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The CO2 ZW carbon footprint tool for waste management provides a means of calculating the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (in carbon dioxide equivalents) emanating from waste management operations. The tool has been designed and developed by the Sostenipra Research Group

This dataset contains monthly IceMap500 sea ice extent maps (March and September) from 2000 to 2019, covering the northernmost European sea regions defined by the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), belonging to the Arctic, North-East Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. IceMap500 is a sea ice detection algorithm that generates accurate sea ice extent maps from MODIS visible and infrared data at 500 m resolution at nadir. The algorithm is built upon the previous IceMap250, and features a new method to correct artefacts in the MODIS cloud mask and additional threshold tests that allow the enlargement of the mapped area, the reduction of potential error sources and a qualitative improvement of the resulting maps. Quality assessment has shown this algorithm produces sea ice presence maps systematically achieving accuracies above 90 % (tested in the European Arctic).

El projecte consisteix en la realització d'un anàlisi de les Comunitats Energètiques en entorns urbans, agafant com referència tres exemples d'edificis a Sant Cugat del Vallès, una escola al centre de la ciutat, un pavelló municipal i una comunitat de veïns, situats a l'extraradi. S'avaluarà si compleixen els requisits mínims - econòmics, físics i socio-legals -, per a què siguin funcionals i sostenibles energèticament, tenint en compte les característiques de cada zona escollida en quant a tipus d'habitatge, localització geogràfica o possible capacitat d'aplicació dels recursos. També s'han determinat els passos a seguir per crear-ne una de nova o adaptar la infraestructura existent. Aquest anàlisi s'ha portat a terme fent una introducció prèvia dels conceptes més importants i de la normativa general d'aplicació a les Comunitats Energètiques. The project consists of an analysis of Energy Communities in urban environments, taking as a reference three examples of buildings in Sant Cugat del Vallès, a school in the city center, a municipal pavilion and a community of residents, located on the outskirts. It will be assessed whether they meet the minimum requirements - economic, physical and socio-legal - for them to be functional and energy sustainable, taking into account the characteristics of each area chosen in terms of type of housing, geographical location or possible capacity application of resources. The steps to create a new one or adapt the existing infrastructure have also been determined. This analysis has been carried out by making a previous introduction of the most important concepts and the general regulations applicable to the Energy Communities.

The webinar 'Educational gaps and skills mismatch in the European Bioeconomy' was held on January 22nd, from 11:00 to 12:00 CET. It was coordinated by SIE and all the partners contributed with feedback and/or content. It was targeted to anyone interested in learning what the Bioeconomy is and what are the main gaps in the educational programmes related to Bioeconomy in Europe. The aim was to provide attendees with the opportunity to have an overview and hints on the importance of the European bioeconomy in our daily lives, the skills mismatch in the bioeconomy field, as well as to facilitate questions and active discussion.

En un contexto global en el que el cambio climático se presenta como uno de los grandes retos actuales y futuros, Donald Trump llegó a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos de América con la promesa de retirarse del Acuerdo de París contra el Cambio Climático de 2015 y con la intención de deshacer los avances impulsados por su antecesor, Barack Obama, dirigidos a mitigar los efectos de este fenómeno. El presente trabajo de investigación toma la desecuritización para explicar el proceso liderado por el actual Presidente estadounidense por el cual el cambio climático ha desaparecido literalmente de la Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional del Estado. In a global context in which climate change is considered one of the great current and future challenges, Donald Trump achieved the presidency of the United States of America with the promise to withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change of 2015 and with the intention of undoing the advances promoted by its predecessor, Barack Obama, aimed at mitigating the effects of this phenomenon. This research work takes the desecuritization to explain the process led by the current American President whereby climate change has literally disappeared from the National Security Strategy of the State. En un context global en el que el canvi climàtic es presenta com un dels grans reptes actuals i futurs, Donald Trump va arribar a la presidència dels Estats Units d'Amèrica amb la promesa de retirar-se de l'Acord de París contra el Canvi Climàtic de 2015 i amb la intenció de desfer els avenços impulsats pel seu antecessor, Barack Obama, dirigits a mitigar els efectes d'aquest fenomen. Aquest treball d'investigació pren la desecuritització per explicar el procés liderat per l'actual President estatunidenc pel qual el canvi climàtic ha desaparegut literalment de l'Estratègia de Seguretat Nacional de l'Estat.

El canvi climàtic està provocant un augment de les sequeres a l'hemisferi nord, provocant episodis de declivi forestal i contribuint a la reducció de l'eficiència dels boscos per fixar carboni. Hi ha una manca d'avaluacions a escala macroecològica de les respostes dels boscos davant els episodis de sequera, incloent processos tals com defoliació, mortalitat o les respostes de les xarxes tròfiques. En el primer capítol, s'ha descrit un augment generalitzat de la defoliació dels boscos del sud d'Europa entre 1987 i 2007. En resposta a l'augment del dèficit hídric, s'ha observat un increment de la defoliació, especialment a les zones forestals més àrides. Paral·lelament, s'han observat respostes demogràfiques dels arbres. S'ha descrit com els patrons de defoliació coincideixen amb un augment de la taxa de mortalitat a les zones més seques. Aquests episodis de mortalitat han estat relacionats amb densitat dels arbres i altes temperatures. A més a més, es mostra com les sequeres extremes afecten també les comunitats de insectes i fongs, provocant efectes a llarg termini sobre les xarxes tròfiques. Els nostres resultats revelen un mosaic geogràfic molt complex, de respostes específiques de cada espècie al canvi climàtic, però amb una tendència general d'augment dels danys provocats per les sequeres. En el segon capítol hem estudiat els patrons demogràfics de les variables demogràfiques dels boscos (reclutament, creixement i mortalitat) de les principals espècies forestals d'Espanya. Hem avaluat quins són els principals factors que determinen aquestes variables demogràfiques (clima, topografia, sol, característiques del estrat arbori i característiques individuals), la seva variabilitat geogràfica i les interaccions que existeixen entre elles. La modelització en quantils ens ha permès obtenir una descripció sintètica dels gradients de les múltiples variables que afecten la demografia. A més a més, hem observat diferencies importants en les respostes demogràfiques entre els dos gèneres dominants, Quercus i Pinus. En resum, els nostres resultats sintetitzen les respostes demogràfiques dels boscos espanyols al llarg de gradients climàtics i ressalten que les interaccions més fortes entre variables s'observen als extrems dels gradients climàtics. En el tercer capítol, hem descrit els patrons a gran escala de les limitacions en els processos de reclutament dels boscos de la conca mediterrània. S'ha observat l'existència de tendències oposades en les limitacions de reclutament entre els dos generes dominants, Quercus i Pinus, i s'ha identificat els principals agents. Les espècies de Pinus pateixen importants limitacions de reclutament (63% de plots de boscos de Pinus comprat amb un 29% de plots de boscos amb espècies de Quercus). De forma molt diferent, les espècies de Quercus s'han expandit en un 41% dels plots, mentre Pinus s'ha expandit tan sols en un 10% dels plots. Bayesian structural equation models ressalten el paper principal de la presència de plançons de Quercus en la limitació del reclutament de Pinus en cinc espècies d'aquest gènere. El reclutament de Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra està negativament associat a la presència d'incendis. Aquest estudi identifica Quercus ilex, que és l'espècie més abundant de l'àrea d'estudi, com una agent clau que pot provocar canvis en els patrons de reclutament a gran escala, afectant negativament les espècies de pins a mesura que avança el procés de successió. Aquests resultats subratllen que la futura expansió o contracció dels boscos de Quercus ilex en un context de canvi climàtic serà un procés clau, que alhora controlarà les respostes demogràfiques de les espècies de Pi de la conca mediterrània Climate change is progressively increasing severe drought events in the Northern Hemisphere, causing regional tree die-off events and contributing to the global reduction of the carbon sink efficiency of forests. There is a critical lack of integrated communitywide assessments of drought-induced responses in forests at the macroecological scale, including defoliation, mortality, and food web responses. In the first chapter we report a generalized increase in crown defoliation in southern European forests occurring during 1987-2007. Forest tree species have consistently and significantly altered their crown leaf structures, with increased percentages of defoliation in the drier parts of their distributions in response to increased water deficit. We assessed the demographic responses of trees associated with increased defoliation in southern European forests, specifically in the Iberian Peninsula region. We found that defoliation trends are paralleled by significant increases in tree mortality rates in drier areas that are related to tree density and temperature effects. Furthermore, we show that severe drought impacts are associated with sudden changes in insect and fungal defoliation dynamics, creating long-term disruptive effects of drought on food webs. Our results reveal a complex geographical mosaic of species specific responses to climate change-driven drought pressures on the Iberian Peninsula, with an overwhelmingly predominant trend toward increased drought damage. In the second chapter we studied the geographical patterns of forest demography variables (tree recruitment, growth and mortality) of the main species in Spain and assessed their multiple ecological drivers (climate, topography, soil, forest stand attributes and tree-specific traits) as well as the geographical variability of their effects and interactions. Quantile modeling analyses allowed a synthetic description of the gradients of multiple covariates influencing forest demography in this area. These multivariate effect gradients showed significantly stronger interactions at the extremes of the rainfall gradient. Remarkably, in all demographic variables, qualitatively different levels of effects and interactions were observed across tree-size classes. In addition, significant differences in demographic responses and effect gradients were also evident between the dominant genus Quercus and Pinus. Overall, our results synthesize forest demographic responses across climatic gradients in Spain, and unveil the interactions between driving factors operating in the drier and wetter edges. In the third chapter, we described large-scale patterns of limitations in tree recruitment in the Mediterranean Basin. We unveil the existence of opposite trends of recruitment limitation between the dominant genera Quercus and Pinus on a large scale and identify the key ecological drivers of these diverging trends. Severe limitations in recruitment were observed across extensive areas in all Pinus species studied, with recruitment failure affecting 54-71% of the surveyed plots. In striking contrast, Quercus species expanded into 41% of the plots surveyed versus only 10% for Pinus and had a lower local recruitment failure (29% of Quercus localities compared to 63% for Pinus species). Bayesian structural equation models highlighted the key role of the presence of Q. ilex saplings and the increase in the basal area of Q. ilex in limiting Pinus recruitment in five Pinus species. The recruitment of P. sylvestris and P. nigra showed the most negative trends and was negatively associated with the impacts of fire. This study identified Q. ilex, the most widespread species in this area, as a key driver of recruitment shifts on a large scale, negatively affecting most pine species with the advance of forest succession. These results highlight that the future expansion/contraction of Q. ilex stands with ongoing climate change will be a key process indirectly controlling the demographic responses of Pinus species in the Mediterranean Basin.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M Many sources acknowledge the importance of drawing on different ways of knowing to address complex global problems, such as climate change. Recent research on plural knowledge systems to address climate change has focused primarily on three categories of knowledge: Indigenous knowledge, local knowledge, and scientific knowledge. These knowledge systems are widely represented in peer-reviewed research on climate change and in reports and documents by Indigenous organizations and NGOs. The importance of drawing on plural knowledge systems has been discussed in reports by UNESCO, the IPCC, IPBES and other organizations, with a notable increase of attention in recent years. "Knowledge system" is the most commonly used related term in these reports, but other terms-particularly, "ways of knowing"-have also been used. A number of sources have called for a transformational shift to full recognition and the inclusion-based on mutual recognition and respect-of plural knowledges in international assessments and policy frameworks, though gaps remain for putting this into practice. Recent research has emphasized diversity within Indigenous, local, and scientific knowledge, as well as the differences between these knowledge systems. Though their histories have at many points been separate, there are prior encounters and engagements that can illuminate current relationships between these knowledge systems. These earlier connections vary from efforts by colonial powers to eradicate Indigenous knowledge and the often unstated appropriation of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge to more productive collaborations, sometimes to advance Indigenous peoples and local communities. The acknowledgment of Indigenous knowledge systems in particular has been growing rapidly in peer-reviewed literature and reports by Indigenous organizations, international agencies, NGOs, and other bodies. This work provides coverage of Indigenous knowledge in all regions of the world. The literature on local knowledge, though also growing, is not as extensive. Some work points to the overlaps between Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge, and the difficulties, in some cases, of distinguishing between them. Indigenous, local, and scientific knowledge systems include both intangible elements (such as languages, concepts, beliefs, values, worldviews, and spirituality) and tangible elements (including objects, structures, landscapes, and organisms). This combination of intangible and tangible can support an engagement with the broad fields of culture (often, but not exclusively, associated with the intangible) and of heritage (where tangible elements have a more prominent role). Relatedly, recent research has emphasized a variety of forms of action as essential elements of knowledge systems; in this view, ways of knowing are also ways of being, ways of doing and making, and ways of relating and caring. A number of sources challenge the dichotomies that make a distinction between tangible and intangible or knowledge and action, proposing instead models in which these elements are seen as mutually constitutive. These sources note that in many cases, tangible and intangible elements are deeply interconnected, so that erecting a distinction between them can be arbitrary, or a misreading. Indigenous, local, and scientific knowledge systems are keenly aware of the importance of actions to address climate change at present and in the future, though these systems differ in their diagnosis of causes, as well as the pathways that should be taken in order to address these causes. The legacy of colonialism and persistent inequality also block efforts to draw on plural knowledge systems to understand and address climate change from different perspectives. Many Indigenous Peoples and local communities continue to suffer social, political, and economic discrimination (often including violence and displacement from their territories) and are most affected by environmental and climate change. The collaboration of Indigenous, local, and scientific knowledge systems is widely recognized to enhance the effectiveness of climate action. Such collaboration is compatible with maintaining the autonomy and distinctiveness of each knowledge system, and the careful design of governance mechanisms can assure the autonomy of each system while promoting their joint efficacy. Such collaborations are different from integration, the latter being a process whereby these knowledge systems are merged or hybridized into a new form. Terms such as "braiding" and "weaving" may express an interrelationship that preserves distinctiveness. The two key dimensions which support the viability and success of collaborations between knowledge systems are fullness and justice. Fullness refers to the epistemic dimension. For example, are all components of knowledge systems (observations, worldviews, practices, values) included in the collaboration? Justice refers to the ethical dimension. For example, do all holders of knowledge systems participate equitably and fairly in the processes of establishing collaborations? Do they share equitably and fairly the positive and negative outcomes of the collaborations? Are they fully recognized within the collaborations? Finally, are the necessary conditions for their engagement (full rights to their territories and languages) present? These dimensions are not separate and additive, but rather reciprocal; each is necessary for the other. Mutual recognition and respect are also key factors for successful collaborations. A number of specific tools have been developed to protect different knowledge systems, such as Free, Prior, Informed Consent (FPIC) for Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge, intellectual property rights for all knowledge systems, Indigenous data sovereignty, and other legal mechanisms, such as customary law. Formal recognition by state agencies is an important precondition to full recognition, though in some cases its effects are limited or even negative (for example, leading to surveillance and paternalistic or authoritarian control). In recent years, some studies have begun to specify the forms and nature of successful collaborations between knowledge systems, noting in particular their diversity. Studies from several regions have shown that effective collaborations often develop over a number of years or even generations, rather than on the shorter time-frame of individual projects. Some studies emphasize the value of drawing on plural knowledge systems to identify problems and possible approaches to construct solutions. Studies also indicate the need to incorporate mechanisms that guarantee fullness and justice. COP26 in Glasgow represents an advance, marking stronger recognition of Indigenous Peoples and local communities within international climate negotiations and support for collaboration between knowledge systems, though much remains to be done. The parties at COP26 agreed on a number of points which specify significant details about the need for and form of such collaborations. Nonetheless, Indigenous scholars and organizations remain marginal to key negotiations and full intercultural recognition has not been achieved. Addressing these gaps can promote the transformational change that many have called for.

Current research on the local impacts of climate change is based on contrasting results from the simulation of historical trends in climatic variables produced with global models against climate data from independent observations. To date, these observations have mostly consisted of weather data from standardized meteorological stations. Given that the spatial distribution of weather stations is patchy, climate scientists have called for the exploration of new data sources. Knowledge developed by Indigenous Peoples and local communities with a long history of interaction with their environment has been proposed as a data source with untapped potential to contribute to our understanding of the local impacts of climate change. In this chapter, we discuss an approach that aims to bring insights from local knowledge systems to climate change research. First, we present a number of theoretical arguments that give support to the idea that local knowledge systems can contribute in original ways to the endeavors of climate change research. Then, we explore the potential of using information and communication technologies to gather and share local knowledge of climate change impacts. We do so through the examination of a citizen science initiative aiming to collect local indicators of climate change impacts: the LICCI project (www.licci.eu). Our findings illustrate that citizen science can inspire new approaches to articulate the inclusion of local knowledge systems in climate change research. However, this requires outlining careful approaches, with high ethical standards, toward knowledge validation and recognizing that there are aspects of local ecological knowledge that are incommensurable with scientific knowledge.

Topic LC-SC3-CC-2-2018 of the Horizon 2020 work program: Modelling in support to the transition to a Low-Carbon Energy System in Europe Although energy models advance rapidly in termsof technical and techno-economic details, social and political aspects and environmental burdensbeyond greenhouse gas emissions are currently underrepresented. However, in light of the European Green Deal and the EU Energy Union Strategy, models must advance in terms of social and environmental considerations to support decision-and policymakers in adequately addressing that environmental burdenand to put "citizens at its core" of the energy transition. In this deliverable, we present key user-needs for environmentaland social aspects that need to be better represented in energy system models (Section 2), and how we have developed and adapted the modelling tools ENVIRO, QTDIAN, and ATOM in response to the identifieduserneeds. We showthree main userneeds regarding social aspects, specifically(i)social impacts on energy politics and policies, (ii) the social acceptance of energy technologiesand infrastructure, and (iii) consumers'behavior in energy models. We furthermore show that users consider relevant the following factors within the environmental aspects of energy scenarios: (iv) demandof raw materials/circularity, (v) the implications on nature and biodiversity, as well as (vi) full life-cycle impactsand externalization.ENVIRO and QTDIANare being developed within SENTINEL in a participatory process by engaging with stakeholdersin the information and development stagesof the model implementation. In contrast, ATOM is adapted by consideringuser-needs especially in the implementationstage. We conclude that we have benefited from the insights of model users and other stakeholders, and that this will allow us to make our modelling tools fit-for-purpose. All three modelling tools will support decision-makers by answering the most importantof the questions usershave risenwithin the SENTINEL stakeholder engagement process. Model-linking within the WP2 and other WPs will ensure that the understanding of environmental and social aspects is strengthened in energy system models and will be embedded in the overall SENTINEL platform.

La mobilitat actual ens aboca cada vegada més, cap a una mobilitat més sostenible. És per aquest motiu que cada vegada més alternatives estàn sortint per a l'ús del vehicle privat. En aquest treball l'eix central serà la bicicleta sobre la qual es farà l'estudi per tal de mirar d'integrar aquest sistema de mobilitat a l'entramat actual del municipi. En aquest estudi es pretén potenciar els desplaçaments de connexió amb la millora, adaptació i creació de nous itineraris que permeten recórrer el municipi tant per desplaçar-se a la feina, com per apropar-se a pàrquings o estacions on poder agafar altres modes de transports motoritzats que han de poder permetre recórrer distàncies més grans. Per tal de dur a terme un estudi profund de la situació actual he dividit aquest estudi en tres blocs diferenciats clarament, primer s'estudia la distribució de la població sobre el territori i s'analitza la relació entre els territoris del municipi, un cop s'han extret les idees clares, es procedeix a dissenyar el recorregut de la xarxa ciclable que recorrerà tot el municipi. Finalment d'una forma més breu s'expliquen les aplicacions tecnològiques que es podrien aplicar, possibles ampliacions del mateix projecte i millores de sostenibilitat aplicables Today's mobility is leading us to a more sustainable mobility. That's why more and more alternatives are coming out for private vehicle use. In this paper, the central axis will be the bicycle on which the study will be carried out in order to try to integrate this mobility system into the current network of the municipality. This study aims to promote connecting trips with the improvement, adaptation and creation of new itineraries that allow you to travel around the town both to get to work, and to get closer to parking lots or stations where you can take other modes of motorized transport such vehicles, bus that must be able to cover greater distances. In order to carry out an in-depth study of the current situation I have divided this study into three clearly differentiated blocks, first studying the distribution of the population over the territory and analyzing the relationship between the territories of the municipality, once I have extracted the clear ideas, it is proceeded to design the route of the greenway that will cross all the municipality. Finally, a more brief explanation of the technological applications that could be applied, possible extensions of the same project and applicable sustainability improvements.