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The Central Andes (~21°S) is a subduction-type orogeny formed in the last ~50 Ma from the subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American continental plate. However, the most important phases of deformation occur in the last 20 Ma. Pulses of shortening have led to the sudden growth of the by the Altiplano-Puna plateau. Previous studies have provided insights on the importance of various mechanisms on the overall shortening such as the weakening of the overriding plate from crustal eclogitization and delamination, or the importance of a relatively high friction at the subduction interface, and weak sediments in foreland. However none of them has addressed the mechanism behind these shortening pulses yet. Therefore, we built a series of high resolution 2D visco-plastic subduction models using the ASPECT geodynamic code, in which the oceanic plate is buoyancy-driven and the velocity of the continent is prescribed. We have also implemented a realistic geometry for the south American plate at ~30 Ma. We propose a new plausible mechanism (buckling and steepening of the slab) as the cause of these pulses. The buckling leads to the blockage of the trench. Consequently, the difference of velocity between the South American plate and the trench is accommodated by shortening. The data presented here includes the parameters files, for the reference model (S1) and the following alternative simulations: models with variation of the friction at the subduction interface (S2a-c), a model without eclogitization of the lower crust (S3) and a model with higher thermal conductivity of the upper crust (S4). Additionally, this publication includes the initial composition and thermal state of the lithosphere used for the models and a Readme file that gives all the instructions to run them.

Imaging growing lava domes has remained a great challenge in volcanology due to their inaccessibility and the severe hazard of collapse or explosion. Here, we present orthophotos and topography data derived from a series of repeated survey flights with both optical and thermal cameras at the Caliente lava dome, part of the Santiaguito complex at Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala, using an Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS). The data archived here supplements the material detailed in Zorn et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65386-2). Note, all files are saved in WGS 84 / UTM Zone 15N format. The data are provided the following .zip folders:- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_DEM-Geotiffs-zip: DEMs of surveys A-D in geotiff format (.tif)- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_Orthophotos.zip: Orthophotos of surveys A-D and 2 thermal surveys as Tiff-images (.tif). A .jpg of the color scale for the thermal data is also included- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_Point_Cloud_Models.zip: Point clouds of surveys A-D, 2 thermal surveys (.las)

This is a Level 3 data daily file product from various scientific and utility sensors on board of the `LEO' satellite 'CHAMP' with magnetic field data given by a time resolution of 1 Hz. Thise Level 3 data type is build to hold and merge finally corrected data, focusing on mature data calibration and corrections -- as well as internal consistency. This Level 3 data product is intended to supersede the various Level 2 versions with calibrated magnetic field readings from the CHAMP mission distributed hitherto and should be fitted for scientific use, assembling time series of scalar magnetic field values (but not directly readings from the scalar Overhauser sensor), vector magnetic field data from the boom-mounted Fluxgate 'FGM' sensors and attitude data from the ('ASC') boom-mounted Star Cameras. The vector data are given both in the satellite-bound sensor ('FGM') system and the Earth Centered Earth Fixed local 'NEC' (North-East-Center) system. The attitude time series, processed and cleaned, are represented by quaternions describing the satellite attitude related to the celestial system. The readings of the scalar OVM (Overhauser) absolute magnetometer at the top of the boom are not supplied directly, but were used during calibration of the vector magnetometer readings. The files with daily time coverage are in the (binary and self-describing) 'CDF' file format and accompanied, beside the generic 'CDF'-format timestamp, by the satellite's geocentric positions and utility information like quality flags.

The dataset contains a set of structural and non-structural attributes collected using the GFZ RRVS (Remote Rapid Visual Screening) methodology. It is composed by 604 randomly distributed buildings in the urban area of Valparaiso and Viña del Mar (Chile). The survey has been carried out between November and December 2018 using a Remote Rapid Visual Screening system developed by GFZ and employing omnidirectional images from Google StreetView (vintage: December 2018) and footprints from OpenStreetMap (OSM). The buildings were inspected by local structural engineers from the Chilean Research Centre for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN) while collecting their attribute values in terms of the GEM v.2.0 taxonomy

The Lake Junín Drilling Project, co-funded by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, ICDP, aims to provide a continuous paleoclimate record from lacustrine sediments, and to reconstruct the history of the continental records covering the glacial-interglacial cycles spanning more than 500 kyr. Lake Junín, also known as Chinchaycocha, is a shallow (maximum water depth of 12 m), inter-mountain high-elevation (at 4100 m a.s.l.) lake in the inner-tropics of the Southern Hemisphere that spans 300 km2 in the tropical Andes of Peru. Drill cores were recovered during summer 2015 from three drill sites on the lake. After the completion of coring operations in each hole, downhole logging measurements were performed in five of the 11 boreholes (1A, 1C, 1D, 2A and 3B) by the Operational Support Group of ICDP at GFZ Potsdam (OSG). The OSG logging data from Lake Junín Drilling Project is given here in three data formats. For each of the five boreholes all processed logging data are comprised in one composite logging data set, this set is given here both in ASCII text and in WellCAD format. Additionally, the raw sonic waveform data are in LIS format: • Composite logging data in ASCII text files (.txt) • Composite logging data in WellCAD format (.wcl) • Sonic raw data (waveforms) in LIS format (.lis) Detailed description is provided in the associated data description file.

The profile 9N was recorded in 1988 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at lower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2019). The profile 9N was reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). The focus of the reprocessing was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2019), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessed DEKORP-9N survey comprises all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2019)), i.e. (1) as unstacked data the raw data, the CRS processed data and the migrated image gathers, and (2) as stacked data the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion as well as (5) several attribute analyses (RMS amplitude, instantaneous frequency and phase, Q-factor and others) are contained. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 9 survey was shot across the Tertiary Upper Rhine Graben, which intersects both the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian regions obliquely. Since the Eocene the Rhine Graben represents an active rift system. The 92 km long, E-W trending DEKORP'88-9N profile crosses the northern part of the Upper Rhine Graben. It starts in the crystalline Odenwald, crosses the Tertiary and Quarternary fill of the Rhine Graben and ends in the late Palaeozoic sequences of the Saar-Nahe Basin in the west. There it crosses the Permian rhyolitic Donnersberg intrusion. The DEKORP'88-9N profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the base of the cenozoic graben fill, the prolongation of faults in the sediments of the Northern Upper Rhine Graben, the transition to the crystalline Odenwald at the eastern border fault, the transition to the Saar-Nahe basin in the west and the transition from the crystalline Odenwald to the Buntsandstein Odenwald in the east of the profile. The additional attribute analyses were carried out to possibly detect previously unknown faults or fracture zones. The seismic sections of 9N show different crustal structures on both sides of the graben and some indications of dipping reflections in the mantle on the western side, which could refer to the genesis of the Upper Rhine Graben. An important new feature is the presence of a Permo-Triassic layer in the Upper Rhine Graben, which is significantly thicker than previously mapped (> 600 m) and thus the upper edge of the basement is situated over 600 m deeper than in the original data. The reprocessing of the DEKORP'88-9N profile was funded by the HLNUG in cooperation with the Agency for Geology and Mining of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

These data are supplementary material to Ziegler & Heidbach (2020) and present the results of a 3D geomechanical-numerical model of the stress state with quantified uncertainties. The average modelled stress state is provided for each of the six components of the full stress tensor. In addition, the associated standard deviation for each component is provided. The modelling approach uses a published lithological model and the used data is described in the publication Ziegler & Heidbach (2020). The reduced stress tensor is derived using the Tecplot Addon GeoStress (Stromeyer & Heidbach, 2017).The model results are provided in a comma-separated ascii file. Each line in the file represents one of the approx. 3 million finite elements that comprise the model.

The interactive web page contains supplementary information to Acoustic signals of a meteoroid recorded on a large-N seismic network and fibre optic cables. It aggregates the probabilistic trajectory inversion results for the observed meteor explosion above south Iceland on July 2, 2022. These inversion results of a hypersonic moving source model (MSM) are based on travel time picks of the first arrival (A1) and the last arrival (LA), both, in homogeneous and layered atmospheric model. Additionally we present the inversion results of a simple point source model (PSM) based on the arrival times of A1 and LA.

The movies in this dataset are supplementary to the article of Scherler and Schwanghart (submitted), in which experiments with numerical landscape evolution models have been conducted to analyze the evolution of drainage divide networks. The experiments were run in MATLAB with the TopoToolbox landscape evolution model (TTLEM) 1.0 (Campforts et al., 2017), and analyzed with the TopoToolbox v2 (Schwanghart and Scherler, 2014). The different experiments in this dataset comprise five different setups, called ‘Initialize’, ‘Reference’, ‘Rotate’, ‘Inclined’, and ‘Spheres’, which all simulate the evolution of landscapes over 10 Million years. See Scherler and Schwanghart (submitted) for details on the different models. For each model run, we produced five different movies that were saved as Audio Video Interleave (AVI) files. All movies show the evolution of the topography and the drainage divide network, colored for different properties. Detailed description of the files is provided in the associated data description.

Definitive digital values of the Earth's mangetic field recorded during 2014 at INTERMAGNET observatories around the world. Data includes minute, hourly and daily vector values, along with observatory baseline values for quality control. Annual means are also included. All data is included on the single downloadable archive file (gzipped tar format) available from this landing page. This is the 24th annual publication in the series. Some national data institutions may have related DOIs that describe subsets of the data. These DOIs are shown under "Related DOIs to be quoted". For more information on the data formats used in this publication and the technical standards used to create the data, please refer to the INTERMAGNET Technical Manual and the Technical note TN6 "INTERMAGNET Definitive One-second Data Standard".