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A correlation of the infrared spectra of thiocarbonyl derivatives based on the literature data has been carried out. Assignments have also been made in some new systems. Sodium Diphenylcarbamodithioate ligand and its monomeric complexes were synthesized at room temperature and stirring condition. The ligand and its complexes of the general formula [M(L) 2 ] (where M= Co +2 , Ni +2 and Cu +2 ) were characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR and ultraviolet-visible), elemental analysis (C.H.N. and S) metal content, magnetic susceptibility measurement, and biological activity (an antibacterial activity of the complex was studied by agar disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration strain against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). The complex exhibited significant activities against S. aureus and B. subtilis, thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction, and molar conductance. Our study revealed the formation of four-coordinate square planar complexes around Coп, Niп, and Cuп metal ions.

Abstract Population models can be used as research tools for studying the development of herds of wild or domesticated animals and as management decision-support tools to test alternative production strategies for economic feasibility. herdplan , an example of such a model, was developed for beef cattle production planning and decision-making. Written in Fortran-77 programming language, herdplan contains four main subroutines: init (initialisation), reinit (re-initialisation), simula (simulation), and results (reports generation). The time-step in herdplan is 1 month.

Global climate change alters the dynamic of natural ecosystems and directly affects species distributions, persistence and diversity. The impacts of climate change may lead to dramatic changes in biotic interactions, such as pollination and seed dispersal. Life history traits are extremely important to consider the vulnerability of a species to climate change, producing more robust models than those based primarily on species distributions. Here, we hypothesized that rising temperatures and aridity will reduce suitable habitats for the endemic flora of the Caatinga, the most diverse dry tropical forest on Earth. Specifically, species with specialized reproductive traits (e.g. vertebrate pollination, biotic dispersal, obligatory cross-pollination) should be more affected by climate change than those with generalist traits. We performed two ecological niche models (current and future) to simulate the effects of climate change on the distribution area of endemic species in relation to life-history traits. We used the MIROC-ESM and CCSM4 models for both intermediate (RCP4.5) and highest predicted (RCP8.5) GHG emission scenarios, with a resolution of 30' (~1 km2). Habitat with high occurrence probability (>80%) of endemic species will be reduced (up to ~10% for trees, ~13% for non-arboreous, 10-28% for species with any pollination/reproductive system), with the greatest reductions for species with specialized reproductive traits. In addition, the likely concentration of endemic plants in the extreme northeastern portion of the Caatinga, in more mesic areas, coincides with the currently most human-modified areas of the ecosystem, which combined with climate change will further contract suitable habitats of endemic species. In conclusion, plant species endemic to the Caatinga are highly vulnerable to even conservative scenarios of future climate change and may lose much of their climatic envelopes. New protected areas should be located in the northeastern portion of the Caatinga, which hosts a more favorable climate, but is currently exposed to escalating agricultural intensification.

Forest health surveillance (FHS) has been routinely conducted in pine and eucalypti plantations in Tasmania's state-owned forests since 1997. The original objectives of FHS included the detection of exotic pests and diseases, managing the risks arising from native pests and diseases, identifying new threats and recommending operational responses to health or performance issues. Surveillance includes a mixture of aerial, roadside and ground or follow-up surveys. The program has undergone process of constant revision in response to both industry needs and research outcomes. As a result FHS has become a simpler and more cost-effective operation with a focus on the detection of operationally relevant pest and disease problems. The notification and client liaison system ensures that problems are reported in timely manner and allows for the tracking of operational responses and outcomes. FHS data are collated annually on a state-wide basis and are used to satisfy a range of reporting obligations. A hazard-site surveillance program now provides early warning of exotic pest and disease incursions. Today, FHS still satisfies most of its original objectives and plays an important role in achieving some of Forestry Tasmania's high-level management objectives. It has expanded, and is flexible enough, to incorporate the needs of a range of external clients, as well as including targeted surveys in areas with high non-wood values such as wildlife habitat strips. Furthermore it meets the requirements of certification schemes such as the Australian Forestry Standard and ISO 14000. It is expected that FHS will continue to evolve with the introduction of new technology and in response to the needs of a dynamic industry.

This study aims to: calculate the amount of rice consumption per capita per year of rice farmers; to increase knowledge about when lowland rice farmers experience a shortage of rice and cannot afford rice because there is no purchasing power what they do to overcome it?; to measure the level of food security and the ratio of fear to the families of lowland rice farmers. This research was conducted from July to November 2018 in Mopait Village and Pangian Village. which is one of the rice-producing villages in Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi. This research used quantitative and qualitative data collection methods concerning the production, fulfillment of rice consumption and the sale and purchase of rice at the level of the rice paddy farmer family. Interviews were conducted with farmers and village leaders as primary data sources. While the secondary data sources came from the Central Sulawesi Statistics and Agriculture Office of North Sulawesi. Data analysis uses quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches. Quantitative and Qualitative Modeling of Food Security Lines and Farmer Fear Ratio. By using this Food Resilience Line Model, it will be known whether the Family Food Security of Paddy Farmers is strong or weak. Calculation of Farmer's Fear Ratio to find out whether farmers are pessimistic or optimistic about fulfilling rice consumption needs. The results showed that the amount of rice consumption per capita per year for paddy rice farmers, in Mopait Village rice consumption was 121 rice per capita per year. Whereas rice farmers in Pangian Village consume rice with 185 kg of rice per capita per year. At a time when lowland rice farmers lack rice and cannot afford to buy it at the market, they will borrow rice from the mill. The line of food security in the two research villages shows different figures in Mopait Village >1 while in Pangian Village <1. This means that the level of food security in paddy rice farming families in Mopait Village is higher than Pangian Village. While the paddy rice farmers in Mopait Village this year felt less fear compared to 5 years ago but for the next 5 years they remain more pessimistic than this year. Rice farmers in Pangian are more optimistic.

Efforts in hydrometeorology are concentrated on finding the causes of the ground based radar uncertainty sources for rainfall estimation recently. The error sources are interactions between radar with atmosphere and topography. Radar singly often covers systematic error whereas atmospheric and topographic errors are relevant to location and precipitation pattern. This article reviews uncertainty sources on weather ground-based radar in order to rainfall estimation that have been discussed in nine main categories includes; the range effects, radar signal attenuation, beam blockage, vertical air motion and precipitation drift, ground clutter, anomalous propagation, vertical variability of the precipitation system, variability of the Z-R relationship and bright band. Topographic errors such as ground clutter and beam blockage primarily can be eliminated by attentive in site selection. Atmospheric errors such as vertical air motion and precipitation drift can filter or eliminated by calibration methods. Systematic errors include radar signal attenuation and anomalous propagation is the result of structural changes in the radar waves in space. Thus, this review is explored the characteristics of uncertainty error resources and a comprehensive appraisal of experimental procedures is provided.

Underwater imaging is challenging because of the significant attenuation of light due to absorption and scattering of light in water. Using polarization properties of light is one of the options for improving image quality. We present results of imaging of a polarized target in open ocean (Curacao) and coastal (NY Bight) waters. The target in the shape of a square is divided into several smaller squares, each of which is covered with a polarizing film with different polarization orientations or transmission coefficients was placed on a mirror and imaged under water by a green-band full-Stokes polarimetric video camera at the full range of azimuth angles against the Sun. The values of the Stokes vector components from the images are compared with the modeled image of the target using radiative transfer code for the atmosphere-ocean system combined with the simple imaging model. It is shown that even in clear water the impact of the water body on the polarized underwater image is very significant and retrieval of target polarization characteristics from the image is extremely challenging.