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Based on the result of actual survey concerning corporate governance of Japanese companies conducted by study group at Wako University, a short survey was conducted at four companies in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Through this survey, this paper introduces briefly about corporate governance of Vietnamese companies and notes some differences of corporate governance between Japanese companies and Vietnamese companies.

For the purpose of this research, pension cuts are defined as a decrease in retirement benefits currently paid to retired citizens and (2) a decrease in accumulated pension rights related to past years of service. This paper focusses on such pension cuts in public pensions and employer sponsored private pensions in all Member States and the U.K. (hereafter the Member States) Similar to pension cuts is the adjustment of pensions to inflation or wage increase. As a result, such adjustments are included in the research. The research also includes many recent pension reforms in the Member States.

I provide initial evidence that international taxation impacts the magnitude of R&D investments in the UK. Relying on a simple theoretical model, I show that the observed response is consistent with the mispricing of intra-group transactions. My structural estimates suggest that transfer prices for internally provided innovation increase by around three percent in response to a one percentage point increase in foreign taxation. This response is more pronounced than previous estimates of aggregate profit shifting indicate, supporting concerns on the susceptibility of intangible assets to facilitate profit relocation. (author's abstract) Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

We study the type-I seesaw model with three right-handed neutrinos and Majorana masses below the pion mass. In this mass range, the model parameter space is not only strongly constrained by the requirement to explain the light neutrino masses, but also by experimental searches and cosmological considerations. In the existing literature, three disjoint regions of potentially viable parameter space have been identified. In one of them, all heavy neutrinos decay shortly before big bang nucleosynthesis. In the other two regions, one of the heavy neutrinos either decays between BBN and the CMB decoupling or is quasi-stable. We show that previously unaccounted constraints from photodisintegration of nuclei practically rule out all relevant decays that happen between BBN and the CMB decoupling. Quite remarkably, if all heavy neutrinos decay before BBN, the baryon asymmetry of the universe can be quite generically explained by low-scale leptogenesis, i.e. without further tuning in addition to what is needed to avoid experimental and cosmological constraints. This motivates searches for heavy neutrinos in pion decay experiments. Journal of high energy physics 01(1), 200 (2021). doi:10.1007/JHEP01(2021)200 Published by SISSA, [Trieste]

In this paper, we show that punctual Hilbert schemes of degree two for monomial plane curve singularities are isomorphic to a projective line.

This study provides a large-scale micro-simulation of transportation patterns in a metropolitan area when relying on a system of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs). The six-county region of Austin, Texas is used for its land development patterns, demographics, networks, and trip tables. The agent-based MATSim toolkit allows modelers to track individual travelers and individual vehicles, with great temporal and spatial detail. MATSim’s algorithms help improve individual travel plans (by changing tour and trip start times, destinations, modes, and routes). Here, the SAV mode requests were simulated through a stochastic process for four possible fare levels: $0.50, $0.75, $1, and $1.25 per trip-mile. These fares resulted in mode splits of 50.9%, 12.9 %, 10.5%, and 9.2% of the region’s person-trips, respectively. Mode choice results show longer-distance travelers preferring SAVs to private, human-driven vehicles (HVs) - thanks to the reduced burden of SAV travel (since one does not have to drive the vehicle). For travelers whose households do not own an HV, SAVs (rather than transit, walking and biking) appear preferable for trips under 10 miles, which is the majority of those travelers’ trip-making. It may be difficult for traditional transit services and operators to survive once SAVs become available in regions like Austin, where dedicated rail lines and bus lanes are few. Simulation of SAV fleet operations suggest that higher fare rates allow for greater vehicle replacement (ranging from 5.6 to 7.7 HVs per SAV, assuming that the average SAV serves 17 to 20 person-trips per day); this is due to travel demands shifting away from longer trip distances, when fares rise. Empty vehicle miles traveled by the fleet of SAVs ranged from 7.8 percent to 14.2 percent, across the scenarios in this study. Implications of mobility and sustainability benefits of SAVs are also discussed in the paper. Arbeitsberichte Verkehrs- und Raumplanung, 1210

An explicit representation of the Gamma limit of a single-well Modica-Mortola functional is given for one-dimensional space under the graph convergence which is finer than conventional L1-convergence or convergence in measure. As an application, an explicit representation of a singular limit of the Kobayashi-Warren-Carter energy, which is popular in materials science, is given. Some compactness under the graph convergence is also established. Such formulas as well as compactness is useful to characterize the limit of minimizers the Kobayashi-Warren-Carter energy. To characterize the Gamma limit under the graph convergence, a new idea which is especially useful for one-dimensional problem is introduced. It is a change of parameter of the variable by arc-length parameter of its graph, which is called unfolding by the arc-length parameter in this paper.

Modern capitalism is dominated by the mode of market exchange, in other words, the dynamics of capital. However, it does not exist only based on the mode of market exchange, as other economic systems. An inextricable link of ‘state’ and ‘nation’ supports capitalistic market exchange as an external factor that is essential for modern capitalism to work. Therefore, modern capitalism is a composite system comprising capital, nation, and state. Modern capitalism is now encountering difficulties, problems, and challenges. To address these, there have been several attempts to go beyond the existing kind of capitalism such as the Keynesian welfare state system and Soviet-style communism. As historical experiences, however, most movements that attempted to go beyond capitalism made no structural change of the triangle of modern capitalism. The only way is to defeat the triangle of the capital-nation-state, and achieve a new mode of exchange called ‘competitive reciprocity.’ Competitive reciprocity is partially similar to the exchange mode of reciprocity. However, in competitive reciprocity, reciprocal relations cannot be realized by the internal logic of the tribe, community, or family. Instead, the relationship is realized by market exchange without any state intervention. The importance of competitive reciprocity is that this mode of exchange can balance market benefits with social welfare, outside the triangle of modern capitalism. When we consider the characteristics of the waqf system (a traditional Islamic religious trust) which is revitalized in the 2000s, we can easily see that it is akin to the competitive reciprocity. Therefore, it can be concluded that waqf revitalization has great potential to propose an alternative (next-generation) economic system to modern capitalism.