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Összefoglalás. A cikk az emberi intelligencia és az ember által létrehozott mesterséges intelligencia párhuzamaival, összefonódásaival foglalkozik, áttekintve a mesterséges intelligencia kialakulását a Turing és Neumann által fémjelzett kezdetektől a megismerésben és a cselekvésben az ember versenytársaként fellépő autonóm „Robot sapiens” megjelenéséig. A digitalizáció és a datafikáció által teremtett techno-ökölógiai környezetben az erős mesterségesintelligencia-programok behatolása a társadalomba a rendszerszintű és életvilágszintű működések átalakulását eredményezik. A veszély a machináció létrejöttével a társadalom totális ellenőrzésére alkalmas adatalapú megfigyelő rendszer megjelenésében van, mely a hagyományos diktatúrákkal ellentétben a megfigyeltek aktív közreműködésére épít. A machináció ellenszere a „merj élni!” nietzschei parancsa, mely a létfelejtés által értékek és értelmek keresésére int. Summary. The paper discusses the parallels and confluences between human intelligence and artificial intelligence created by human intelligence. The paper reviews the development of artificial intelligence from the beginnings by the works of Turing and Neumann till the emergence of the autonomous robot sapiens that will likely be in cognition and action challenger of the human being. Artificial intelligence programmes initially were able to solve simple tasks defined by men. Well known examples of the early successes of the artificial intelligence programmes had demonstrated in chess, go and Jeopardy the dominance of these programmes over human intelligence. Programmed by natural language strong artificial intelligence programs able to learn and deal with uncertainty had emerged later. These programmes were successfully connected to the internet based network of people and things. Without strong artificial intelligence programmes no autonomous operation of robots can be expected in cognition and action. In the new techno-ecological environment created by the digitalisation and datafication the intrusion of weak and strong artificial intelligence programmes into the society has resulted profound transformations in the system and in the life-world. Artificial intelligence will likely transform the areas of economy, commerce, transport, politics, culture an education, internal and external security, media and finances. The intelligent autonomous communication bots and action robots change the social life of people including the social and sexual life, enhance the level of services such as health care, and entertainment. All programmes set for the system and life world pass easily the Turing test that raises the problem of the boundaries between human and artificial intelligence. Machines seem as humans and humans seem as machines. The real danger of the digital transformation of society is the emergence of a total surveillance system that in contrast with the dictatorial regimes installs control and repression with the consent of the people using the services of the the digitalised system and life world operations. The threats of the total surveillance system or “machination”, however, can be fended off by fulfilling the command of “Dare to live!” suggested by Friedrich Nietzsche.

Suppose $${\Lambda}$$ is a discrete infinite set of nonnegative real numbers. We say that $${\Lambda}$$ is type 1 if the series $$s(x)=\sum\nolimits_{\lambda\in\Lambda}f(x+\lambda)$$ satisfies a “zero-one” law. This means that for any non-negative measurable $$f \colon \mathbb{R} \to [0,+ {\infty})$$ either the convergence set $$C(f, {\Lambda})=\{x: s(x)<+ {\infty} \}= \mathbb{R}$$ modulo sets of Lebesgue zero, or its complement the divergence set $$D(f, {\Lambda})=\{x: s(x)=+ {\infty} \}= \mathbb{R}$$ modulo sets of measure zero. If $${\Lambda}$$ is not type 1 we say that $${\Lambda}$$ is type 2. The exact characterization of type 1 and type 2 sets is not known. In this paper we continue our study of the properties of type 1 and 2 sets. We discuss sub and supersets of type 1 and 2 sets and give a complete and simple characterization of a subclass of dyadic type 1 sets. We discuss the existence of type 1 sets containing infinitely many elements independent over the rationals. Finally, we consider unions and Minkowski sums of type 1 and 2 sets.

Using a tight binding model we calculate the conductance of monovalent atomic chains for different contact geometries. The leads connected to the chains are modelled as semi-infinite fcc lattices with different orientations and couplings. Our aim is twofold: To check the validity of a three-parametric conductance formula for differently oriented leads, and to investigate the geometry dependence of the conductance oscillations. We show that the character of these oscillations depends strongly on the geometry of the chain-lead coupling. 9 pages, 5 figures, 1 table