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“Multifunctional land consolidation” (in Danish: “multifunktionel jordfordeling”) is a regulatory approach to land use that encourages efforts to combat climate change and increase biodiversityin combination with other societal interests such as rural development, opportunities for recreation, and economic development for farmers. Since 2019, the Danish Agricultural Agency has run apilot subsidy scheme granting municipalities the funds to cover land consolidation charges through voluntary agreements with landowners. Using theories of governance and multifunctionality, thisproject analyses the opportunities of the pilot scheme to contribute to the mitigation of climate change and improvements of biodiversity. It is argued that the municipalities running projects mustdevelop new competencies as facilitators, which in turn reflects an emerging supervisory mode of governance. However, while voluntary participation is essential, the scheme does not require projects to be fully co-created by landowners and residents, and the funding structure of the scheme also undermines this effort. We argue that a greater focus on co-creation and more funding within the scheme could lead to greater levels of landowner support, which in turn could generate larger-scale changes in support of sustainable land use.

In this study the potential for reduction of greenhouse gasses from the Danish agricultural sector by the implementation of pyrolysis in manure management is evaluated. Using Life Cycle Assessment Carbon Footprints of the following four manure management systems are calculated based on the functional unit management of 1 ton of pig manure:• Ref 1: Manure is applied directly to soil• Ref 2: Manure is used for biogas production then applied to soil• Scen 1: Manure separated in liquid and fibrous fractions. The fibrous fraction is used for pyrolysis and biochar is applied to soil. The liquid fraction is applied directly to soil• Scen 2: Manure is used for biogas production then separated in liquid and fibrous fractions. The fibrous fraction is used for pyrolysis and biochar is applied to soil. The liquid fraction is applied directly to soilCombined, the two reference systems represent the current manure management system in Denmark where 20% of all manure is used for biogas production. A Carbon Footprint of 167 kg CO2e per ton manure was found for this system. This functions as the basis of comparison for the two pyrolysis scenarios.The Carbon Footprint of Scen 1 and Scen 2 was found to be 87 and 121 kg CO2e per ton manure representing a 48% and 27% reduction compared to the current manure management, respectively. The main causes of the reduction are reduced emissions of methane from storage and CO2 from field processes. Using these Carbon Footprints reduction potentials were calculated assuming implementation of the pyrolysis scenarios for the total amount of pig- and dairy manure in Denmark. A potential reduction of 3.7 mio ton CO2e for Scen 1 and 2.1 for Scen 2. This corresponds to 34% and 19% of the total emissions from the Danish agricultural sector.

This project examines how the interaction between school and parents are influenced by digitalisation, and to which degree the socioeconomical status of the parents is a contributing factor. Furthermore, the project looks into the parents’ experience with emergency schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic and how they have handled the emergency schooling situation. The analysis is based on seven semi-structured interviews with parents who has a child enrolled in the Danish primary school. Through theory, primarily based on Maria Ørskov Akselvolls theory about ‘cooperation and strategies of involvement’, the project explains a new type of parental involvement, in which parents are demanded to be reachable all hours during the day in activities regarding their children’s school. Hereby an examination of how increased digitalisation has changed the communicative interaction between school and parents. The analysis shows how parent’s digital prerequisites are an important factor in supporting their children during the emergency schooling. Furthermore, the project aims to outline how parents are forced by underlying norms and expectations from the school, in addition to support the children academically. This is in accordance with the choice of scientific theory “critical realism”, which tries to uncover the non-observational structures and norms of society. These expectations and norms seem to have a great impact on the parental style, which can be categorized as ‘concerted cultivation’. Finally, the project discusses how an increased amount of digitalisation is affecting the parents and children – not only in a school related context but in general as well. The conclusion of the project is held up against an international perspective with a discussion of how emergency schooling during COVID-19 will affect the future constellation of the school system.

The purpose of this project is to examine the approach to digitalisation in a Danish municipality called Næstved. The municipality has chosen not to have a digital strategy and instead use digitalisation principles, which is why this project examines what those digitalisation principles can do in terms of supporting the digitalisation in Næstved municipality, that the municipality believes digital strategies cannot. The project is centered around the IT and Digitalisation department and its team leader, as they are responsible for implementing the digitalisation principles.To get a better understanding of what strategies are and when they fail, strategies, strategic planning and plans by Mintzberg (1987; 1994; 2000) is included. George et al. (2019), and Correani et al. (2020) is included for the purpose of getting a better understanding of how to make a strategy and how to implement one. As it is also important to understand how to use principles in theory and not just how the municipality uses them in practise, Rozanski and Woods (2005) is included. Lastly, as part of using the digitalisation principles is part of a larger digital transformation process Mergel et al. (2019) is used.For the empirical data collection several interviews have been conducted primarily using a semi- structured qualitative method, and to process the data, a codebook method has been used following DeCuir-Gunby et al. (2011). From the codebook, two theory driven codes were created: strategies and digital transformation and two data driven codes: digital principles and the department of IT and Digitalisation. These four codes will be the focal point of the analysis.With the discussion we aim to examine the IT and Digitalisation department and discuss three things: their role in relation to the digital transformation, how the digitalisation principles are used in practise and compared to the theory, and lastly discuss their role when it comes to strategies, and how Næstved municipality could potentially involve some strategic planning.In conclusion, digitalisation principles can, in collaboration with the Joint Digital Government Strategy, replace a municipally situated digital strategy. However, if the IT and Digitalisation department wants the digitalisation principles to be more situated in the different departments of the municipality, then they will have to do some planning to support this vision as it will not happen organically.

This research paper seeks to shed light on the development of two cities in the southern Helmand province of Afghanistan throughout the Afghan war. The paper presents the following research question: To what degree can easily accessible satellite images combined with knowledge of the Afghan war reveal a narrative describing the urban development of the cities Lashkar Gah and Gereshk and which processes govern this narrative.The study has been conducted through analyses of satellite images along with knowledge of the conditions of the two cities during the war. This analysis have been conducted separately for each city and then comparatively. Through this medium a narrative have been detailed that describe the cities growth between 2000-2018, what elements that have had an impact on this growth and what the construction of different types of residential areas can tell us about this grow. Finally the paper describes det different urban processes that govern this narrative.

With the use of an organizational perspective, this study examines the security problems that relate to IoT environments. By combining the two methods of literature review and semi-structured interviews, we have been able to gain knowledge from previous studies and obtain new knowledge from interviews. This report aims to provide a trustworthy and righteous picture of the organizational IoT security issues that appear worldwide. Furthermore, this study attempts to outline the risk factors that companies may experience, as well as propose solutions to the subject. The study discusses the necessity of new guidelines in the landscape of IoT security, and concludes that a general need for international IoT security standards exist, which subsequently will support the global market competition. Ultimately, the study concludes that organizations experience problems regarding the complexity of IoT environments.