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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Arriagada Solar, María Inés; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Psiquiatria i de Medicina Legal;

    La obesidad se considera un problema de salud pública al ser la segunda causa de muerte evitable en el mundo, después del tabaco. El 90 % de las personas obesas que mantienen en su rutina una dieta hipocalórica más ejercicio físico, logran una disminución inicial pero a lo largo de meses a un año recuperan nuevamente el peso de inicio o lo superan. En esto se basa el planteamiento de que aspectos psicológicos jugarían un papel decisivo en la producción y mantenimiento de la obesidad. Una primera parte de esta tesis consiste en un Marco Teórico donde se hace la descripción del concepto de obesidad, clasificación, epidemiología, etiología, especial énfasis en asociaciones con psicopatología y diagnóstico diferencial con diversos trastornos, luego algunas nociones de prevención y tratamiento multidisciplinario entre otros aspectos teóricos. Así como también se presenta una revisión sobre la indicación de cirugía bariátrica, los tipos de intervenciones existentes y aspectos sobre el rol de la detección de psicopatología en el pre y postoperatorio. Una segunda parte de Marco Práctico es la que sustenta la parte fundamental de esta tesis. El objetivo es comparar la sintomatología psicopatológica general y alimentaria, la motivación por el cambio, la personalidad, nivel de impulsividad y la impresión clínica global, entre un grupo de pacientes con obesidad grave (TM) y otro intervenido mediante cirugía bariátrica (TQ). Analizar diferencias de género entre los grupos. El método: Estudio descriptivo y comparativo entre 75 sujetos de 18 a 65 años con obesidad grave definida por IMC ≥ 35 kg/m² y 40 sujetos operados. Se aplicó una entrevista de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos y las siguientes escalas: Cuestionario de 90 síntomas (SCL90-R), Inventario de ansiedad estado-rasgo (STAI), Inventario de depresión de Beck breve (BDI-SF), Test de investigación de bulimia de Edimburgo (BITE), Inventario de trastornos alimentarios (EDI-2), Cuestionario de personalidad de Zuckerman-Kuhlman (ZKPQ), Escala de impulsividad de Barratt (BIS-11), Cuestionario de actitudes frente al cambio en TCA (ACTA) y Escala de impresión clínica global (CGI). En los resultados, en la comparación por grupos (TM y TQ) hubo diferencia significativa en el ítem Somatización del SCL90-R siendo más alto en el grupo TM (p=0.014). En la escala BDI-SF el grupo TM obtuvo una mayor puntuación (p=0.016). El EDI-2 muestra una significancia estadística en los ítems de Tendencia a la delgadez (p 0.031) e Insatisfacción corporal (p=0.002) siendo el mayor puntaje en el grupo TM. El ACTA muestra que en el grupo TM la fase de Acción es significativamente mayor (p=0.011) pero también es alta en la fase de recaida (p 0.001), y en el grupo TQ la puntuación en la fase de Mantenimiento es significativamente mayor (p 0.001). La ICG mostró un mayor nivel de mejoría clínica en el grupo TM (p 0.001). Hay una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa de gran parte de las variables de medición de los tests con la puntuación del BDI-SF. En relación a diferencias de género en grupo TM hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los siguientes ítems siendo en todas más alta en mujeres: Psicoticismo (p=0.013) del SCL90-R, Bulimia (p 0.001), Perfeccionismo (p=0.03) e Impulsividad (p=0.039) del EDI-2, Impulsividad no planificada (p=0.038) e Impulsividad total (p=0.015) del BIS-11, Agresión-Hostilidad (p=0.015) del ZKPQ, Contemplación (p=0.025), Preparación (p=0.023) y Recaída (p=0.035) del ACTA. En relación a diferencias de género en grupo TQ, hubo significación estadística siendo mayor el puntaje en las mujeres en los ítems Bulimia (p=0.008) e Inseguridad social (p=0.004) del EDI-2. Como conclusión existe importante presencia de clínica depresiva en pacientes con obesidad grave comparado con los pacientes operados. Es necesario considerar evaluaciones psicológicas en los pacientes en tratamiento así como apoyo motivacional. Obesity is considered a public health problem to be the second leading cause of preventable death in the world, after tobacco. 90% of the obeses following a hypocaloric diet and making a routine physical exercise obtains an initial decrease but in the following months till the year regains the initial weight or even more. Based on this approach the psychologichal aspects would play an key factor in the production and maintenance of the obesity. The first part of this thesis is a Theoretical framework where the obesity concept is described, classified, epidemiology, etiology with special enphasys in correlation with psychopathology and differential diagnosis and also with different disorders. This following an initial theoretical notions about multidisciplinary treatment. A review on the indication of bariatric surgery, including the kinds of existents interventions and aspects about the role of detection of psychopathology in the pre and post surgery phase are presented as well. The second part of Practical framework is the fundamental underpinning concept of this doctoral thesis. The objective of this thesis is to compare the general psychopathological symptoms - general and eating behavior-, motivation for change, personality, impulsiveness, and clinical global impression in a sample of subjects in treatment for severe obesity (TM) with another group of patients with bariatric surgery (TQ). And to analyze gender differences of the instruments mentioned above. Method is descriptive and comparative study of 75 subjects from 18 to 65 years with severe obesity defined by BMI ≥ 35 kg / m2 and 40 subjects underwent bariatric surgery. Apply an interview on demographic and clinical data and the following scales: Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL 90-R), State-Trai Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form (BDI-SF), Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE), Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-2), The Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Attitudes to change in TCA Questionnaire (ACTA) and Scale Clinical Global Impression (CGI). The results in the SCL90-R there is a significant difference in item Somatization considering being higher in the TM group (p = 0.014). In the BDI-SF scale TM group has a higher score (p = 0.016). The EDI2 shows a significance in the items thinness tendency (p 0.031) and body dissatisfaction (p = 0.002) being the highest score in the TM group. The ACTA shows that in the TM group the Action phase is significantly high (p = 0.011) but never the less it is also high in the Relapse phase (p 0.001). Further in the TQ group the scores of the Maintenance phase is significantly high (p 0.001). The ICG shows a higher level of clinical improvement in the TM group (p 0.001).There is a statistically significant positive correlation of much of the measurement variables of the tests with the BDI-SF score. Regarding gender differences in TM group statistically significant differences in the following items being in all higher in women: Psychoticism (p = 0.013) of the SCL90-R, Bulimia (p 0.001), Perfectionism (p = 0.03) and Impulsivity (p = 0.039) of the EDI-2, unplanned impulsivity (p = 0.038) and overall impulsiveness (p = 0.015) of the BIS-11, Aggression-Hostility (p = 0.015) of ZKPQ, Contemplation (p = 0.025), Preparation (p = 0.023) and relapse (p = 0.035) of ACTA. Regarding gender differences in TQ group, there was statistical significance score was higher in women Bulimia items (p = 0.008) and social insecurity (p = 0.004) of the EDI-2. There is significant presence of depressive symptoms in patients with severe obesity compared with patients operated. It is necessary to consider for these patients (severe obesity) a psychological assessments and motivational support as well.

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    Authors: Carrillo Pérez, Nereida;
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    Authors: Chaves Romero, Ferney Alveiro; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica;

    L'escalat dels transistors MOSFET convencionals ha portat a aquests dispositius a la nanoescala per incrementar tant les seves prestacions com el nombre de components per xip. En aquest process d'escalat, els coneguts "Short Channel Effects" representen una forta limitació. La forma més efectiva de suprimir aquests efectes i aixi estendre l'ús del MOSFET convencional, és la reducció del gruix de l'òxid de porta i l'augment de la concentració de dopants al canal. Quan el gruix d'òxid de porta es redueix a unes quantes capes atòmiques, apareix l'efecte túnel mecano-quàntic d'electrons, produint un gran augment en els corrents de fuita, perjudicant la normal operació dels MOSFETs. Això ha fet obligatori l'ús de materials d'alta permitivitat o materials high-κ en els dielèctrics de porta. Tot i les solucions proposades, la reducció de les dimensiones físiques del MOSFET convencional no pot ser mantinguda de forma indefinida i per mantenir la tendència tecnològica s'han suggerit noves estructures com ara MOSFETs multi-porta de cos ultra-prim. En particular, el MOSFET de doble porta és considerat com una estructura multi-porta prometedora per les seves diverses qualitats i avantatges en l'escalat. Aquesta tesi s'enfoca en la modelització de dispositius MOSFET de doble porta i, en particular, en la modelització del corrent túnel de porta que afecta críticamente al consum de potència del transistor. Primerament desenvolupem un model quàntic compacte tant per al potencial electrostàtic com per a la càrrega elèctrica en el transistor de doble-porta simètric amb cos no dopat. Després, aquest model quàntic s'utilitza per proposar un model analític compacte per al corrent túnel directe amb SiO2 com dielèctric de porta, primerament, i després amb una doble capa composta de SiO2 com a capa interfacial i un material "high-κ". Finalment se desenvolupa un mètode precís per calcular el corrent túnel de porta. El mètode es basa en l'aplicació de condicions de frontera absorbents i, més especificament, en el mètode PML. Aquesta tesi està motivada per les recomanacions fetes pel "International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors" (ITRS) sobre la necessitat existent de modelatge i simulació d'estructures semiconductores multi-porta. The scaling of the conventional MOSFETs has led these devices to the nanoscale to increase both the performance and the number of components per chip. In this process, the so-called "Short Channel Effects" have arisen as a limiting factor. To extend the use of the bulk MOSFETs, the most effective ways of suppressing such effects are the reduction of the gate oxide thickness and increasing of the channel doping concentration. When the gate oxide thickness is reduced to a few atomic layers, quantum mechanical tunneling is responsible of a huge increase in the gate leakage current impairing the normal operation of MOSFETs. This has made mandatory the use of high permittivity materials or high-κ as gate dielectrics. Despite the proposed solutions, reduction of the physical dimensions of the conventional MOSFETs cannot be maintained. To keep the technological trend, new MOSFET structures have been suggested such as ultra-thin body Multi-Gate MOSFETs. In particular, the Double-Gate MOSFETs is considered as a promising MG structure for its several qualities and advantages in scaling. This thesis focuses on the modeling of Double-Gate MOSFET and, in particular, on the modeling of the gate leakage current critically affecting the power consumption. First we develop a compact quantum model for both the electrostatic potential and the electric charge in symmetric double-gate MOSFET with undoped thin body. Then, this quantum model is used to propose an analytical compact model for the direct tunnelling current with SiO2 as gate dielectric, firstly, and later assuming a dual layer consisting of a SiO2 interfacial layer and a high-κ material. Finally, an accurate method for the calculation of the gate tunnelling current is developed. It is based on Absorbing Boundary Conditions techniques and, more specifically, on the Perfectly Mached Layer (PML) method. This thesis is motivated by the recommendations given by the "International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors" (ITRS) about the need for the modeling and simulation of multi-gate semiconductor structures.

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    Authors: Feliu i Samuel-Lajeunesse, Joel; Gil-Juárez, Adriana;

    Index de les obres ressenyades: Pablo FERNÁNDEZ CHRISTLIEB, La afectividad colectiva

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    Authors: Zabala Torres, Alaitz; Pons, Xavier; Díaz-Delgado, Ricardo; García, Fernando; +2 Authors

    This study measures the effect of lossy image compression on the digital classification of crops and forest areas. A hybrid classification method using satellite images and other variables has been used. The results contribute interesting new data on the influence of compression on the quality of the produced cartography, both from a "by pixel" perspective and regarding the homogeneity of the obtained polygons. The classified area in classifications only carried out with radiometric variables or with NDVI and humidity (for crops) increases as image compression increases, although the increase is smaller for JPEG2000 formats and for crops. On the other hand, the classified area decreases in classifications which also take into account topoclimatic variables (for forests). Overall image accuracy diminishes at high compression ratios (CR), although the point of inflection occurs at different CR depending on the compression format. As a rule, the JPEG2000 format gives better results quantitatively for forests (accuracy and classified area) and visually (images with less "salt and pepper" effect) for both land covers.

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    Authors: Cervera Carles, Laura; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Institut de Neurociències;

    Les malalties neurodegeneratives són patologies complexes i progressives que afecten milions de persones a tot el món. Entre d'altres, la malaltia d'Alzheimer (MA), la malaltia de Parkinson (MP) i la demència frontotemporal (DFT) són les tres condicions més prevalents. Tot i l'extensiva recerca duta a terme, els esdeveniments moleculars que desencadenen aquestes patologies són encara desconeguts.L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és entendre el rol de determinats factors genètics i epigenètics en les malalties neurodegeneratives, a través de l'estudi de les reestructuracions genètiques, i la quantificació d'ADN mitocondrial circulant i espècies d'ARN no codificants.Primerament, s'ha analitzat el patró de variació estructural del cromosoma 17q21.31, una de les regions més complexes i dinàmiques del genoma humà, i s'ha avaluat la seva contribució en la ben establerta associació entre l'haplotip H1 del gen MAPT i la MP, la paràlisi supranuclear progressiva (PSP), la degeneració corticobasal (DCB) i la demència amb cossos de Lewy (DCLewy). Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen que els polimorfismes de número de còpies dintre d'aquesta regió no són responsables de l'efecte H1. Tot i això, hem trobat una sobre-representació dels portadors H1 en el grup de pacients amb DCLewy, expandint d'aquesta manera la rellevància biològica de l'haplotip en les malalties neurodegeneratives.També s'han examinat els nivells d'ADN mitocondrial circulant en líquid cefaloraquidi (LCR) i la seva utilitat com a indicador de la disfunció mitocondrial en el contínuum de la MA. Malgrat que la seva quantificació és fiable, la gran variabilitat interindividual entre els grups d'estudi limita la seva precisió i utilitat com a biomarcador diagnòstic.Finalment, s'ha investigat el perfil d'expressió de microARNs, una classe de ARNs no codificants involucrats en la modulació post-transcripcional de l'expressió gènica, continguts en vesícules extracel·lulars (VEs) de LCR en DFT i altres síndromes relacionats. Es poden detectar nombrosos microARNs en VEs de LCR. També s'han identificat quatre microARNs amb un patró d'expressió específic en pacients diagnosticats amb síndromes DFT 4R-tau. Neurodegenerative diseases are complex and progressive disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Among them, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are three of the most prevalent. In spite of extensive research, the molecular events triggering these pathologies remain elusive. This thesis aims at understanding the role of certain genetic and epigenetic factors in neurodegenerative diseases through the study of structural genetic rearrangements, and the measurement of circulating mitochondrial DNA and non-coding RNA species. We first analyzed the structural variation pattern of the chromosome 17q21.31, one of the most complex and dynamic regions of the human genome, and evaluated its contribution to the well-established MAPT H1 haplotype relationship with PD, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Our results suggest that copy number polymorphisms within this region are not responsible for the H1 effect. However, we found a significant overrepresentation of H1 carriers in DLB patients, thus expanding the biological relevance of the haplotype in neurodegenerative disorders. We also examined the levels of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its utility as an indicator of mitochondrial dysfunction in the AD continuum. Although its measurement is reliable, the considerable inter-individual variability within groups limits its accuracy and usefulness as a diagnostic biomarker. Finally, we investigated the expression profile of microRNAs, a class of non-coding RNAs involved in the post-transcriptional modulation of gene expression, contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from CSF in FTD and other related syndromes. Numerous microRNAs can be detected within EVs from CSF. Moreover, we identified four microRNAs with a specific expression pattern in patients diagnosed with 4R-tau FTD syndromes.

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    Authors: Moreno Colom, Sara,;
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    Authors: Bacigalupo Stein, Joaquín; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Facultat de Ciències de la Comunicació;

    Aquest escrit consisteix en el projecte del podcast El volantazo de COPE, que explica l'èxit de la redacció d'esports de la Cadena COPE des que en 2010 un grup de més de cinquanta periodistes van arribar provinents de la Cadena SER. En aquest projecte es detalla l'elecció del tema i del format, l'audiència potencial i l'estratègia de llançament, alhora que es fa un repàs contextual de la història de la radiodifusió esportiva espanyola i de la incidència del podcast a Espanya. Este escrito consiste en el proyecto del pódcast El volantazo de COPE, que explica el éxito de la redacción de deportes de la Cadena COPE desde que en 2010 un grupo de más de cincuenta periodistas llegaron provenientes de la Cadena SER. En este proyecto se detalla la elección del tema y del formato, la audiencia potencial y la estrategia de lanzamiento, a la vez que se hace un repaso contextual de la historia de la radiodifusión deportiva española y de la incidencia del pódcast en España. This brief consists of the El volantazo de COPE podcast project, which explains the success of Cadena COPE's sports newsroom since a group of more than fifty journalists arrived from Cadena SER in 2010. The project details the choice of topic and format, the potential audience and the launch strategy, as well as a contextual review of the history of Spanish sports broadcasting and the impact of podcasting in Spain.

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    Authors: Juher Barrot, David; Alsedà i Soler, Lluís;

    Consultable des del TDX Títol obtingut de la portada digitalitzada La tesi versa sobre sistemes dinàmics discrets 1-dimensionals, des d'un punt de vista combinatori i topològic. Estem interessats en les òrbites periòdiques i l'entropia topològica de les aplicacions contínues definides en arbres i grafs. El problema central és la caracterització del conjunt de períodes de totes les òrbites periòdiques d'una aplicació contínua d'un arbre en ell mateix. El teorema de Sharkovskii (1964) fou el primer resultat remarcable en aquest sentit. Aquest bonic teorema estableix que el conjunt de períodes d'una aplicació de l'interval és un segment inicial d'un ordre lineal (ordre de Sharkovskii). Recíprocament, donat qualsevol segment inicial d'aquest ordre, existeix una aplicació de l'interval que el té com a conjunt de períodes. Durant les darreres dècades hi ha hagut diversos intents de trobar resultats similars al de Sharkovskii per a altres espais 1-dimensionals. Recentment, el cas d'arbres ha estat tractat especialment. El Teorema de Baldwin (1991) resol el problema en el cas de les n-estrelles i ha estat un dels avenços més significatius en aquesta direcció. Aquest resultat estableix que el conjunt de períodes per a una aplicació de la n-estrella és unió finita de segments inicials de n ordres parcials (ordres de Baldwin), i recíprocament. El nostre objectiu principal és descriure l'estructura del conjunt de períodes de qualsevol aplicació contínua d'un arbre T en termes de les propietats combinatòries i topològiques de T: quantitat i disposició d'extrems, vèrtexs i arestes. En el capítol 1 discutim detalladament la manera més natural d'atacar el problema, i proposem una estratègia consistent en tres etapes consecutives. L'eina principal d'aquesta estratègia són els models minimals de patrons. Aquestes nocions es van desenvolupar i utilitzar durant les darreres dècades en el context de l'interval. En canvi, no es disposava de definicions operatives equivalents per a arbres, fins que al 1997 Alseda, Guaschi, Los, Manyosas i Mumbru proposaren de definir el patró d'un conjunt finit invariant P essencialment com una classe d'homotopia d'aplicacions relativa a P, i provaren (constructivament) que sempre existeix un model P-canònic amb propietats de minimalitat dinàmica. L'objectiu del capítol 2 és implementar completament el programa proposat, duent a terme les etapes 2 i 3. El resultat principal d'aquest capítol diu que, donada una aplicació g definida en un arbre T, existeix un conjunt S de successions finites d'enters positius tal que el conjunt de períodes de g és (excepte un conjunt finit explícitament acotat) una unió finita de segments inicials d'ordres de Baldwin donats en termes del conjunt S, que depèn de les propietats combinatòries de l'arbre T. També provem el recíproc. En el capítol 3 duem a terme experiments informàtics sobre la minimalitat dinàmica dels models canònics. En un esperit de programació modular, hem dissenyat moltes funcions autocontingudes que poden ser usades per implementar una gran varietat d'aplicacions d'ús divers. Entre altres, tenim funcions que calculen el model canònic d'un patró donat per l'usuari, calculen la matriu de Markov associada a un model monòton a trossos i extreuen tots els llaços simples d'una matriu de transició de Markov. Finalment, en el capítol 4 generalitzem alguns resultats de Block i Coven, Misiurewicz i Nitecki i Takahashi, en els quals l'entropia topològica d'una aplicació de l'interval s'aproxima per les entropies de les seves òrbites periòdiques. Hem provat relacions anàlogues en el context de les aplicacions de grafs. This memoir deals with one-dimensional discrete dynamical systems, from both a topological and a combinatorial point of view. We are interested in the periodic orbits and topological entropy of continuous self-maps defined on trees and graphs. The central problem is the characterisation of the set of periods of all periodic orbits exhibited by any continuous map from a tree into itself. The Sharkovskii's Theorem (1964) was the first remarkable result in this setting. This theorem states that the set of periods of any interval map is an initial segment of a linear ordering (the so-called Sharkovskii ordering). Conversely, given any initial segment of the Sharkovskii ordering, there exists an interval map whose set of periods coincides with it. During the last decades there have been several attempts to find results similar to that of Sharkovskii for other one-dimensional spaces. Recently, the case of maps defined on general trees has been specially treated. Baldwin's Theorem (1991), which solves the problem in the case of n-stars for any n, has been one of the most significant advances in this direction. This result states that the set of periods of any n-star map is a finite union of initial segments of n-many partial orderings (the Baldwin orderings). The converse is also true. Our main purpose is to describe the generic structure of the set of periods of any continuous self-map defined on a tree T in terms of the combinatorial and topological properties of T: amount and arrangement of endpoints, vertices and edges. In Chapter 1 we make a detailed discussion about which is the more natural approach to this problem, and we propose a strategy consisting on three consecutive stages and using minimal models of patterns as the main tool. These notions were developed in the context of interval maps and widely used in a number of papers during the last two decades. However, equivalent operative definitions for tree maps were not available until 1997, when Alseda, Guaschi, Los, Manosas and Mumbru proposed to define the pattern of a finite invariant set P essentially as a homotopy class of maps relative to the points of P, and proved (constructively) that there always exists a P-canonical model displaying dynamic minimality properties. The goal of Chapter 2 is to implement in full the above programme by completing stages 2 and 3. The main result of Chapter 2 tells us that for each tree map g defined on a tree T there exists a finite set S of sequences of positive integers such that the set of periods of g is (up to an explicitly bounded finite set) a finite union of initial segments of Baldwin orderings, given in terms of the set S, which depends on the combinatorial properties of the tree T. We also prove the converse result. In Chapter 3 we report some computer experiments on the minimality of the dynamics of canonical models. In a spirit of modular programming, we have designed lots of self-contained functions which can be used to implement a wide variety of several-purpose software. Among other, we have functions that: compute the canonical model of a pattern provided by the user, calculate the Markov transition matrix associated to a piecewise monotone tree map and extract all the simple loops of a given length from a Markov transition matrix. Finally, in Chapter 4 we generalize some results of Block & Coven, Misiurewicz & Nitecki and Takahashi, where the topological entropy of an interval map was approximated by the entropies of its periodic orbits. We prove analogous relations in the setting of graph maps.

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    Authors: Gruas Giron, Roger; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Escola d'Enginyeria;

    Aquest document conté originàriament altre material i/o programari només consultable a la Biblioteca de Ciència i Tecnologia. L'objectiu d'aquest projecte és el desenvolupament dels paràmetres més importants per dissenyar una planta de producció de components termoplàstics per produir accessoris d'automoció. Aquest projecte estudiarà la viabilitat real que pot tenir iniciatives com la nostra, en una comarca de gran tradició en la industria de transformació de components plàstics com és la comarca del Alt Camp (Tarragona).

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    Authors: Arriagada Solar, María Inés; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Psiquiatria i de Medicina Legal;

    La obesidad se considera un problema de salud pública al ser la segunda causa de muerte evitable en el mundo, después del tabaco. El 90 % de las personas obesas que mantienen en su rutina una dieta hipocalórica más ejercicio físico, logran una disminución inicial pero a lo largo de meses a un año recuperan nuevamente el peso de inicio o lo superan. En esto se basa el planteamiento de que aspectos psicológicos jugarían un papel decisivo en la producción y mantenimiento de la obesidad. Una primera parte de esta tesis consiste en un Marco Teórico donde se hace la descripción del concepto de obesidad, clasificación, epidemiología, etiología, especial énfasis en asociaciones con psicopatología y diagnóstico diferencial con diversos trastornos, luego algunas nociones de prevención y tratamiento multidisciplinario entre otros aspectos teóricos. Así como también se presenta una revisión sobre la indicación de cirugía bariátrica, los tipos de intervenciones existentes y aspectos sobre el rol de la detección de psicopatología en el pre y postoperatorio. Una segunda parte de Marco Práctico es la que sustenta la parte fundamental de esta tesis. El objetivo es comparar la sintomatología psicopatológica general y alimentaria, la motivación por el cambio, la personalidad, nivel de impulsividad y la impresión clínica global, entre un grupo de pacientes con obesidad grave (TM) y otro intervenido mediante cirugía bariátrica (TQ). Analizar diferencias de género entre los grupos. El método: Estudio descriptivo y comparativo entre 75 sujetos de 18 a 65 años con obesidad grave definida por IMC ≥ 35 kg/m² y 40 sujetos operados. Se aplicó una entrevista de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos y las siguientes escalas: Cuestionario de 90 síntomas (SCL90-R), Inventario de ansiedad estado-rasgo (STAI), Inventario de depresión de Beck breve (BDI-SF), Test de investigación de bulimia de Edimburgo (BITE), Inventario de trastornos alimentarios (EDI-2), Cuestionario de personalidad de Zuckerman-Kuhlman (ZKPQ), Escala de impulsividad de Barratt (BIS-11), Cuestionario de actitudes frente al cambio en TCA (ACTA) y Escala de impresión clínica global (CGI). En los resultados, en la comparación por grupos (TM y TQ) hubo diferencia significativa en el ítem Somatización del SCL90-R siendo más alto en el grupo TM (p=0.014). En la escala BDI-SF el grupo TM obtuvo una mayor puntuación (p=0.016). El EDI-2 muestra una significancia estadística en los ítems de Tendencia a la delgadez (p 0.031) e Insatisfacción corporal (p=0.002) siendo el mayor puntaje en el grupo TM. El ACTA muestra que en el grupo TM la fase de Acción es significativamente mayor (p=0.011) pero también es alta en la fase de recaida (p 0.001), y en el grupo TQ la puntuación en la fase de Mantenimiento es significativamente mayor (p 0.001). La ICG mostró un mayor nivel de mejoría clínica en el grupo TM (p 0.001). Hay una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa de gran parte de las variables de medición de los tests con la puntuación del BDI-SF. En relación a diferencias de género en grupo TM hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los siguientes ítems siendo en todas más alta en mujeres: Psicoticismo (p=0.013) del SCL90-R, Bulimia (p 0.001), Perfeccionismo (p=0.03) e Impulsividad (p=0.039) del EDI-2, Impulsividad no planificada (p=0.038) e Impulsividad total (p=0.015) del BIS-11, Agresión-Hostilidad (p=0.015) del ZKPQ, Contemplación (p=0.025), Preparación (p=0.023) y Recaída (p=0.035) del ACTA. En relación a diferencias de género en grupo TQ, hubo significación estadística siendo mayor el puntaje en las mujeres en los ítems Bulimia (p=0.008) e Inseguridad social (p=0.004) del EDI-2. Como conclusión existe importante presencia de clínica depresiva en pacientes con obesidad grave comparado con los pacientes operados. Es necesario considerar evaluaciones psicológicas en los pacientes en tratamiento así como apoyo motivacional. Obesity is considered a public health problem to be the second leading cause of preventable death in the world, after tobacco. 90% of the obeses following a hypocaloric diet and making a routine physical exercise obtains an initial decrease but in the following months till the year regains the initial weight or even more. Based on this approach the psychologichal aspects would play an key factor in the production and maintenance of the obesity. The first part of this thesis is a Theoretical framework where the obesity concept is described, classified, epidemiology, etiology with special enphasys in correlation with psychopathology and differential diagnosis and also with different disorders. This following an initial theoretical notions about multidisciplinary treatment. A review on the indication of bariatric surgery, including the kinds of existents interventions and aspects about the role of detection of psychopathology in the pre and post surgery phase are presented as well. The second part of Practical framework is the fundamental underpinning concept of this doctoral thesis. The objective of this thesis is to compare the general psychopathological symptoms - general and eating behavior-, motivation for change, personality, impulsiveness, and clinical global impression in a sample of subjects in treatment for severe obesity (TM) with another group of patients with bariatric surgery (TQ). And to analyze gender differences of the instruments mentioned above. Method is descriptive and comparative study of 75 subjects from 18 to 65 years with severe obesity defined by BMI ≥ 35 kg / m2 and 40 subjects underwent bariatric surgery. Apply an interview on demographic and clinical data and the following scales: Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL 90-R), State-Trai Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form (BDI-SF), Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE), Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-2), The Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Attitudes to change in TCA Questionnaire (ACTA) and Scale Clinical Global Impression (CGI). The results in the SCL90-R there is a significant difference in item Somatization considering being higher in the TM group (p = 0.014). In the BDI-SF scale TM group has a higher score (p = 0.016). The EDI2 shows a significance in the items thinness tendency (p 0.031) and body dissatisfaction (p = 0.002) being the highest score in the TM group. The ACTA shows that in the TM group the Action phase is significantly high (p = 0.011) but never the less it is also high in the Relapse phase (p 0.001). Further in the TQ group the scores of the Maintenance phase is significantly high (p 0.001). The ICG shows a higher level of clinical improvement in the TM group (p 0.001).There is a statistically significant positive correlation of much of the measurement variables of the tests with the BDI-SF score. Regarding gender differences in TM group statistically significant differences in the following items being in all higher in women: Psychoticism (p = 0.013) of the SCL90-R, Bulimia (p 0.001), Perfectionism (p = 0.03) and Impulsivity (p = 0.039) of the EDI-2, unplanned impulsivity (p = 0.038) and overall impulsiveness (p = 0.015) of the BIS-11, Aggression-Hostility (p = 0.015) of ZKPQ, Contemplation (p = 0.025), Preparation (p = 0.023) and relapse (p = 0.035) of ACTA. Regarding gender differences in TQ group, there was statistical significance score was higher in women Bulimia items (p = 0.008) and social insecurity (p = 0.004) of the EDI-2. There is significant presence of depressive symptoms in patients with severe obesity compared with patients operated. It is necessary to consider for these patients (severe obesity) a psychological assessments and motivational support as well.

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    Authors: Carrillo Pérez, Nereida;
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    Authors: Chaves Romero, Ferney Alveiro; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica;

    L'escalat dels transistors MOSFET convencionals ha portat a aquests dispositius a la nanoescala per incrementar tant les seves prestacions com el nombre de components per xip. En aquest process d'escalat, els coneguts "Short Channel Effects" representen una forta limitació. La forma més efectiva de suprimir aquests efectes i aixi estendre l'ús del MOSFET convencional, és la reducció del gruix de l'òxid de porta i l'augment de la concentració de dopants al canal. Quan el gruix d'òxid de porta es redueix a unes quantes capes atòmiques, apareix l'efecte túnel mecano-quàntic d'electrons, produint un gran augment en els corrents de fuita, perjudicant la normal operació dels MOSFETs. Això ha fet obligatori l'ús de materials d'alta permitivitat o materials high-κ en els dielèctrics de porta. Tot i les solucions proposades, la reducció de les dimensiones físiques del MOSFET convencional no pot ser mantinguda de forma indefinida i per mantenir la tendència tecnològica s'han suggerit noves estructures com ara MOSFETs multi-porta de cos ultra-prim. En particular, el MOSFET de doble porta és considerat com una estructura multi-porta prometedora per les seves diverses qualitats i avantatges en l'escalat. Aquesta tesi s'enfoca en la modelització de dispositius MOSFET de doble porta i, en particular, en la modelització del corrent túnel de porta que afecta críticamente al consum de potència del transistor. Primerament desenvolupem un model quàntic compacte tant per al potencial electrostàtic com per a la càrrega elèctrica en el transistor de doble-porta simètric amb cos no dopat. Després, aquest model quàntic s'utilitza per proposar un model analític compacte per al corrent túnel directe amb SiO2 com dielèctric de porta, primerament, i després amb una doble capa composta de SiO2 com a capa interfacial i un material "high-κ". Finalment se desenvolupa un mètode precís per calcular el corrent túnel de porta. El mètode es basa en l'aplicació de condicions de frontera absorbents i, més especificament, en el mètode PML. Aquesta tesi està motivada per les recomanacions fetes pel "International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors" (ITRS) sobre la necessitat existent de modelatge i simulació d'estructures semiconductores multi-porta. The scaling of the conventional MOSFETs has led these devices to the nanoscale to increase both the performance and the number of components per chip. In this process, the so-called "Short Channel Effects" have arisen as a limiting factor. To extend the use of the bulk MOSFETs, the most effective ways of suppressing such effects are the reduction of the gate oxide thickness and increasing of the channel doping concentration. When the gate oxide thickness is reduced to a few atomic layers, quantum mechanical tunneling is responsible of a huge increase in the gate leakage current impairing the normal operation of MOSFETs. This has made mandatory the use of high permittivity materials or high-κ as gate dielectrics. Despite the proposed solutions, reduction of the physical dimensions of the conventional MOSFETs cannot be maintained. To keep the technological trend, new MOSFET structures have been suggested such as ultra-thin body Multi-Gate MOSFETs. In particular, the Double-Gate MOSFETs is considered as a promising MG structure for its several qualities and advantages in scaling. This thesis focuses on the modeling of Double-Gate MOSFET and, in particular, on the modeling of the gate leakage current critically affecting the power consumption. First we develop a compact quantum model for both the electrostatic potential and the electric charge in symmetric double-gate MOSFET with undoped thin body. Then, this quantum model is used to propose an analytical compact model for the direct tunnelling current with SiO2 as gate dielectric, firstly, and later assuming a dual layer consisting of a SiO2 interfacial layer and a high-κ material. Finally, an accurate method for the calculation of the gate tunnelling current is developed. It is based on Absorbing Boundary Conditions techniques and, more specifically, on the Perfectly Mached Layer (PML) method. This thesis is motivated by the recommendations given by the "International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors" (ITRS) about the need for the modeling and simulation of multi-gate semiconductor structures.

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    Authors: Feliu i Samuel-Lajeunesse, Joel; Gil-Juárez, Adriana;

    Index de les obres ressenyades: Pablo FERNÁNDEZ CHRISTLIEB, La afectividad colectiva

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    Authors: Zabala Torres, Alaitz; Pons, Xavier; Díaz-Delgado, Ricardo; García, Fernando; +2 Authors

    This study measures the effect of lossy image compression on the digital classification of crops and forest areas. A hybrid classification method using satellite images and other variables has been used. The results contribute interesting new data on the influence of compression on the quality of the produced cartography, both from a "by pixel" perspective and regarding the homogeneity of the obtained polygons. The classified area in classifications only carried out with radiometric variables or with NDVI and humidity (for crops) increases as image compression increases, although the increase is smaller for JPEG2000 formats and for crops. On the other hand, the classified area decreases in classifications which also take into account topoclimatic variables (for forests). Overall image accuracy diminishes at high compression ratios (CR), although the point of inflection occurs at different CR depending on the compression format. As a rule, the JPEG2000 format gives better results quantitatively for forests (accuracy and classified area) and visually (images with less "salt and pepper" effect) for both land covers.

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    Authors: Cervera Carles, Laura; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Institut de Neurociències;

    Les malalties neurodegeneratives són patologies complexes i progressives que afecten milions de persones a tot el món. Entre d'altres, la malaltia d'Alzheimer (MA), la malaltia de Parkinson (MP) i la demència frontotemporal (DFT) són les tres condicions més prevalents. Tot i l'extensiva recerca duta a terme, els esdeveniments moleculars que desencadenen aquestes patologies són encara desconeguts.L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és entendre el rol de determinats factors genètics i epigenètics en les malalties neurodegeneratives, a través de l'estudi de les reestructuracions genètiques, i la quantificació d'ADN mitocondrial circulant i espècies d'ARN no codificants.Primerament, s'ha analitzat el patró de variació estructural del cromosoma 17q21.31, una de les regions més complexes i dinàmiques del genoma humà, i s'ha avaluat la seva contribució en la ben establerta associació entre l'haplotip H1 del gen MAPT i la MP, la paràlisi supranuclear progressiva (PSP), la degeneració corticobasal (DCB) i la demència amb cossos de Lewy (DCLewy). Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen que els polimorfismes de número de còpies dintre d'aquesta regió no són responsables de l'efecte H1. Tot i això, hem trobat una sobre-representació dels portadors H1 en el grup de pacients amb DCLewy, expandint d'aquesta manera la rellevància biològica de l'haplotip en les malalties neurodegeneratives.També s'han examinat els nivells d'ADN mitocondrial circulant en líquid cefaloraquidi (LCR) i la seva utilitat com a indicador de la disfunció mitocondrial en el contínuum de la MA. Malgrat que la seva quantificació és fiable, la gran variabilitat interindividual entre els grups d'estudi limita la seva precisió i utilitat com a biomarcador diagnòstic.Finalment, s'ha investigat el perfil d'expressió de microARNs, una classe de ARNs no codificants involucrats en la modulació post-transcripcional de l'expressió gènica, continguts en vesícules extracel·lulars (VEs) de LCR en DFT i altres síndromes relacionats. Es poden detectar nombrosos microARNs en VEs de LCR. També s'han identificat quatre microARNs amb un patró d'expressió específic en pacients diagnosticats amb síndromes DFT 4R-tau. Neurodegenerative diseases are complex and progressive disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Among them, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are three of the most prevalent. In spite of extensive research, the molecular events triggering these pathologies remain elusive. This thesis aims at understanding the role of certain genetic and epigenetic factors in neurodegenerative diseases through the study of structural genetic rearrangements, and the measurement of circulating mitochondrial DNA and non-coding RNA species. We first analyzed the structural variation pattern of the chromosome 17q21.31, one of the most complex and dynamic regions of the human genome, and evaluated its contribution to the well-established MAPT H1 haplotype relationship with PD, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Our results suggest that copy number polymorphisms within this region are not responsible for the H1 effect. However, we found a significant overrepresentation of H1 carriers in DLB patients, thus expanding the biological relevance of the haplotype in neurodegenerative disorders. We also examined the levels of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its utility as an indicator of mitochondrial dysfunction in the AD continuum. Although its measurement is reliable, the considerable inter-individual variability within groups limits its accuracy and usefulness as a diagnostic biomarker. Finally, we investigated the expression profile of microRNAs, a class of non-coding RNAs involved in the post-transcriptional modulation of gene expression, contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from CSF in FTD and other related syndromes. Numerous microRNAs can be detected within EVs from CSF. Moreover, we identified four microRNAs with a specific expression pattern in patients diagnosed with 4R-tau FTD syndromes.

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    Authors: Moreno Colom, Sara,;
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    Authors: Bacigalupo Stein, Joaquín; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Facultat de Ciències de la Comunicació;

    Aquest escrit consisteix en el projecte del podcast El volantazo de COPE, que explica l'èxit de la redacció d'esports de la Cadena COPE des que en 2010 un grup de més de cinquanta periodistes van arribar provinents de la Cadena SER. En aquest projecte es detalla l'elecció del tema i del format, l'audiència potencial i l'estratègia de llançament, alhora que es fa un repàs contextual de la història de la radiodifusió esportiva espanyola i de la incidència del podcast a Espanya. Este escrito consiste en el proyecto del pódcast El volantazo de COPE, que explica el éxito de la redacción de deportes de la Cadena COPE desde que en 2010 un grupo de más de cincuenta periodistas llegaron provenientes de la Cadena SER. En este proyecto se detalla la elección del tema y del formato, la audiencia potencial y la estrategia de lanzamiento, a la vez que se hace un repaso contextual de la historia de la radiodifusión deportiva española y de la incidencia del pódcast en España. This brief consists of the El volantazo de COPE podcast project, which explains the success of Cadena COPE's sports newsroom since a group of more than fifty journalists arrived from Cadena SER in 2010. The project details the choice of topic and format, the potential audience and the launch strategy, as well as a contextual review of the history of Spanish sports broadcasting and the impact of podcasting in Spain.

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    Authors: Juher Barrot, David; Alsedà i Soler, Lluís;

    Consultable des del TDX Títol obtingut de la portada digitalitzada La tesi versa sobre sistemes dinàmics discrets 1-dimensionals, des d'un punt de vista combinatori i topològic. Estem interessats en les òrbites periòdiques i l'entropia topològica de les aplicacions contínues definides en arbres i grafs. El problema central és la caracterització del conjunt de períodes de totes les òrbites periòdiques d'una aplicació contínua d'un arbre en ell mateix. El teorema de Sharkovskii (1964) fou el primer resultat remarcable en aquest sentit. Aquest bonic teorema estableix que el conjunt de períodes d'una aplicació de l'interval és un segment inicial d'un ordre lineal (ordre de Sharkovskii). Recíprocament, donat qualsevol segment inicial d'aquest ordre, existeix una aplicació de l'interval que el té com a conjunt de períodes. Durant les darreres dècades hi ha hagut diversos intents de trobar resultats similars al de Sharkovskii per a altres espais 1-dimensionals. Recentment, el cas d'arbres ha estat tractat especialment. El Teorema de Baldwin (1991) resol el problema en el cas de les n-estrelles i ha estat un dels avenços més significatius en aquesta direcció. Aquest resultat estableix que el conjunt de períodes per a una aplicació de la n-estrella és unió finita de segments inicials de n ordres parcials (ordres de Baldwin), i recíprocament. El nostre objectiu principal és descriure l'estructura del conjunt de períodes de qualsevol aplicació contínua d'un arbre T en termes de les propietats combinatòries i topològiques de T: quantitat i disposició d'extrems, vèrtexs i arestes. En el capítol 1 discutim detalladament la manera més natural d'atacar el problema, i proposem una estratègia consistent en tres etapes consecutives. L'eina principal d'aquesta estratègia són els models minimals de patrons. Aquestes nocions es van desenvolupar i utilitzar durant les darreres dècades en el context de l'interval. En canvi, no es disposava de definicions operatives equivalents per a arbres, fins que al 1997 Alseda, Guaschi, Los, Manyosas i Mumbru proposaren de definir el patró d'un conjunt finit invariant P essencialment com una classe d'homotopia d'aplicacions relativa a P, i provaren (constructivament) que sempre existeix un model P-canònic amb propietats de minimalitat dinàmica. L'objectiu del capítol 2 és implementar completament el programa proposat, duent a terme les etapes 2 i 3. El resultat principal d'aquest capítol diu que, donada una aplicació g definida en un arbre T, existeix un conjunt S de successions finites d'enters positius tal que el conjunt de períodes de g és (excepte un conjunt finit explícitament acotat) una unió finita de segments inicials d'ordres de Baldwin donats en termes del conjunt S, que depèn de les propietats combinatòries de l'arbre T. També provem el recíproc. En el capítol 3 duem a terme experiments informàtics sobre la minimalitat dinàmica dels models canònics. En un esperit de programació modular, hem dissenyat moltes funcions autocontingudes que poden ser usades per implementar una gran varietat d'aplicacions d'ús divers. Entre altres, tenim funcions que calculen el model canònic d'un patró donat per l'usuari, calculen la matriu de Markov associada a un model monòton a trossos i extreuen tots els llaços simples d'una matriu de transició de Markov. Finalment, en el capítol 4 generalitzem alguns resultats de Block i Coven, Misiurewicz i Nitecki i Takahashi, en els quals l'entropia topològica d'una aplicació de l'interval s'aproxima per les entropies de les seves òrbites periòdiques. Hem provat relacions anàlogues en el context de les aplicacions de grafs. This memoir deals with one-dimensional discrete dynamical systems, from both a topological and a combinatorial point of view. We are interested in the periodic orbits and topological entropy of continuous self-maps defined on trees and graphs. The central problem is the characterisation of the set of periods of all periodic orbits exhibited by any continuous map from a tree into itself. The Sharkovskii's Theorem (1964) was the first remarkable result in this setting. This theorem states that the set of periods of any interval map is an initial segment of a linear ordering (the so-called Sharkovskii ordering). Conversely, given any initial segment of the Sharkovskii ordering, there exists an interval map whose set of periods coincides with it. During the last decades there have been several attempts to find results similar to that of Sharkovskii for other one-dimensional spaces. Recently, the case of maps defined on general trees has been specially treated. Baldwin's Theorem (1991), which solves the problem in the case of n-stars for any n, has been one of the most significant advances in this direction. This result states that the set of periods of any n-star map is a finite union of initial segments of n-many partial orderings (the Baldwin orderings). The converse is also true. Our main purpose is to describe the generic structure of the set of periods of any continuous self-map defined on a tree T in terms of the combinatorial and topological properties of T: amount and arrangement of endpoints, vertices and edges. In Chapter 1 we make a detailed discussion about which is the more natural approach to this problem, and we propose a strategy consisting on three consecutive stages and using minimal models of patterns as the main tool. These notions were developed in the context of interval maps and widely used in a number of papers during the last two decades. However, equivalent operative definitions for tree maps were not available until 1997, when Alseda, Guaschi, Los, Manosas and Mumbru proposed to define the pattern of a finite invariant set P essentially as a homotopy class of maps relative to the points of P, and proved (constructively) that there always exists a P-canonical model displaying dynamic minimality properties. The goal of Chapter 2 is to implement in full the above programme by completing stages 2 and 3. The main result of Chapter 2 tells us that for each tree map g defined on a tree T there exists a finite set S of sequences of positive integers such that the set of periods of g is (up to an explicitly bounded finite set) a finite union of initial segments of Baldwin orderings, given in terms of the set S, which depends on the combinatorial properties of the tree T. We also prove the converse result. In Chapter 3 we report some computer experiments on the minimality of the dynamics of canonical models. In a spirit of modular programming, we have designed lots of self-contained functions which can be used to implement a wide variety of several-purpose software. Among other, we have functions that: compute the canonical model of a pattern provided by the user, calculate the Markov transition matrix associated to a piecewise monotone tree map and extract all the simple loops of a given length from a Markov transition matrix. Finally, in Chapter 4 we generalize some results of Block & Coven, Misiurewicz & Nitecki and Takahashi, where the topological entropy of an interval map was approximated by the entropies of its periodic orbits. We prove analogous relations in the setting of graph maps.

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    Authors: Gruas Giron, Roger; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Escola d'Enginyeria;

    Aquest document conté originàriament altre material i/o programari només consultable a la Biblioteca de Ciència i Tecnologia. L'objectiu d'aquest projecte és el desenvolupament dels paràmetres més importants per dissenyar una planta de producció de components termoplàstics per produir accessoris d'automoció. Aquest projecte estudiarà la viabilitat real que pot tenir iniciatives com la nostra, en una comarca de gran tradició en la industria de transformació de components plàstics com és la comarca del Alt Camp (Tarragona).

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