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The Central Andes (~21°S) is a subduction-type orogeny formed in the last ~50 Ma from the subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American continental plate. However, the most important phases of deformation occur in the last 20 Ma. Pulses of shortening have led to the sudden growth of the by the Altiplano-Puna plateau. Previous studies have provided insights on the importance of various mechanisms on the overall shortening such as the weakening of the overriding plate from crustal eclogitization and delamination, or the importance of a relatively high friction at the subduction interface, and weak sediments in foreland. However none of them has addressed the mechanism behind these shortening pulses yet. Therefore, we built a series of high resolution 2D visco-plastic subduction models using the ASPECT geodynamic code, in which the oceanic plate is buoyancy-driven and the velocity of the continent is prescribed. We have also implemented a realistic geometry for the south American plate at ~30 Ma. We propose a new plausible mechanism (buckling and steepening of the slab) as the cause of these pulses. The buckling leads to the blockage of the trench. Consequently, the difference of velocity between the South American plate and the trench is accommodated by shortening. The data presented here includes the parameters files, for the reference model (S1) and the following alternative simulations: models with variation of the friction at the subduction interface (S2a-c), a model without eclogitization of the lower crust (S3) and a model with higher thermal conductivity of the upper crust (S4). Additionally, this publication includes the initial composition and thermal state of the lithosphere used for the models and a Readme file that gives all the instructions to run them.

The dataset contains a set of structural and non-structural attributes collected using the GFZ RRVS (Remote Rapid Visual Screening) methodology. It is composed by 604 randomly distributed buildings in the urban area of Valparaiso and Viña del Mar (Chile). The survey has been carried out between November and December 2018 using a Remote Rapid Visual Screening system developed by GFZ and employing omnidirectional images from Google StreetView (vintage: December 2018) and footprints from OpenStreetMap (OSM). The buildings were inspected by local structural engineers from the Chilean Research Centre for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN) while collecting their attribute values in terms of the GEM v.2.0 taxonomy

Version history: This datased is an updated version of Francke et al. (2017; http://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2017.003) for a revised version of this discussion paper. It contains further data collected, some of which also resulted in the revision of previous data (e.g. updated rating curves). A comprehensive hydro-sedimentological dataset for the Isábena catchment, NE Spain, for the period 2010-2018 is presented to analyse water and sediment fluxes in a Mediterranean meso-scale catchment. The dataset includes rainfall data from twelve rain gauges distributed within the study area complemented by meteorological data of twelve official meteo-stations. It comprises discharge data derived from water stage measurements as well as suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) at six gauging stations of the Isábena river and its sub-catchments. Soil spectroscopic data from 351 suspended sediment samples and 152 soil samples were collected to characterize sediment source regions and sediment properties via fingerprinting analyses. The Isábena catchment (445 km²) is located in the Southern Central Pyrenees ranging from 450 m to 2,720 m in elevation, together with a pronounced topography this leads to distinct temperature and precipitation gradients. The Isábena river shows marked discharge variations and high sediment yields causing severe siltation problems in the downstream Barasona reservoir. Main sediment source are badland areas located on Eocene marls that are well connected to the river network. The dataset features a wide set of parameters in a high spatial and temporal resolution suitable for advanced process understanding of water and sediment fluxes, their origin and connectivity, sediment budgeting and for evaluating and further developing hydro-sedimentological models in Mediterranean meso-scale mountainous catchments. The data have been published with the CUAHSI Water Data Center and is structured according to its guidelines (.csv format). For more detailed information please read the user guide on cloud publications with the CUAHSI Water Dater Center or the ODM guide for uploading data using CUAHSI´s ODM uploader added to the folder CUAHSI_ODM-Guide.zip. The database can be found in the HISCENTRAL catalogue (http://hiscentral.cuahsi.org/pub_network.aspx?n=5622). It is directly accessible via the API (http://hydroportal.cuahsi.org/isabena/cuahsi_1_1.asmx?WSDL) or in zipped archives at this DOI Landing Page (http://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2018.011). For more detailed information, please read the user guide on cloud publications with the CUAHSI Water Dater Center (UserGuide.pdf) or the ODM guide for uploading data using CUAHSI´s ODM uploader in the ODM_Guide.zip archive. The data are available in four thematic zip folders: (1) hydro (hydrological data): water stage (manual readings and automatically recorded), river discharge (meterings and converted from stage) (2) meta (metadata) with the description of the different datafiles relevant for this dataset according to the CUAHSI HIS Standards (3) meteo (meteorological data): rainfall, temperature, radiation, humidity (4) sediment (sedimentological data): turbidity, suspended sediment concentration (from samples and from turbidity), sediment and soil reflectance spectra and are complemented by: (5) CUAHSI_ODM-Guide: User Guide, CUAHSI´s ODM uploader in Excel (.xlsx) and Open Office (.ods) formats (6) scripts: auxiliary R-script templates for data access, data analysis and visualisation (7) supplementary materials: stage-discharge- and turbidimeter rating curves

Imaging growing lava domes has remained a great challenge in volcanology due to their inaccessibility and the severe hazard of collapse or explosion. Here, we present orthophotos and topography data derived from a series of repeated survey flights with both optical and thermal cameras at the Caliente lava dome, part of the Santiaguito complex at Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala, using an Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS). The data archived here supplements the material detailed in Zorn et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65386-2). Note, all files are saved in WGS 84 / UTM Zone 15N format. The data are provided the following .zip folders:- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_DEM-Geotiffs-zip: DEMs of surveys A-D in geotiff format (.tif)- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_Orthophotos.zip: Orthophotos of surveys A-D and 2 thermal surveys as Tiff-images (.tif). A .jpg of the color scale for the thermal data is also included- 2020-001_Zorn-et-al_Point_Cloud_Models.zip: Point clouds of surveys A-D, 2 thermal surveys (.las)

These data are supplementary material to Ziegler & Heidbach (2020) and present the results of a 3D geomechanical-numerical model of the stress state with quantified uncertainties. The average modelled stress state is provided for each of the six components of the full stress tensor. In addition, the associated standard deviation for each component is provided. The modelling approach uses a published lithological model and the used data is described in the publication Ziegler & Heidbach (2020). The reduced stress tensor is derived using the Tecplot Addon GeoStress (Stromeyer & Heidbach, 2017).The model results are provided in a comma-separated ascii file. Each line in the file represents one of the approx. 3 million finite elements that comprise the model.

The profile 9N was recorded in 1988 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at lower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2019). The profile 9N was reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). The focus of the reprocessing was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2019), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessed DEKORP-9N survey comprises all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2019)), i.e. (1) as unstacked data the raw data, the CRS processed data and the migrated image gathers, and (2) as stacked data the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion as well as (5) several attribute analyses (RMS amplitude, instantaneous frequency and phase, Q-factor and others) are contained. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 9 survey was shot across the Tertiary Upper Rhine Graben, which intersects both the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian regions obliquely. Since the Eocene the Rhine Graben represents an active rift system. The 92 km long, E-W trending DEKORP'88-9N profile crosses the northern part of the Upper Rhine Graben. It starts in the crystalline Odenwald, crosses the Tertiary and Quarternary fill of the Rhine Graben and ends in the late Palaeozoic sequences of the Saar-Nahe Basin in the west. There it crosses the Permian rhyolitic Donnersberg intrusion. The DEKORP'88-9N profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the base of the cenozoic graben fill, the prolongation of faults in the sediments of the Northern Upper Rhine Graben, the transition to the crystalline Odenwald at the eastern border fault, the transition to the Saar-Nahe basin in the west and the transition from the crystalline Odenwald to the Buntsandstein Odenwald in the east of the profile. The additional attribute analyses were carried out to possibly detect previously unknown faults or fracture zones. The seismic sections of 9N show different crustal structures on both sides of the graben and some indications of dipping reflections in the mantle on the western side, which could refer to the genesis of the Upper Rhine Graben. An important new feature is the presence of a Permo-Triassic layer in the Upper Rhine Graben, which is significantly thicker than previously mapped (> 600 m) and thus the upper edge of the basement is situated over 600 m deeper than in the original data. The reprocessing of the DEKORP'88-9N profile was funded by the HLNUG in cooperation with the Agency for Geology and Mining of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Data of the "density-driven dissolution of CO2 in karst water" column experiment. A laboratory column was filled with tapwater (water level 5,55 m) and exposed it to an elevated gaseous CO2-concentration, roughly 50 times the current atmospheric concentration (20000 +/- 5000 ppm). After stripping the water with ambient air, it was initially in equilibrium with atmospheric conditions. Then, the concentration of dissolved CO2 was measured over a time period of 60 days in two different depths in the column. Measuring points are in the column air, 1 m below water level and 0,15 m above ground. CO2-air concentration was provided using an air-membrane pump (KNF N86 KTE) and a 100 l TEDLAR bag (for more detailed information look into the related publication Class 2021 et al.)

Understanding physical processes prior and during eruptions remains challenging, due to uncertainties about subsurface structures and undetected processes within the volcano. Here, the authors use a dedicated fibre-optic cable to obtain strain data and identify volcanic events and image hidden near-surface volcanic structural features at Etna volcano, Italy. In the paper Jousset et al. (2022), we detect and characterize strain signals associated with explosions, and we find evidences for non-linear grain interactions in a scoria layer of spatially variable thickness. We also demonstrate that wavefield separation allows us to incrementally investigate the ground response to various excitation mechanisms, and we identify very small volcanic events, which we relate to fluid migration and degassing. We recorded seismic signals from natural and man-made sources with 2-m spacing along a 1.5-km-long fibre-optic cable layout near the summit of actives craters of Etna volcano, Italy. Those results provide the basis for improved volcano monitoring and hazard assessment using DAS. This data publication contains the full data set used for the analysis. This data set comprises strain-rate data from 1 iDAS interrogator (~750 traces), velocity data from 15 geophones and 4 broadband seismometers, and infrasonic pressure data from infrasound sensors. For further explanation of the data and related processing steps, please refer to Jousset et al. (2022).