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During the last decades, the availability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite missions, such as the ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT ones operating at C-band who have worked since 1992 to 2011, as well as the X-band COSMOSkyMed and TerraSAR-X constellations, up to the brand new Sentinel-1 mission, have strongly contributed to SAR data diffusion and popularity in the generation of different studies at different scales and in different research fields. One of the most popular SAR technique is the one referred to as Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR), which allows measuring with centimeter accuracy the Earth's surface deformation entity related to both natural and man-made hazards. Nowadays, with the increasing of SAR data availability provided by Sentinel-1 constellation of Copernicus European Program, which is composed by two twin satellites operating in C-band since 2014 and 2016, with a repeat pass of 6 days and with a global (i.e. worldwide) data acquisition policy, the SAR EO scenario is becoming more and more operational, thus mainly providing support for natural hazards monitoring. This allows, in theory, and disposing of sufficient computing power, the EO community to monitor, for instance, the deformation of every volcano or to obtain co-seismic displacement maps in a short time frame and anywhere in the world. Accordingly, in this work, we present a fully automatic and fast processing service for the generation of co-seismic displacement maps by using Sentinel-1 data. The implemented system is completely unsupervised and is triggered by the all significant (i.e. larger than a defined magnitude) seismic event registered by the online catalog as those provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology of Italy (INGV). The service has been specifically designed to operate for Civil Protection purposes. The generated DInSAR measurements are made available to the geoscience community through the EPOS Research Infrastructure and they will contribute to the creation of a global database of co-seismic displacement maps. Finally, it is worth noting that the developed system relies on widely common IT methods and protocols and is not specifically tied to a defined computing architecture, thus implying its portability, in view also of the European Commission Data and Information Access Services (DIAS) where satellite data (mainly Sentinel) and processing facilities are co-located to reduce the data transfer time during their processing.

EPOS – the European Plate Observing System – is the ESFRI infrastructure serving the need of the solid Earth science community at large. The EPOS mission is to create a single sustainable, and distributed infrastructure that integrates the diverse European Research Infrastructures for solid Earth science under a common framework. Thematic Core Services (TCS) and Integrated Core Services (Central Hub, ICS-C and Distributed, ICS-D) are key elements, together with NRIs (National Research Infrastructures), in the EPOS architecture. Following the preparatory phase, EPOS has initiated formal steps to adopt an ERIC legal framework (European Research Infrastructure Consortium). The statutory seat of EPOS will be in Rome, Italy, while the ICS-C will be jointly operated by France, UK and Denmark. The TCS planned so far cover: seismology, near-fault observatories, GNSS data and products, volcano observations, satellite data, geomagnetic observations, anthropogenic hazards, geological information modelling, multiscale laboratories and geo-energy test beds for low carbon energy. In the ERIC process, EPOS and all its services must achieve sustainability from a legal, governance, financial, and technical point of view, as well as full harmonization with national infrastructure roadmaps. As EPOS is a distributed infrastructure, the TCSs have to be linked to the future EPOS ERIC from legal and governance perspectives. For this purpose the TCSs have started to organize themselves as consortia and negotiate agreements to define the roles of the different actors in the consortium as well as their commitment to contribute to the EPOS activities. The link to the EPOS ERIC shall be made by service agreements of dedicated Service Providers. A common EPOS data policy has also been developed, based on the general principles of Open Access and paying careful attention to licensing issues, quality control, and intellectual property rights, which shall apply to the data, data products, software and services (DDSS) accessible through EPOS. From a financial standpoint, EPOS elaborated common guidelines for all institutions providing services, and selected a costing model and funding approach which foresees a mixed support of the services via national contributions and ERIC membership fees. In the EPOS multi-disciplinary environment, harmonization and integration are required at different levels and with a variety of different stakeholders; to this purpose, a Service Coordination Board (SCB) and technical Harmonization Groups (HGs) were established to develop the EPOS metadata standards with the EPOS Integrated Central Services, and to harmonize data and product standards with other projects at European and international level, including e.g. ENVRI+, EUDAT and EarthCube (US). Geophysical Research Abstracts, 19 ISSN:1607-7962 ISSN:1029-7006

We present an unsupervised and automatic system for volcano deformation monitoring via the Copernicus Sentinel-1 data. The system relies on the Parallel Small BAseline Subset (P-SBAS) approach, permitting us to generate updated displacement time series at every new Sentinel-1 acquisition over a selected area of interest in a fast and accurate way. The service is currently operative to monitor the main active Italian volcanoes in the framework of cooperation with the Italian Department of Civil Protection. The system is potentially extendable to every area on the Earth, thus making it suitable for surface displacement monitoring of a large variety of phenomena. Finally, the obtained results are made available to the scientific community through the EPOS Research Infrastructure.

International audience; The availability of GPS survey data spanning 22 years, along with several independent velocity solutions including up to 16 years of permanent GPS data, presents a unique opportunity to search for persistent (and thus reliable) deformation patterns in the Western Alps, which in turn allow a reinterpretation of the active tectonics of this region. While GPS velocities are still too uncertain to be interpreted on an individual basis, the analysis of range-perpendicular GPS velocity profiles clearly highlights zones of extension in the center of the belt (15.3 to 3.1 nanostrain/year from north to south), with shortening in the forelands. The contrasting geodetic deformation pattern is coherent with earthquake focal mechanisms and related strain/stress patterns over the entire Western Alps. The GPS results finally provide a reliable and robust quantification of the regional strain rates. The observed vertical motions of 2.0 to 0.5 mm/year of uplift from north to south in the core of the Western Alps is interpreted to result from buoyancy forces related to postglacial rebound, erosional unloading, and/or viscosity anomalies in the crustal and lithospheric root. Spatial decorrelation between vertical and horizontal (seismicity related) deformation calls for a combination of processes to explain the complex present-day dynamics of the Western Alps.

A cycle of four webinars on Open Science and Open Access for earth and environmental sciences, with discipline-specific tools and practical resources. Course outline: Module 1: - Introduction and motivations - Open Science in Solid Earth Science Module 2: - Research Data Management - OS in solid Earth sciences: the EPOS research infrastructure experience Module 3: - FAIR principles and Open Data - Implementing FAIR. Considerations from the solid Earth domain Module 4: - The Data Management Plan - The adoption of Open Science Paradigm at INGV - Practical Tips Scientific committee: Maria Silvia Giamberini, IGG/CNR Gina Pavone, ISTI/CNR

AbstractWe investigate the ground deformation and source geometry of the 2016 Amatrice earthquake (Central Italy) by exploiting ALOS2 and Sentinel‐1 coseismic differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) measurements. They reveal two NNW‐SSE striking surface deformation lobes, which could be the effect of two distinct faults or the rupture propagation of a single fault. We examine both cases through a single and a double dislocation planar source. Subsequently, we extend our analysis by applying a 3‐D finite elements approach jointly exploiting DInSAR measurements and an independent, structurally constrained, 3‐D fault model. This model is based on a double fault system including the two northern Gorzano and Redentore‐Vettoretto faults (NGF and RVF) which merge into a single WSW dipping fault surface at the hypocentral depth (8 km). The retrieved best fit coseismic surface deformation pattern well supports the exploited structural model. The maximum displacements occur at 5–7 km depth, reaching 90 cm on the RVF footwall and 80 cm on the NGF hanging wall. The von Mises stress field confirms the retrieved seismogenic scenario.

Earth's surface deformation that occur as a consequence of an earthquake is a crucial information for investigating the causative source of the seismic event. In this context, the space-borne Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) has proven to be one of the key methods for the quantitative measurement of the Earth's surface deformation, with centimetres to millimetres accuracy [1]. DInSAR relies on the evaluation of the phase difference between two SAR images, acquired from different orbital positions and at different times [1]. Depending on the system configuration, the footprint of space-borne SAR acquisitions can span from a few kilometres up to hundreds of kilometres, making it particularly suitable for accurate investigations of wide areas at relative low cost. In these sense, according to USGS records [2], from 1992 to 2016, about 3700 earthquakes with significant magnitudes (Mw > 6.0) have occurred, while only a limited number of them has been successfully investigated through DInSAR [3]. This is mainly due, apart the intrinsic limitation of the DInSAR technique, to the lack of a satellite program with a systematic and global acquisition policy, which are fundamental characteristics to allow creating DInSAR operational services at global scale. However, since the launch of the Copernicus Sentinel-1 SAR satellite missions in 2014 and 2016, the availability of SAR images dramatically increased. Indeed, this constellation acquires, with global coverage policy, radar images every 6/12 days over the same area, allowing us to dispose of a huge archive of SAR data that can be processed for obtaining co-seismic displacement maps in a short time frame and anywhere in the world. Considering the relevance of the satellite interferometric analysis for the hazards monitoring, as well as the availability of new radar systems as Sentinel-1, which are characterized by a high reliability level, is it therefore possible the development of operational services for the generation of DInSAR products, some of them being already in place [4, 5]. In this work an unsupervised and automatic tool for the generation of DInSAR co-seismic displacement maps is presented. Benefiting from the mostly global availability of Sentinel-1 SAR data and the on-line earthquake catalogues, the tool retrieves information about the depth and magnitude of recent earthquakes and triggers, if necessary, the interferometric process over the area affected by the seismic event. The workflow process is the following (Figure 1). First, the extraction of earthquake information (epicenter location, magnitude, time, ...) from the on-line public available web catalogues, as those provided by main international geophysical institutions (e.g. USGS [2], INGV [6]), is performed (Block A of Figure 1). The retrieved information is provided according to different standard formats (QuakeML, geoJSON, ...) and is accessible via subscription feeds that are updated with a defined frequency. The system is not limited to a single earthquake catalog interface. The relevant earthquake information is collected in accordance to an empirical magnitude and depth relation, which considers that only high magnitude (> Mw 6.0) and relatively shallow earthquakes (typically < 20 km) very likely induce a surface deformation that is detectable via DInSAR [7] (Block B). Among the earthquakes that respect the relation, only those with the epicentre on land (or even on water but that can likely induce detectable deformation on land) are processed. Once the occurred earthquake has been selected, the SAR data retrieval is performed via an automatic query to the open access Sentinel-1 catalogue (Block C). The query is performed over an area whose extension depends of the relation between magnitude, depth and epicenter location, which is derived from theoretical and empirical considerations and is susceptible of further tuning and refinement. Once all the tracks covering the earthquake area have been identified, the system retrieves all the available SAR Sentinel-1 data (from both ascending and descending passes) up to 30 days before the event (or at least 1 pre-event image even in a larger time span), in order to allow the generation of the co-seismic interferograms. The data retrieval, and accordingly the subsequent DInSAR processing, remains active up to 30 days after the event. Once the data are downloaded, they are processed through an efficient DInSAR algorithm [8] (Block D). According to this scenario and taking benefit from the operational capability of the Sentinel-1 constellation, the processing of the different tracks can be carried out in parallel, while actually their execution depends on the available computing resources and on the effective temporal acquisition of the SAR data. A processing prioritization of the different tracks on the basis of the post-event acquisition time has been implemented (according to a First come-First served policy). The tool provides wrapped interferograms and displacement maps (unwrapped interferograms converted in centimetres) in the satellite Line of Sight (LOS). The output data are provided according to the specification of the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) [9] research infrastructure, and will be made openly available through the EPOS portal, to be investigated and interpreted by the scientific community. The system has been implemented on in-house computing facilities and has been tested through a controlled experiment with several significant earthquakes. Although tested with Sentinel-1 data, the implemented tool is independent from the exploited SAR acquisitions, thus increasing the number of data to be processed. Indeed, the only dependency is on the catalog interface that, if does not respect an Open standard, requires the implementation of an appropriate wrapper. It is also worth noting that the presented tool, since it takes benefit from efficient and scalable DInSAR algorithms, can be exploited to perform large processing campaigns of all the co-seismic DInSAR pairs acquired by the Sentinel-1, and even ERS and ENVISAT, since their respective launch. To do this, disposing of proper computing facilities, such as those provided by the DIAS [10] platforms where data and processing are co-located, is strongly envisaged.