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International audience; Lorsqu’il écrit les Carnets du sous-sol, Dostoïevski a lu les premières Nouvelles histoires extraordinaires de Poe, dans la version que Baudelaire en a donnée en 1857. Cet article présente les choix énonciatifs opérés par Poe dans « Le Démon de la Perversité », « Le Chat noir », « William Wilson », « L’Homme des foules », « Le Cœur révélateur » et « Bérénice » pour éclairer la forme nouvelle qu’invente Dostoïevski en 1864.

International audience; It is becoming increasingly important to explain complex, black-box machine learning models. Although there is an expanding literature on this topic, Shapley values stand out as a sound method to explain predictions from any type of machine learning model. The original development of Shapley values for prediction explanation relied on the assumption that the features being described were independent. This methodology was then extended to explain dependent features with an underlying continuous distribution. In this paper, we propose a method to explain mixed (i.e. continuous, discrete, ordinal, and categorical) dependent features by modeling the dependence structure of the features using conditional inference trees. We demonstrate our proposed method against the current industry standards in various simulation studies and find that our method often outperforms the other approaches. Finally, we apply our method to a real financial data set used in the 2018 FICO Explainable Machine Learning Challenge and show how our explanations compare to the FICO challenge Recognition Award winning team.

Conference: 1st International Conference on Mapping and Spatial Analysis of Socio-Economic and Environmental Indicators for the Local and Regional Sustainable Development (SEE GEOMATICS)Location: Tataouine, TUNISIADate: MAR 25-26, 2015; International audience; For mapping the three-dimensional shape of the submarine bars, studying their dynamics and assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of sedimentary balances, the coastal prism of Korba (emerged and submerged beach) has benefitted from topo-bathymetric monitoring. This monitoring was carried out on an annual basis between July 2006 and July 2009. Numerical Terrain Models (N.T.M.) and transverse profiles were then analyzed. The main results show, firstly, that the shoreface of Korba is characterized by a homogeneous evolution across all profiles of its two-bar system. Moreover, the extent of changes in the sand volume of the beach suggests that the evolution takes place without significant sedimentary loss and that the beach is in a dynamic equilibrium. Accretion of the bars and migration towards the shore are found in periods of small waves (between July 2006 and July 2007). However, following a period of minor agitations, a filling of the outer trough is observed. It is proceeded by the migration of the outer bar towards the coast (between July 2007 and July 2009). These results confirm the traditional model of self-organization of a barred beach. These data and results, then, allow us to establish conceptual models and simulations of the evolution of the microtidal, barred beach of Korba.

International audience

Section : Renforcement de l’empowerment, la participation et l’appropriation communautaire; International audience; Renforcer les systèmes de santé en Afrique, cette préoccupation ne date pas d’aujourd’hui. En 1978, lors de la Conférence internationale d’Alma-Ata de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), il était déjà question de structurer et consolider les soins de santé primaires, soins de santé « essentiels (…) rendus universellement accessibles aux individus et aux familles dans la communauté, par leur pleine participation, et à un coût que la communauté et le pays puissent assumer (…) dans un esprit d'autoresponsabilité et d'auto-détermination » (WHO, 1978). D’emblée, dans un contexte de pénurie de ressources financières, la participation communautaire ainsi que l’empowerment (développement du pouvoir d’agir) étaient présentées comme des éléments clés pour renforcer les systèmes de santé en Afrique, qui se dégradaient rapidement. Par la suite, pour proposer des applications concrètes des principes décrits dans la Déclaration d’Alma-Ata, les ministres de la santé africains, sous l’égide de l’OMS et de l’Unicef, ont adopté en 1987 l’Initiative de Bamako. L’objectif de cette Initiative était de favoriser l’accessibilité universelle aux systèmes de santé en promouvant la participation communautaire dans la gestion locale des soins de santé primaires (Tizio et Flori, 1997), et ce dans un souci d’efficacité et d’équité (Ridde, 2004). Au fil des années, l’opérationnalisation de cet objectif a alimenté bon nombre de controverses, jusqu’à remettre en question sa pertinence (Ridde, 2011). Plusieurs questions se posent dès lors. De quelle participation communautaire est-il question ? Comment ce principe est-il mis en œuvre en Afrique, pour quelle(s) finalité(s) ? Peut-il être assimilé à l’empowerment ? Quelle distinction devrions-nous faire entre ces deux concepts ? Comment ces principes contribuent-ils au renforcement des systèmes de santé publique en Afrique et vice-versa ? Le présent chapitre, ancré tant sur les concepts que sur les pratiques, tente de répondre à ces questions.

International audience; no abstract

International audience

International audience; This chapter illustrates the claim that Chinese L1 speakers acquiring French as an L2 may face a double challenge stemming from their previous experience of a language without grammatical tense. For these learners, the process of ascertaining the temporal value of French tenses as well as their aspectual values may be hindered by negative transfer from the L1. This chapter starts with a brief description of the tense-aspect system of French and Mandarin Chinese, highlighting the main differences between them; it then presents analyses and results from a study based on narrative stretches relating to past situations extracted from the blogs written by the participants. We claim that French present tense is often used as a neutral form by Chinese L1 speakers, rather than being a default or base form typical of lower L2 proficiency. Arguments supporting this claim are based both on comparative linguistic descriptions and on semantic analyses of the learner’s productions, taking into account the interaction of lexical aspect and overt tense marking. The chapter ends with a discussion of the results weighing the explicative power of the transfer hypothesis as opposed to universalist hypotheses.

Le Web est devenu une source d’information incontournable grâce à la quantité et à la diversité des contenus textuels porteurs d’opinions générés par les internautes.Ces contenus sont multiples : blogs, commentaires, forums, réseaux sociaux, etc. Devant cette abondance de données, le développement d’outils pour extraire, synthétiser et comparer les opinions exprimées sur un sujet donné devient crucial. Cet article dresse un panorama des principales approches en analyse automatique d’opinions. Trois questions fondamentales sont abordées : comment reconnaître les portions de textes qui renseignent l’utilisateur sur l’opinion qu’il recherche ? Comment évaluer la polarité des opinions qui en ressortent ? Comment présenter le résultat de manière pertinente à l’utilisateur ? The expression of opinion is a central aspect of user-generated contents on the Web. It enables us to convey feelings, assessments of people, situations and objects, and to engage with other opinion holders. These contents may take various forms: blogs,fora, reviews, social media, etc. To deal with the variety and volume of these data,speci?c tools have to be designed to extract, summarize and compare opinions expressed on a given subject. This article surveys the main approaches in analysisfocusing on three main questions: How can systems identify subjective spans in texts? How can they calculate the positivity or negativity of such spans? How can they accurately present the extracted opinions to end users?

Part 7: Digital Governance; International audience; Infrastructural development is a significant determinant of economic growth. It remains an elusive pursuit for many developing economies suffering from public infrastructural project failures. Although the causes of these failures are identifiable, they remain persistent. Government corruption has been identified as the primary cause of project failures amidst a host of other causal factors, spurred by the ambiguity in public service administration. These factors heighten capital expenditures and hence, the need for more transparent systems in public infrastructural project planning and -delivery. This research uses a case-study methodology to examine the importance of public involvement in addressing the causes of failures in public infrastructural project planning and -delivery. Using Nigeria as a case, the findings from conducted interviews and a document review support the proposition of a technologically collaborative approach in addressing the causes of public infrastructural project failures. The institutionalization of transparency-enhancing blockchain systems are vital in government and public involvement in the processes of public infrastructural project planning and -delivery.