handle: 20.500.12079/3321
This paper summarizes the major contributions to understanding the sea-level oscillations during the last climatic hemicycle. More than seventy fundamental publications are reviewed bearing on the dynamics of eustatic processes and on the tectonic and isostatic behaviour of coastal sectors. The critical analysis of methodologies and results yielded by different reserchers has allowed to propose a new correlation scheme for sea-level data in different parts of the world. The improvement in datation techniques and the theoretical modelling of both glacio-eustatic variations and isostatic rebounds of coastal sectors to deglaciation, have been pivotal in sea-level researches during the 70 and '80. During the last decade, the refinement of radiodating techniques has prompted the correlation of sea-level data from different parts of the world. The available data set has grown from coral reefs and morpho-depositional units such as marine terraces and transitional coastal deposits, to include oxygen-isotopic analysis of deep-sea muds, their relationships with changes of ice volumes, datation of submerged speleothems and marin biogenic overgrowths. Comparative analysis of data on relative sea-level changes in different coastal sectors has pointed out the need for evaluating the tectonic and isostatic behaviour of the investigated coastal sectors. Based on the results of our research and the review of existing literature, a new reference marker is proposed in order to allow data correlation from different coastal sectors on the ground of their tectonic and isostatic stability. Such marker is represented by the eustatic sea level related to the substage 5e. The "relative eustatic variation" during the late Pleistocene-Holocene is here defined as the sea-level change caused by water volume variation induced by climatic variation relative to the present-day sea level. Such change is deduced from geological-geomorphological indicators such as terraces and notches found in coastal areas which are proved to be stable since the "Eutyrrhenian". The rate of vertical uplift for these areas must be below 0.016 m/ka, equal to about 2 m in the last 125 ka. The difficulty in constructing previsionai eustatic models is finally discussed in the light of the complexity of the process itself and of the concurrence of anthropic activity. This problem can be only alleviated by the availability of a greater number of data from tectonicvally stable area.
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handle: 20.500.12079/1345
The slope waste deposits outcroppig in the studied area of the Fucino Plain consist of 5 formations. Deposits are dated with 14C and thermoluminescence, and through artefacts and pottery remains found in the scree. 1) The 1st Formation, formed during two sedimentation phases at least, is younger than 20,000 years ago and older than the rise of the lake Fucino level, which occurred before the deposition of the 2nd Formation. 2) The 2nd Formation formed during 3 phases, separated by 2 periods of prevailing pedogenesis; the bottom of this formation is a little older than the deposition of a tephra layer, dated to 14,000 years ago; the middle and the top portions include layers having 14C ages of 11,640±70 and 10,730±100 years BP, respectively. The formation is covered by a soil developed during the first half of the Holocene the 2nd Formation is attributed to the Late Glacial period. 3) The 3rd Formation covers a soil containing Neolithic pottery; yherefore it is younger than approx. 5,000 years BP. 4) The 4th Formation contains fragments of reworked pottery dated back to 4,670±430 and 2,783±213 years BP by thermoluminescence, and is older than the artefacts dated a few centuries B.C. 5) The 5th Formation covers or includes Roman Imperial and more recent pottery. The deposition of the waste is linked to phases during which the vegetation cover on the slope was scanty. During pre-Holocene times changes in the vegetation cover are indicative of climatic variations only, while in the second half of the Holocene vegetational changes might be affected both by climatic variations and human impact. During this latter period traces of man are also found on slopes above scree deposits and a reduction of vegetation might be one of the effects. Nevertheless, the chronological correlation between phases of scree accumulation and of decrease in level of lake Fucino suggests that environmental changes were mostly linked to drier climatic periods.
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handle: 20.500.12079/3316
The moraines of the last glacial maximum preserved on the Central Apennine massifs include many small basins (from tens to hundreds of square meters wide) draining in closed depressions. The bottom of such depressions are formed by deposits made of aeolian, colluvial and lacustrine sediments, tephra layers and soils. The sediments have been studied and interpreted in order to understand the Lateglacial and Holocene environmental variations. The small depressions were found at altitudes including between 1600 and 2100 m, in places far from the roads: therefore the sediments were sampled by means of an auger. The correlation between the sediments studied on the different massifs has been obtained using radiocarbon datings and some stratigraphic markers: a loess formed mainly by quartz, two tephra layers (the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, dated ca. 12,000 years BP, produced by an eruption of the Phlegrean Fields volcano, and the "Duchessa" tephra, dated ca. 4000 years BP, of still unknown origin) and a volcanic minerals-rich layer (Meta layer: perhaps another tephra) covering soils dated ca. 3400-3500 years BP The sediment and soils, filling the small depressions, showed evidence of some environmental variations during the late Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. Some of such variations are a consequence of the climatic changes due to the glacial - interglacial transition, involving changes in temperature and precipitations. In particular, aeolian reworking of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff occurred during the Younger Dryas. The Holocene, until approximately 4000 years BP, seems to have been characterized by morphological stability; beginning from that date until the present, at least three phases of instability took place, dated after 4000+4300, 3400+3500 and 1600 years BP. The morphological stability of the first part of the Holocene is testified by the presence of a soil: its development could have also been supported by the presence of silt horizons (a tephra layer and aeolian and colluvial sediments deriving from its reworking) that have remarkablly supported the expansion of the vegetation cover. In some places, one can observe that the environmental variations, pointed out by the sediments, seem to have been more frequent during the late Holocene than in the period between the Last Glacial Maximum and the fall of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff tephra, dated ca. 12,000 years ago. As a matter of fact, before the fall of the tephra layer, the glacial till grain size and permeability did not allow for superficial running water: into the small basins the morphological stability prevailed, but the coarse grain size of the till inhibited the development of the soils; apart from the thin layer of loess, any sedimentation occurred in the basins, while, in other environments, during the same period, the climatic changes produced strong sedimentary variations. The silty tephra, penetrating between the glacial drift and covering it, could have reduced considerably the superficial permeability. This supported either the development of soils, or, in periods of reduction of the vegetation cover, the water runoff and, therefore, the erosion of the soils. Taking into consideration the Holocene environmental variations, one can observe that their number is greater during the period after 4000 years BP than in the previous one: that is due either to the infuence of climatic variations, recorded also in other environments, or, probably, to the anthropic impact on some of the studied places.
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handle: 20.500.12079/3065
Background: Radium discovery by Marie and Pierre Curies caused previously unknown diseases. Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) suffered from radiations effects, as did girls in the radium dial watches factories. Therapeutic effects of radium were soon discovered, its unhealthy effects were as yet unheard of. Objectives: Analysis of Marie Sklodowska Curie (Marie) and radium girls occupational exposure, taking scientific debate on radium dangerous effects into account. Methods: analysis of occupational exposure and diseases of Marie and radium girls in major documents, including Curie archive letters. Results: Marie had dermatitis, radiodermatitis, tinnitus, one abortion, cataracts, tubercolosis, aplastic anemia. She also was a victim of mobbing. Women employed in the New Jersey radium dial watches factories, often immigrants, died of jaw necrosis, sarcoma of femur, anemia, leukemia and other radium related diseases. Marie was first asked about radium adverse effects by the New Jersey Department of labour (1925), Lise Meitner (1928) and the American Society for Cancer Control (1929). In 1928 Alice Hamilton organized a radium conference in order to find a solution to the radium girls' new disease. In 1929, during her second visit to the United States of America (USA), Marie declared how only prevention could save "radium girls". In 1934 she died of aplastic anemia, just like many radium girls. That year International Labour Office listed the new disease as due to "radium, radioactive substances, X-rays"; it was followed in 1937 by five USA states. Conclusions: Unheard of knowledge, conflict of interest, scientific delay, incompetence and no prevention were yesterday, as they are today, the cause of many preventable women deaths.
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handle: 20.500.12079/3312
The Eneolitic necropoli of Selvicciola (middle of the IV millenium - end of the III millenium a.C.) is located at about 7 km SW Ischia di Castro (Viterbo) on the left side of Fosso Strozzavolpe. The study of the area, still continuing, is aimed at the definition of geo-morphological features of the environment at the time of establishment of the necropoli and of interaction between thermal springs present in the area and anthropogenic activity. The tombs of the necropoli have been dug under a travertine cover, that acted as a roof, and is part of the very extensive travertine plate of Canino, of an age ranging between Middle Pleistocene and Holocene and in places still precipitating. The Pleistocene volcanic substrate containing the tombs is strongly pedogenized and cut by an irregular erosion surface, occurring in the whole area of Canino, dated between Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. The study of stratigraphic sections allowed the recognition of calcareous organic silty levels in the basal part of the travertine cover, whereas in the uppermost portion, affected by karstic cavities, a blackish-brown organic soil occurs. Radiocarbon datings of the above-mentioned organic levels and soil (respectively Cal BP 13180-11860 and Cal BP 2956-2774) suggest that the travertine began to deposit towards the end of Lateglacial, before the establishment of the necropoli, and carried on until the late Holocene, until its abandonment. The facies analysis of travertine suggests that at the beginning the deposition environment could be fluvial to paludal. During the attendance of the necropoli the environment could be characterized by the occurrence of still active isolated springs, forming small running water resurgences and pools, likely utilized and controlled by human activity, as in other adjoining localities has been observed. The uppermost layers of the travertine cover, moreover, are affected by karstification, connected to a new erosion phase that caused the watertable lowering, the strong deepening of the hydrographic network and the dissection of the travertine cover and the substrate, as well as to pedogenetic processes that gave rise to the brown organic soil.
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handle: 20.500.12079/3047
Owing to its high melting point, favourable thermo-mechanical properties and good thermal conductivity tungsten is a candidate material for the divertor armour of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) [1-6]. Wthin coatings on CFC and graphite substrates have been already used in JET [7] and ASDEX-U [8] tokamaks. However, its high elastic modulus, high brittleness and the high thermal expansion mismatch (e.g. aCu ≈ 4αw and αFe-α ≈3αw) make the joining of W with other metals really challenging. This paper reports results of an experimental campaign carried out for investigating W thick coatings on different metal substrates. For realizing the joints, plasma spray (PS) technique has been used for its simplicity, possibility to cover complex extended surfaces and relatively low cost. Particular attention was paid to study the effect of different substrates and a suitable interlayer on residual stresses in W. Residual stresses were measured by X-ray diffraction at room temperature and high temperature. Deposition of W coatings has been performed on 3 different substrates: CuCrZr alloy (with and without interlayer), austenitic steel AISI 316 L, and martensitic steel AISI 420. The CuCrZr alloy has been used in the past as structural material for actively cooled plasma facing components of ; nuclear reactors (Tore Supra and JET) and selected as heat sink material for divertor parts of ITER [5]. It was possible to manufacture mock-ups for ITER by depositing up to 5mm-thick W coatings on tubular substrates of CuCrZr, which iwere able to sustain a remarkable number of thermal fatigue cycles under high heat flux (up to 5 MW/m2) [1-2]. The ;microstructural and mechanical properties of this coating were extensively investigated and the results demonstrated jits good characteristics [9-11]. Similar promising results have been obtained also by Chong et al [12]. For reactors like DEMO, the cooling tubes made of copper based alloys could not be used because of the high neutron fluence, so it is necessary to realize W coatings on tubes made of steel [13-14], In order to determine residual stresses induced by PS process and the effect of increasing temperature, for each sample, XRD peak profiles have been recorded in the 20 angular range 16°- 21° The spacings dM measured from the most intense reflections have been compared to the values dCak calculated taking into account the values reported in The tests on the W-CuCrZr system with and without interlayer evidenced the fundamental importance of the interlayer. If there is the interlayer the residual stresses are present only in the interlayer. On the contrary, stresses are present in W and many defects like cracks and pores arise as a consequence of the different thermal expansion of the metals during cooling. The tests on W deposited on steels evidenced that metals forming the interlayer and layering must be chosen with care. In the case of the W-AISI 316 L system the strain of W coating is not negligible reaching a value of ∼ 3 x 103 after heating whereas the strain of Al interlayer is low. In W-AISI 420 system the strain value for W is very low also after heating up to 460 °C. The joining exhibits good adhesion and microstructural characteristics. From XRD tests performed on different W joints it is evident the importance of an appropriate interlayer for a good adhesion between W coatings and substrates. The quality of joints critically depends on the interlayer stratification in order to protect the W coating and concentrate residual stresses in the interlayer.
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handle: 20.500.12079/3323
In this paper the main problems in acquiring, computing and evaluating past sea level data from archaeological indicators are discussed in order to recognize recent eustatic variations. Many prehistoric peoples and historic civilisation developed during the Holocene along the Mediterranean coasts and were influenced by the natural sea level rise; those peoples could occupy coastal sites during sea level stands but the following rise, at a rate greater than one meter per century, compelled them to leave coastal planes and sea caves. Several information about the former coastal landscape could be drawn from ancient historical and geographical texts (Poems, Histories, Geography, Itineraries, portolanos and maps) and then comparing them with present conditions and with archaeological traces. In order to obtain reliable and reproducible data from geoarchaeological indicators it is necessary to fix some qualifications. First of all the archaeological remains must be datable with enough accuracy in a radiometric, AMS or archaeological way; then the altitude must be referred in one only reliable reference system (for instance the International Terrestrial Reference System); at last the isostatic, tectonic and sedimentary dynamic patterns must be known very well to understand the way that eustatic and terrestrial components affected sea level variations. The meaning of an archaeological indicator depends on its primary elevation on sea level. In fact each remain could only have been placed above or below sea level, so it could represent only a one-sided datum: for instance an emerged object could only indicate that the former sea level must be lower than the same object's present altitude increased of the amount of the great high tide. Hence an emerged indicator means an "upper allowable limit" of the former sea level as well as a submerged indicator means a "lower allowable limit". All remains of on land human activity which are placed in the lower part of the archaeological site and are also lower than present high-tide level could be reliable geoarchaeological indicators of sea level rise. In prehistoric coastal sites most common objects are tombs, hearths, paintings, stone tools, middens, walking surfaces, paths and way of access to sea caves; in marine settlement, such as Greek and Roman towns, the most useful remains are those of ancient structures as quarries, building foundations, paving, mosaic floorings, thermae, aqueducts, water tanks and sewer's canalization. In ports and fishing tanks {piscinae) there are often both emerged and submerged indicators functionally related to sea level, so that comparing their one-sided data (upper and lower limits) the ancient sea level must be included in an interval of a few centimeters; most common remains of this kinds are quays, slipways, piers, breakwaters, channels and tunnels, bottom planes of sluice-gates and platforms. In the Thyrrhenian Sea the great tides (occurring just after the sygyzy, twice a month) are within +20 and -20 cm on MSL and it could mean that marine structures have been planned according to that tide amplitude, to preserve their function even during great tides. It is more difficult to think that the structures could operate during the extreme tides, that exceed ±50 cm on MSL; however extreme tides (occurring about once a year) are less frequent than sea-storms so they couldn't represent a greater hazard. Geomorphologic and paleoclimatic studies about archaeological sites in Thyrrhenian's sea caves, accompanied with radiometric and AMS dating, point out some data concerning the Holocene sea level rise: during Mesolithic time (about 10 kyr BP) the sea level was about 45-50 meters lower than today's, between Mesolithic and Neolithic time (about 8.5 kyr BP) the sea risen to -15 meters and finally reached -10 meters during early Neolithic time (about 7 kyr BP). Geoarchaeological studies about Etruscan and Roman remains along the Latium coast (central Thyrrhenian Sea) point out some more eustatic data for historic time: in IV century b.C. (about 2.3 kyr BP) sea level was 1.70 meters lower than today, then in AD (1.95 kyr BP) sea level risen to -0.35 meters and reached -0.10 meters in the II century AD (about 1.75 kyr BP). In the last centuries the sea level probably continued oscillating within a few decimeters around present level, according to minor climatic variations, as tide gauge's data pointed out. The correct interpretation of geoarchaeological data is very useful in paleoclimatic researches based on eustatic curve reconstruction; however it is necessary to give the best attention in collecting, referring and evaluating these kind of data. At last it is necessary to study the details of the dynamic geology in order to separate terrestrial and eustatic components of sea level variations.
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handle: 20.500.12079/1343
Underwater investigations along the Italian coasts have shown a recurrent paleo-sea level at -18÷-22 m below the present sea level. Geochronoiogical age determinations on submerged speleothems used as sea-level markers and sampled at around -20 m, suggest that the paleo-sea level corresponds to the highest stand reached by the sea during the isotope stage 3, between 48 and 27 ka. Geomorphological evidence of this paieo-sea level are remains of a subhorizontal abrasion surface, which is visible on cliffs bordering carbonate promontories. Analogous surfaces (terraces) are mainly observed in the Tyrrhenian Sea from Tuscany to Sicily and in Sardinia at similar depths (-16÷-22 m); examples are also visible along the Apulia's coast in the Adriatic Sea. Recurrent geomorphological features of these terraces are: a) discontinuous but frequent occurrence; b) width lower than 10 m; c) location at the base of ancient cliffs; d) notch and pot-holes at the inner margin; e) in many cases terraces are laterally connected with the wave-enlarged mouth and levelled bottom of submerged caves, and with the flat top of ancient buttes. The general tectonic stability since Eutyrrhenian times (stage 5e of the oxygen isotope curve) in the regions where the observed forms occur, confines the relative age to well definite times. The absolute age of the paleo-sea level is yielded by speleothems sampled at about -20 m b.s.l. in Tuscany. These display marine biogenic episodes interlayered with continental ones. The 14C radiometric ages of the different layers keep such alternating episodes within the time span ranging from 27 to 42 ka (Alessio et al. 1992; 1994), namely during the highstand related to the isotope stage 3 (Aharon & Chappel, 1986). It is concluded that abrasion terraces and related morphological features found within the same depth interval formed during the stage 3 oscillating highstand.
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handle: 20.500.12079/3166
Background: Commuting accidents represent the leading cause of work-related fatalities among women in Italy. For working women, the journey from home to work is the most dangerous part of the day. Objectives: Analysis of data on fatal commuting accidents in order to identify risk factors among women. Methods: INAIL Statistical Data (2009- 2013) related to fatal commuting were analyzed by gender, age, immigration, activities, geographical area, working time, month and day of the week. Results: Italian and immigrant women die mainly from commuting accidents (207 cases out of 371; 56%), a significant number of immigrant women also die in commuting accidents involving no vehicles (4%); Italian and immigrant men die mainly from causes related to the work environment (48%), especially immigrants (54%), and not from commuting accidents (921 out of 3997; 23%). Prevalent age at commuting fatality is 35-49 years, and among immigrant women 18-34. Deaths among women occur mostly in Northeast Italy, and among women working in health and social services; among immigrant women accommodation and catering services are also relevant. The highest number of fatal accidents among men occurs in Northwest Italy, among men working in wholesale trade. All fatalities take place mainly going to work, between 5-10 a.m., among women from October to December, among men from July to September, among Italian women are significantly higher on Saturday, among immigrant women on Sunday. Deaths among men are significantly higher in the eighth hour of work, between 3- 8 p.m. and on Monday among Italian workers, on Wednesday among immigrant men. Conclusions: Commuting fatalities among women, according to Inail Statistical Data, show specific risk conditions by age, immigration, work activity, geographical area, working time, month and day of the week that require targeted preventive policies.
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handle: 20.500.12079/710
A deposit of mollusk shell remains (Patella ferruginea and Trochus sp.) associated with stone artefacts (weapons, scrap-ers, etc.) of Mesolithic age, has been identified in an underwater cave (-20 m s.I.) at Capo Zafferano, a carbonatic promontory with steep cliffs 10 km E of Palermo (NW Sicily). Patella ferruginea samples are radiocarbon dated to 8960±130 yr B.P. calibrated to 9350÷9900 yr BP in agreement with archaeological dating. Underwater investigations indicate submerged terraces, at -16÷18 m below present sea-level, forming a continuous strip around the promontory and which provided access to the cave. Sea-level at 9500 yr B.P. at the site was about 25 m below the present level: this datum is in agreement with the Tyrrhenian Holocene sea-level curve.
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handle: 20.500.12079/3321
This paper summarizes the major contributions to understanding the sea-level oscillations during the last climatic hemicycle. More than seventy fundamental publications are reviewed bearing on the dynamics of eustatic processes and on the tectonic and isostatic behaviour of coastal sectors. The critical analysis of methodologies and results yielded by different reserchers has allowed to propose a new correlation scheme for sea-level data in different parts of the world. The improvement in datation techniques and the theoretical modelling of both glacio-eustatic variations and isostatic rebounds of coastal sectors to deglaciation, have been pivotal in sea-level researches during the 70 and '80. During the last decade, the refinement of radiodating techniques has prompted the correlation of sea-level data from different parts of the world. The available data set has grown from coral reefs and morpho-depositional units such as marine terraces and transitional coastal deposits, to include oxygen-isotopic analysis of deep-sea muds, their relationships with changes of ice volumes, datation of submerged speleothems and marin biogenic overgrowths. Comparative analysis of data on relative sea-level changes in different coastal sectors has pointed out the need for evaluating the tectonic and isostatic behaviour of the investigated coastal sectors. Based on the results of our research and the review of existing literature, a new reference marker is proposed in order to allow data correlation from different coastal sectors on the ground of their tectonic and isostatic stability. Such marker is represented by the eustatic sea level related to the substage 5e. The "relative eustatic variation" during the late Pleistocene-Holocene is here defined as the sea-level change caused by water volume variation induced by climatic variation relative to the present-day sea level. Such change is deduced from geological-geomorphological indicators such as terraces and notches found in coastal areas which are proved to be stable since the "Eutyrrhenian". The rate of vertical uplift for these areas must be below 0.016 m/ka, equal to about 2 m in the last 125 ka. The difficulty in constructing previsionai eustatic models is finally discussed in the light of the complexity of the process itself and of the concurrence of anthropic activity. This problem can be only alleviated by the availability of a greater number of data from tectonicvally stable area.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
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handle: 20.500.12079/1345
The slope waste deposits outcroppig in the studied area of the Fucino Plain consist of 5 formations. Deposits are dated with 14C and thermoluminescence, and through artefacts and pottery remains found in the scree. 1) The 1st Formation, formed during two sedimentation phases at least, is younger than 20,000 years ago and older than the rise of the lake Fucino level, which occurred before the deposition of the 2nd Formation. 2) The 2nd Formation formed during 3 phases, separated by 2 periods of prevailing pedogenesis; the bottom of this formation is a little older than the deposition of a tephra layer, dated to 14,000 years ago; the middle and the top portions include layers having 14C ages of 11,640±70 and 10,730±100 years BP, respectively. The formation is covered by a soil developed during the first half of the Holocene the 2nd Formation is attributed to the Late Glacial period. 3) The 3rd Formation covers a soil containing Neolithic pottery; yherefore it is younger than approx. 5,000 years BP. 4) The 4th Formation contains fragments of reworked pottery dated back to 4,670±430 and 2,783±213 years BP by thermoluminescence, and is older than the artefacts dated a few centuries B.C. 5) The 5th Formation covers or includes Roman Imperial and more recent pottery. The deposition of the waste is linked to phases during which the vegetation cover on the slope was scanty. During pre-Holocene times changes in the vegetation cover are indicative of climatic variations only, while in the second half of the Holocene vegetational changes might be affected both by climatic variations and human impact. During this latter period traces of man are also found on slopes above scree deposits and a reduction of vegetation might be one of the effects. Nevertheless, the chronological correlation between phases of scree accumulation and of decrease in level of lake Fucino suggests that environmental changes were mostly linked to drier climatic periods.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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handle: 20.500.12079/3316
The moraines of the last glacial maximum preserved on the Central Apennine massifs include many small basins (from tens to hundreds of square meters wide) draining in closed depressions. The bottom of such depressions are formed by deposits made of aeolian, colluvial and lacustrine sediments, tephra layers and soils. The sediments have been studied and interpreted in order to understand the Lateglacial and Holocene environmental variations. The small depressions were found at altitudes including between 1600 and 2100 m, in places far from the roads: therefore the sediments were sampled by means of an auger. The correlation between the sediments studied on the different massifs has been obtained using radiocarbon datings and some stratigraphic markers: a loess formed mainly by quartz, two tephra layers (the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, dated ca. 12,000 years BP, produced by an eruption of the Phlegrean Fields volcano, and the "Duchessa" tephra, dated ca. 4000 years BP, of still unknown origin) and a volcanic minerals-rich layer (Meta layer: perhaps another tephra) covering soils dated ca. 3400-3500 years BP The sediment and soils, filling the small depressions, showed evidence of some environmental variations during the late Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. Some of such variations are a consequence of the climatic changes due to the glacial - interglacial transition, involving changes in temperature and precipitations. In particular, aeolian reworking of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff occurred during the Younger Dryas. The Holocene, until approximately 4000 years BP, seems to have been characterized by morphological stability; beginning from that date until the present, at least three phases of instability took place, dated after 4000+4300, 3400+3500 and 1600 years BP. The morphological stability of the first part of the Holocene is testified by the presence of a soil: its development could have also been supported by the presence of silt horizons (a tephra layer and aeolian and colluvial sediments deriving from its reworking) that have remarkablly supported the expansion of the vegetation cover. In some places, one can observe that the environmental variations, pointed out by the sediments, seem to have been more frequent during the late Holocene than in the period between the Last Glacial Maximum and the fall of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff tephra, dated ca. 12,000 years ago. As a matter of fact, before the fall of the tephra layer, the glacial till grain size and permeability did not allow for superficial running water: into the small basins the morphological stability prevailed, but the coarse grain size of the till inhibited the development of the soils; apart from the thin layer of loess, any sedimentation occurred in the basins, while, in other environments, during the same period, the climatic changes produced strong sedimentary variations. The silty tephra, penetrating between the glacial drift and covering it, could have reduced considerably the superficial permeability. This supported either the development of soils, or, in periods of reduction of the vegetation cover, the water runoff and, therefore, the erosion of the soils. Taking into consideration the Holocene environmental variations, one can observe that their number is greater during the period after 4000 years BP than in the previous one: that is due either to the infuence of climatic variations, recorded also in other environments, or, probably, to the anthropic impact on some of the studied places.
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handle: 20.500.12079/3065
Background: Radium discovery by Marie and Pierre Curies caused previously unknown diseases. Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) suffered from radiations effects, as did girls in the radium dial watches factories. Therapeutic effects of radium were soon discovered, its unhealthy effects were as yet unheard of. Objectives: Analysis of Marie Sklodowska Curie (Marie) and radium girls occupational exposure, taking scientific debate on radium dangerous effects into account. Methods: analysis of occupational exposure and diseases of Marie and radium girls in major documents, including Curie archive letters. Results: Marie had dermatitis, radiodermatitis, tinnitus, one abortion, cataracts, tubercolosis, aplastic anemia. She also was a victim of mobbing. Women employed in the New Jersey radium dial watches factories, often immigrants, died of jaw necrosis, sarcoma of femur, anemia, leukemia and other radium related diseases. Marie was first asked about radium adverse effects by the New Jersey Department of labour (1925), Lise Meitner (1928) and the American Society for Cancer Control (1929). In 1928 Alice Hamilton organized a radium conference in order to find a solution to the radium girls' new disease. In 1929, during her second visit to the United States of America (USA), Marie declared how only prevention could save "radium girls". In 1934 she died of aplastic anemia, just like many radium girls. That year International Labour Office listed the new disease as due to "radium, radioactive substances, X-rays"; it was followed in 1937 by five USA states. Conclusions: Unheard of knowledge, conflict of interest, scientific delay, incompetence and no prevention were yesterday, as they are today, the cause of many preventable women deaths.