for analysis. This text file includes the Stata and R code used to produced the results in the paper.

Additional file 2.

Data organized by species with 95% CI

Seasonal reproduction is a period of extreme physiological and behavioral changes, yet we know little about how it may affect host microbial communities (i.e. microbiota) and pathogen transmission. Here, we investigated shifts of the bacterial microbiota in saliva, urine and faeces during the seasonal reproduction of bats in South Africa, and test for an interaction in shedding patterns of both bacterial (Leptospira) and viral (adeno- and herpes-viruses) agents. Based on a comparative approach in two cave-dwelling bat species and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we demonstrated a clear signature in microbiota changes over the reproduction season, consistent across the multiple body habitats investigated, and associated with sex, age and reproductive condition of bats. We observed in parallel highly dynamic shedding patterns for both bacteria and viruses, but did not find a significant association between viral shedding and bacterial microbiota composition. Indeed, only Leptospira shedding was associated with alterations in both the diversity and composition of the urinary microbiota. These results illustrate how seasonal reproduction in bats substantially affects microbiota composition and infection dynamics, and have broad implications for the understanding of disease ecology in important reservoir hosts, such as bats. Rousettus_SampleList_SalivaList and details of Rousettus samples.Miniopterus_SampleList_Saliva-Urine-FaecesList and details of Miniopterus samples.Rousettus fasta DryadA zip folder with fasta files for Rousettus.Miniopterus fasta dryadA zip folder with fasta files for Miniopterus.Rousettus_Saliva_OTUsOTU table for Rousettus saliva samples.Miniopterus_Saliva_OTUsOTU table for Miniopterus saliva samples.Miniopterus_Faeces_OTUsOTU table for Miniopterus faeces samples.Miniopterus_Urine_OTUsOTU table for Miniopterus urine samples.

World Bank Group President David Malpass spoke about the broad, rapid, and affordable access to Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines which will be at the core of a resilient economic recovery that lifts everyone. He mentioned that the World Bank Group’s forty-year engagement with China has been mutually beneficial and continues to evolve. He thanked China for its large contribution to IDA19, which is particularly noteworthy given China’s stage of development. He highlighted on the lending relationship with China which is also evolving steadily, with a strong focus on analytical and advisory services and strong engagement from the International Finance Corporation. He expressed that China’s economy needs further reform to get the most benefit as it returns to sustained growth. China’s Coronavirus (COVID-19) economic policy response has been weighted towards supporting firms and banks and encouraging public investment, in relative terms, while direct transfers to households have been limited. Greening of China’s growth going forward should form a core objective of the fourteenth five-year plan. Regarding progress on debt relief and transparency, he mentioned that private creditors have not been participating, leaving official bilateral creditors shouldering much of the burden.

De economische schok veroorzaakt door de CORONA-crisis is ongezien, onwezenlijk en dramatisch. We wagen ons niet aan een voorspelling van de macro-economische gevolgen. We vertalen gegeven ramingen van de inzinking van de bbp-groei in een impact op de overheidsfinanciën. Daaruit blijkt dat het tijdelijk karakter van deze crisis en de herneming van de economische groei cruciaal zijn. Als de groei volgend jaar herneemt, dan is de factuur van steunmaatregelen niet onbetaalbaar. De lange termijn determinanten van houdbare overheidsfinanciën zijn niet veranderd: ontvangsten die de verwachte groei van de primaire uitgaven dekken. ispartof: Leuvense Economische Standpunten vol:2020 issue:176 pages:1-7 status: published

In response to the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has rapidly issued 49 emergency use authorizations (EUAs) for SARS-CoV-2 in vitro diagnostic test-kits. A critical metric in the performance evaluation for a diagnostic test kit is the analytical sensitivity, which is measured by the limit of detection (LOD). Commercial RNA stocks with known titers are used to determine LOD. We identified a problem with the titer reported for the commercial stocks when examining the analytical sensitivity of the reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) protocol that is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) using plasmid DNA from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT), synthetic RNA from BEI Resources (BEI), and extracted genomic RNA from BEI. We detected 3/3 positives for reactions containing synthetic RNA at a concentration of 0.1 copies/reaction (based on the supplier's label concentration). The apparent better-than-single-molecule performance is a statistically highly unlikely event, indicating a potential inaccuracy in the supplier's quantification of the stock material. Using an ultrasensitive and precise assay, reverse transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR), we independently quantified concentrations of commercial SARS-CoV-2 plasmid DNA and SARS-CoV-2 RNA stocks. For plasmid DNA, the actual concentration measured by RT-dPCR was 11% of the nominal label concentration. For synthetic RNA, the actual concentration measured by RT-dPCR for one lot was 770% of the label concentration and for a different lot was 57% of the label concentration. For genomic RNA, the concentration measured by RT-dPCR for one lot was 240% of the label concentration and for a different lot it was 300% of the label concentration. This SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA from BEI Resources has been used in at least 11 approved FDA Emergency Use Authorizations as of April 27, 2020. Such deviations of reported RNA or DNA stock concentrations from true concentrations can result in inaccurate quantification and calculation of LOD. Precise and accurate reporting of DNA and RNA stock concentrations by commercial suppliers will enable accurate quantification of assay performance, which is urgently needed to improve evaluation of different assays by diagnostic developers and regulatory bodies.

ispartof: European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ESCAP) Conference 2022 location:Maastricht, the Netherlands status: published

This is the second of a new series of Debt Reports for 2020 to be published online, at regular intervals, over the course of the year. Debt Report 2020 Edition II is published at a time when many countries are struggling to cope with the deadly impact of COVID-19 and a large part of the global economy is shut down, generating both demand and supply side shocks. It is too soon to assess what the economic and financial costs will be, much less predict the impact on capital flows. However, learning from past global crises, low- and middle-income countries face serious risks. Pre-COVID-19 debt inflows from private creditors were forecast as subdued on account of the downturn in the global economy in 2019 and pre-crisis projections are for only a moderate recovery in 2020. This crisis is putting even more pressure on global economic growth and capital flows. As always in times of crisis, the World Bank and the IMF have stepped up to the plate, pledging a total of $62 billion of fast-disbursing funds to support low- and middle-income countries to mitigate the impact of the virus. They have issued a joint communique calling on official bilateral creditors in G20 countries to suspend debt payments from any of the world’s poores t countries that request forbearance, to allow time for an assessment of the impact of the crisis and the possible debt relief needs of each country. The aim of these Debt Reports is to provide users with analyses of evolving trends and developments related to external debt and public debt in individual countries and regional groups, with primary emphasis on low- and middle-income countries, and to keep users abreast of debt-related issues and initiatives.