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Preface: Stelios A. Papadimitriou 62 σ.

Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση των γλωσσικών χαρακτηριστικών στα κειμενικά είδη που εμφανίζονται στα σχολικά εγχειρίδια της Ιστορίας και της Βιολογίας του γυμνασίου, με βάση το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο και τη μεθοδολογία της Συστημικής Λειτουργικής Γλωσσολογίας (ΣΛΓ). Συγκεκριμένα, αναλύονται οι λεξικoγραμματικοί πόροι και τα σημασιολογικά χαρακτηριστικά σε είκοσι τέσσερα συνολικά κείμενα από τα σχολικά εγχειρίδια. Η έρευνα εστιάζει στις διαδικασίες και τους μετέχοντες (σύστημα μεταβιβαστικότητας), στη λεξική πυκνότητα, στην τροπικότητα, στη γραμματική μεταφορά (ιδίως στην ονοματοποίηση), στην χρονικότητα και την αιτιότητα και στις συνδετικές σχέσεις. Οι διαφοροποιήσεις του λόγου των ανθρωπιστικών και φυσικών επιστημών, η αφαίρεση και η τεχνικότητα, και τα σύνδρομα χαρακτηριστικών που χαρακτηρίζουν τα κειμενικά είδη, εξετάζονται σε συσχέτιση και με τα ευρήματα συναφών ερευνών που έχουν γίνει τόσο στην Ελλάδα όσο και διεθνώς (κυρίως στην Αυστραλία). Όπως προκύπτει από την ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων, τα χαρακτηριστικά αυξάνονται από τη μία τάξη στην άλλη και εντοπίζονται διαφορές στα δύο αντικείμενα. Η ανασυγκρότηση της γνώσης απαιτεί από τα παιδιά του γυμνασίου εξοικείωση με τις γραμματικές μορφές της γραπτής γλώσσας και του τρόπου που αναπτύσσονται στα κειμενικά είδη στα διάφορα μαθήματα. Επιπλέον, προτείνεται η συστηματικότερη ανάλυση και προσαρμογή των εργαλείων της ΣΛΓ στην ελληνική γλώσσα, δεδομένου ότι έχει εφαρμοστεί κατά κύριο λόγο στην αγγλική, και, τέλος, γίνονται κάποιες προεκτάσεις στην εκπαίδευση και τον γραμματισμό με γνώμονα μια ισονομιστική και χειραφετητική γνώση. The purpose of this study is to investigate the language of genres in History and Biology school textbooks in early secondary school (gymnasio), within the frame of systemic functional linguistics (SFL). More specifically, our aim is to analyze the lexicogrammar and semantics of twenty four texts from school textbooks. The study focuses on processes and participants (system of transitivity), lexical density, modality, grammatical metaphor (especially nominalization), temporality, causality and conjunctive relations. Differences in discourse of humanities and natural sciences, technicality and abstraction, and the co-occurrence (syndromes) of characteristics in different genres are considered in relation with the findings of relevant Greek and international researches. According to data analysis, there is an increasing tension from lower to higher grade and some differences between the two subject areas. The reconstruction of knowledge demands from early secondary pupils familiarization with grammatical forms of written language and with the way that they are deployed in school genres. Furthermore, it is suggested more specific analysis and adaptation of SFL tools in Greek language, given that they have implemented basically in English, and, finally, our remarks are extended to education and literacy under the rule of equal opportunities and emancipative knowledge.

An analysis of the place names of the coastal area of Crimea (Tauris) has been found in the description of Pallas (1795), along with the study of two or three historic «monuments» of the written and oral linguistic tradition of the Crimean Greeks, make it possible to establish a small vocabulary. This historic glossary provides several direct and indirect informations on the cultural heritage of the Greek speaking communities of Mariupol who live along with the Tatar-speaking Urums who have an ethnic Greek identity. An Urum-Ukrainian dictionary established by Alexander Garkavets has been appended herewith Le parler Grec (Rouméika) contemporain de la région de Mariupol (Azov, Ukraine) est la forme moderne de la langue parlée par les Hellénophones Roumeoi de la péninsule de Crimée. L’analyse des noms de lieu de la zone côtière de Crimée, que nous trouvons dans la description de Pallas (1795), complétée par l’étude de deux ou trois «monuments» de l’histoire linguistique de la tradition écrite et orale de la Crimée, permettent de dresser une liste d toponymes. Ce lexique historique contient de nombreuses indications, directes et indirectes, portant sur l’héritage culturel des Hellénophones de Mariupol ainsi que des Tatarophones Ouroum qui ont une identité ethnique hellénique. En Annexe on trouvera le dictionnaire Ouroum-Ukrainien etabli par Alexander Garkavets.

Ο μεσαιωνικός κόσμος, βυζαντινός, δυτικός και ανατολικός, συνιστά πρόσφορο πεδίο μελέτης. Κρίσεις πολιτικές, κοινωνικές, οικονομικές, θεσμών, διεθνών σχέσεων κ.ά. έπλητταν τις κοινωνίες της εποχής, άλλοτε μεμονωμένα και άλλοτε καθολικά. Η θεματική των διαλέξεων επιχειρεί να προβάλει ποικίλες περιπτώσεις και φαινόμενα, όπως επίσης αποσκοπεί να αναδείξει, μεταξύ άλλων, τους τρόπους με τους οποίους αντιμετωπίστηκαν τέτοιου είδους κρίσεις από διαφορετικούς μεσαιωνικούς πολιτισμούς.

Women travelers of the 18th and 19th centuries are shocked, disgusted ad outraged by the motions of the human body in the harems. This study, exclusively for firsthand female accounts, examines the position and roles of the harem entertainers: dancers, acrobats, pantomimes, musicians and singers, who were all female islamized slaves that belonged to the harem's elite slavery system. The women who cultivated music an dance were islamized slaves whose talents were recognized as children and who were trained to use their artistic abilities to amuse, entertaine and distract their owners/masters/mistresses. They were not taught to dance, perform acrobatics, sing and play musical instruments for their own personal pleasure, diversion, amusement or self-expression, but solely for the pleasure of their socially superiors: their owners/masters, the women belonging the harem's higher pyramidical hierarchy (eg. the valide sultan/the sultan's mother, the princesses (the sultans' daughters and sisters, etc.) . Dance, acrobatics and any form of physical movement, activity, exercise and manual labor were symbols of social inferiority for the Ottoman Turks. MORE ANALYTICALLY: Women travelers of the 18th and 19th centuries surpassed the socio-religious barriers of Islam by penetrating into the gendered sphere and gendered boundaries of the Ottoman family and household, in other words the Harem. They succeeded in doing what no male traveler, no man, who has written about the harem, harem dancing and the position of women in Islam, had been able to do before or after them. They visited and resided—as official guests, as intimate friends and as employees— in harems that corresponded to all the socioeconomic Ottoman classes. As a result they accused male travelers of misleading and misinforming their readers, stressing that their accounts were based on second or third hand information, on their unrestrained exotic fantasies and had nothing to do with the terrible realities of everyday life in “the yoke of the harem” (Lott, 1866:296) and the degrading and humiliating position of women in Islam. European women, in their identification with ‘the Other’, the women of the East, used terms such as ‘womanity’, ‘woman-kind’, ‘slavedom’, ‘privileged rape’, ‘liberty’ and ‘freedom’. Undeniably the Ottoman harem’s multiethnic composition and the harem culture remained a mystery to the male gender, since any man apprehended in an attempt to penetrate the forbidden zone of the harem would lose his life. There was no social contact, social intermingling, social interaction, social interrelations, social communication or authentic personal relationships between the two genders, even between those of the same family. The women and the men of the same so-called family (the harem and the selemlik) led totally separate social and private lives, sharing nothing between them. This paper examines the position and roles of the harem entertainers: the dancers, acrobats, pantomimes, musicians and singers, who without a single exception, were all islamized slaves that belonged to the harem’s elite slavery system. These sectors of the arts belonged to the socially ‘lower’ class individuals or the less privileged, as were considered the slaves of the Ottomans, as well as the non-Muslim subjects of the Sublime Porte, such as the Greeks, the Armenians, the Jews and the Gypsies. The women who cultivated music and dance were all islamized slaves, whose talents were recognized as children and who were trained to use their artistic abilities to amuse and distract their owners. They were not taught to dance, perform acrobatics, sing and play musical instruments for their own personal pleasure, diversion, amusement or self-expression, but solely for the entertainment of their ‘superiors’: their owner/master, the women of the higher harem classes or pyramidical hierarchy such as the master’s mother, his legal wives, of which the Koran allowed four, his daughters, his ikbals (favorite slave concubines) and their female visitors or female guests, as was the case of the western women travelers of the 18th and 19th centuries.

152 σ. : εικ. ; 23 εκ. + 1 (διπλ.) χάρτης (50,5 x 49 εκ.) Στο βιβλίο αυτό περιγράφονται και τεκμηριώνονται ιστορικά οι διαδρομές του παλαίμαχου Κρητικού ταξίαρχου Δημήτριου Μαρκόπουλου και του καπετάνιου της Ρούμελης Διαμαντή, που διασταυρώθηκαν μέσα στη θύελλα των τελευταίων μηνών του Ελληνικού Εμφυλίου Πολέμου, σε μια πορεία που στο τέρμα της περίμενε και τους δύο ο θάνατος. Η δραματική μοίρα δύο γενναίων πολεμιστών της πρώτης γραμμής, παγιδευμένων μέσα σ' έναν αόρατο ιστό δολοπλοκιών που εμπλέκουν την ανώτατη πολιτική και στρατιωτική ηγεσία των δύο αντιπάλων πλευρών. Στρατηγικά και τακτικά σφάλματα, αυθαίρετες αποφάσεις ζωής και θανάτου μέσα στην έπαρση του επικειμένου θριάμβου ή στην απελπισία της επερχόμενης κατάρρευσης, σύνδεσμοι που χάνονται, επιστολές που φθάνουν καθυστερημένα στον προορισμό τους, γιάφκες στο κέντρο της Αθήνας και αντάρτικες λούφες στα δασωμένα βουνά, στόματα που παραμένουν σφραγισμένα μισόν αιώνα μετά, συστηματικές εκστρατείες παραπληροφόρησης, προδοσίες από εχθρούς και φίλους, υφαίνουν το συναρπαστικό μίτο μιας (αληθινής ωστόσο) ιστορίας μυστηρίου.

{"references": ["\u039b\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7, \u0395. (2010), \u03a4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 16\u03bf \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 18\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, Archive, 6, \u03c3\u03c3. 57-63 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4555227"]} During sixteenth till eighteenth century various dynasties imposed absolute monarchy on the great European states, making royal power stronger than ever. Of course, the concept of the state had not yet taken the form it has in modern times. States, these new political structures, often had no territorial continuity, as their borders were often changed and treated by their kings as family feuds. The Monarchical Regimes in Europe: from the 16th to the 18th century

Cite as: Kamberidou, I. (2021). “Les Hellenes” through the eyes of women travelers of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In: The Global Context of the Greek Revolution: Women as Agents of Change: Webinar dedicated to the Bicentennial of the Greek Revolution (1821-2021). The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), in collaboration with California State University, Sacramento (CSUS) California, 26/11/2021. Presentation on YouTube/NKUA: https://youtu.be/1p19Px3Nb6w

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate whether acute kidney injury (AKI) was associated with 3-year mortality in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery.MethodsThe present study was a 3-year follow-up study of two randomized controlled trials. A total of 1,319 elderly patients who received non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia were screened. AKI was diagnosed by the elevation of serum creatinine within a 7-day postoperative period according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. A long-term telephonic follow-up was undertaken by investigators who were not involved in the previous two trials and had no access to the study group assignment. The date of death was taken from the official medical death certificate. The primary outcome was to investigate the association between AKI and postoperative 3-year mortality using the multivariable Cox regression risk model.ResultsOf the 1,297 elderly patients (mean age 71.8 ± 7.2 years old) who were included in the study, the incidence of AKI was 15.5% (201/1297). Of the patients with AKI, 85% (170/201) were at stage 1, 10% (20/201) at stage 2, and 5% (11/201) at stage 3. The 3-year all-cause mortality was 28.9% (58/201) in patients with AKI and 24.0% (263/1,096) in patients without AKI (hazard ratio 1.247, 95% confidence interval 0.939–1.657, P = 0.128). The multivariable Cox regression showed that AKI was not associated with 3-year mortality after adjustment of confounding factors (adjusted hazard ratio 1.045, 95% confidence interval 0.780–1.401, P = 0.766).ConclusionsAKI was a common postoperative complication, but it was not associated with 3-year mortality in elderly patients who underwent non-cardiac surgery. The low incidence of severe AKI might underestimate its underlying association with long-term mortality.