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This paper provides with a new framework for traffic network equilibria with incomplete information. The basic element of our approach is differential information; different drivers have different information about their environment; they choose routes based on their private (differentiated) information. The purpose of this paper is to develop a general equilibrium model that makes explicit information or beliefs that a driver has as part of his/her primitive characteristics. The model we present is a reinterpretation on Harsanyi's incomplete information game in a network game context. The difference from Harsanyi's approach is the explicit consideration of rational expectations formation by drivers. A numerical illustration may provide us with a pedagogical insight on traffic network equilibria with incomplete information.

Mutual fund families increasingly hold bonds and stocks from the same firm. We study the implications of such dual holdings for corporate governance and firm decision-making. We present evidence that dual ownership allows financially distressed firms to increase investments and to refinance by issuing bonds with lower yields and fewer restrictive covenants. As such, dual ownership reduces shareholder-creditor conflicts, especially when families encourage cooperation among their managers. Overall, our results suggest that mutual fund families internalize the shareholder-creditor agency conflicts of their portfolio companies, highlighting the positive governance externalities of intra-family cooperation.

Today’s scientists are making remarkable progress as they strive to understand and explain the many intricacies of the human brain. Educators and students alike can benefit from understanding the basic tenets of this research and then putting that knowledge into play in the classroom. To that aim, this article first explains some basic brain structures and the physiological process of learning, and next gives examples of classroom activities that can capitalize upon that knowledge in order to improve vocabulary teaching and learning through neuro-educational strategies.

Per Magnus Wijkman was the first foreign observer to urge Iceland in print to regulate its fisheries by price. This was in 1975, nine years before the Icelandic fishing quota system came into effect, a system judged discriminatory and unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Iceland in 1998 (but not in 2000!) as well as by the United Nations Committee on Human Rights in 2007, principally because the advice given by Wijkman and others was not heeded. This paper discusses the human rights aspects of natural resources management in view of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which stipulates the inalienable rights of nations to the rents from their natural resources.

Plateau bursting is typical of many electrically excitable cells, such as endocrine cells that secrete hormones and some types of neurons that secrete neurotransmitters. Although in many of these cell types the bursting patterns are regulated by the interplay between voltage-gated calcium channels and calcium-sensitive potassium channels, they can be very different. For example, in insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells, plateau bursting is characterized by well-defined spikes during the depolarized phase whereas in pituitary cells, bursting features fast, irregular, small amplitude spikes. The latter has been termed “pseudo-plateau bursting” because the spikes are transients around a depolarized steady state rather than stable oscillations in the fast subsystem. In this study we systematically investigate the bursting patterns found in endocrine cell models. We show that this class of voltage and calcium gated conductance based models can be reduced to the polynomial model of Hindmarsh and Rose (25). This reduction preserves the main properties of the biophysical class of models that we consider and allows for detailed bifurcation analysis of the full fast-slow system. Our analysis does not require decomposition of the full system into fast and slow subsystems and reveals properties of endocrine bursting that are not captured by the standard fast-slow analysis.

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is an NMR hyperpolarization technique that mediates polarization transfer from highly polarized unpaired electrons to NMR-active nuclei via microwave (mw) irradiation. The ability to generate arbitrarily shaped mw pulses using arbitrary waveform generators opens up the opportunity to remarkably improve the robustness and versatility of DNP, in many ways resembling the early stages of pulsed NMR. We present here novel design principles based on single-spin vector effective Hamiltonian theory to develop new broadband DNP pulse sequences, namely an adiabatic XiX-DNP experiment and a broadband amplitude modulated signal enhanced (BASE) experiment. We demonstrate that the adiabatic BASE pulse sequence may achieve a DNP $^{1}$H enhancement factor of $\sim$ 360, a record that outperforms all previously known pulsed DNP sequences at $\sim$ 0.35 T and 80 K in static solids. The bandwidth of the BASE-DNP experiments is about 3 times the $^{1}$H Larmor frequency ($\sim$50 MHz).