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FAIR principles have become reference criteria for promoting and evaluating openness of scientific data and for improving datasets Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability. This also applies to Research Infrastructures (RIs) in the solid Earth domain committed to provide access to seismological data, ground deformations inferred from terrestrial, and satellite observations, geological maps, and laboratory experiments. Such RIs have been indeed committed for a long time, well before the appearance of FAIR principles, to engage scientific communities involved in data collection, standardization, and quality control as well as in implementing metadata and services for qualification, storage and accessibility. By addressing open science and managing scientific data, they are working to adopt FAIR principles, thus having the onerous task of turning these principles into practices. In this work we argue that although FAIR principles have the merit of creating a common background of knowledge to engage communities in providing data in a standard way thus easing interoperability and data sharing, in order to make the adoption of FAIR principles less onerous there is an urgent need of clear models, reference architectures and technical guidelines which can support RI implementers in the realization of FAIR data provision systems. We therefore discuss the state of the art of FAIR principles ecosystem and open new perspectives by discussing a four-stages roadmap that reorganizes FAIR principles in a way that better fits to the approach of RI implementers, and a FAIR adoption process that relates FAIR principles to technologies for their implementation.

During the last decades, the availability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite missions, such as the ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT ones operating at C-band who have worked since 1992 to 2011, as well as the X-band COSMOSkyMed and TerraSAR-X constellations, up to the brand new Sentinel-1 mission, have strongly contributed to SAR data diffusion and popularity in the generation of different studies at different scales and in different research fields. One of the most popular SAR technique is the one referred to as Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR), which allows measuring with centimeter accuracy the Earth's surface deformation entity related to both natural and man-made hazards. Nowadays, with the increasing of SAR data availability provided by Sentinel-1 constellation of Copernicus European Program, which is composed by two twin satellites operating in C-band since 2014 and 2016, with a repeat pass of 6 days and with a global (i.e. worldwide) data acquisition policy, the SAR EO scenario is becoming more and more operational, thus mainly providing support for natural hazards monitoring. This allows, in theory, and disposing of sufficient computing power, the EO community to monitor, for instance, the deformation of every volcano or to obtain co-seismic displacement maps in a short time frame and anywhere in the world. Accordingly, in this work, we present a fully automatic and fast processing service for the generation of co-seismic displacement maps by using Sentinel-1 data. The implemented system is completely unsupervised and is triggered by the all significant (i.e. larger than a defined magnitude) seismic event registered by the online catalog as those provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology of Italy (INGV). The service has been specifically designed to operate for Civil Protection purposes. The generated DInSAR measurements are made available to the geoscience community through the EPOS Research Infrastructure and they will contribute to the creation of a global database of co-seismic displacement maps. Finally, it is worth noting that the developed system relies on widely common IT methods and protocols and is not specifically tied to a defined computing architecture, thus implying its portability, in view also of the European Commission Data and Information Access Services (DIAS) where satellite data (mainly Sentinel) and processing facilities are co-located to reduce the data transfer time during their processing.

Virtual Research Environments (VREs), also known as science gateways or virtual laboratories, assist researchers in data science by integrating tools for data discovery, data retrieval, workflow management and researcher collaboration, often coupled with a specific computing infrastructure. Recently, the push for better open data science has led to the creation of a variety of dedicated research infrastructures (RIs) that gather data and provide services to different research communities, all of which can be used independently of any specific VRE. There is therefore a need for generic VREs that can be coupled with the resources of many different RIs simultaneously, easily customised to the needs of specific communities. The resource metadata produced by these RIs rarely all adhere to any one standard or vocabulary however, making it difficult to search and discover resources independently of their providers without some translation into a common framework. Cross-RI search can be expedited by using mapping services that harvest RI-published metadata to build unified resource catalogues, but the development and operation of such services pose a number of challenges. In this paper, we discuss some of these challenges and look specifically at the VRE4EIC Metadata Portal, which uses X3ML mappings to build a single catalogue for describing data products and other resources provided by multiple RIs. The Metadata Portal was built in accordance to the e-VRE Reference Architecture, a microservice-based architecture for generic modular VREs, and uses the CERIF standard to structure its catalogued metadata. We consider the extent to which it addresses the challenges of cross-RI search, particularly in the environmental and earth science domain, and how it can be further augmented, for example to take advantage of linked vocabularies to provide more intelligent semantic search across multiple domains of discourse.

Los experimentos de adquisición de datos de sísmica profunda de fuente controlada han generado un gran volumen de resultados desde los años 50. Estos datos aportan una información muy valiosa sobre la estructura y naturaleza de la corteza y litosfera, constituyendo una herramienta fundamental para la investigación en Ciencias de la Tierra. Además de ser únicos, estos datos han supuesto un elevado coste material e intelectual, por lo que su preservación es indispensable. Por ello, la comunidad científica está promoviendo políticas de datos abiertos siguiendo los principios de gestión de datos `FAIR¿ (encontrables, accesibles, interoperables y reutilizables). Con el fin de promover el uso integrado de datos científicos, la e-infraestructura `European Plate Observation System¿ (EPOS) y el proyecto `Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe¿ (SERA) tienen como objetivo desarrollar un plan a largo plazo para la gestión de datos sísmicos profundos (Atakan et al., 2019). Un prototipo de este tipo de base de datos se ha desarrollado entre los servicios de DIGITAL.CSIC y el Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra `Jaume Almera¿ (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/101879). En esta plataforma, los resultados de cada proyecto están almacenados junto con una ficha de metadatos. Estos metadatos incluyen información general de los propios datos, los autores, tiempo y lugar de la adquisición, los organismos financiadores y otros aspectos legales relevantes. La información técnica incluye los parámetros de adquisición, el procesado de los datos y su formato. Con este protocolo se asigna un identificador permanente a los datos, de forma que cada visita o descarga queda registrada y forma parte de las estadísticas de referencia de la base de datos como medida su impacto. Controlled source seismic data acquisition experiments have produced a vast amount of Deep Seismic Sounding data since the late 50’s. These datasets provide critical information on the structure and nature of the crust and the lithosphere, which constitutes a fundamental research tool within Solid Earth Sciences. These datasets are unique and constitute the output of an expensive scientific process, thus demanding their preservation. The research community has pushed forward open access data policies based on the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable). In this respect, a long-term plan has been launched to streamline the integrated use of scientific data resulting in the European Plate Observation System (EPOS) e-infrastructure and the Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe (SERA) (Atakan et al., 2019). A prototype of data exchange system has been developed jointly between the DIGITAL.CSIC services and the Institute of Earth Sciences ‘Jaume Almera’ (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/101879). Within the platform, each dataset includes the acquired raw data and a metadata file. The metadata provides information of the nature of the data itself, list of authors, the time and location of the experiments, funding agencies and other relevant legal aspects. The technical information includes the acquisition parameters, data processing and format of the data. In the developed storage protocol, a permanent identifier is assigned ensuring that any data, download, or access is accounted for. This information is entered into a statistics referencing database and can also be used as a measure of the impact of the data. Este trabajo está financiado por la Comisión Europea (Grant Agreement no: 676564-EPOS IP, Call H2020-INFRADEV-2014-2015/H2020-INFRADEV-1-2015-1, SERA 730900). X Congreso Geológico de España, 5-7 Julio 2021, Vitoria - Gasteiz

Mining, water-reservoir impoundment, underground gas storage, geothermal energy exploitation and hydrocarbon extraction have the potential to cause rock deformation and earthquakes, which may be hazardous for people, infrastructure and the environment. Restricted access to data constitutes a barrier to assessing and mitigating the associated hazards. Thematic Core Service Anthropogenic Hazards (TCS AH) of the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) provides a novel e-research infrastructure. The core of this infrastructure, the IS-EPOS Platform (tcs.ah-epos.eu) connected to international data storage nodes offers open access to large grouped datasets (here termed episodes), comprising geoscientific and associated data from industrial activity along with a large set of embedded applications for their efficient data processing, analysis and visualization. The novel team-working features of the IS-EPOS Platform facilitate collaborative and interdisciplinary scientific research, public understanding of science, citizen science applications, knowledge dissemination, data-informed policy-making and the teaching of anthropogenic hazards related to georesource exploitation. TCS AH is one of 10 thematic core services forming EPOS, a solid earth science European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) (www.epos-ip.org).

AbstractThe ability to predict the magnitude of an earthquake caused by deep fluid injections is an important factor for assessing the safety of the reservoir storage and the seismic hazard. Here, we propose a new approach to evaluate the seismic energy released during fluid injection by integrating injection parameters, induced aseismic deformation, and the distance of earthquake sources from injection. We use data from ten injection experiments performed at a decameter scale into fault zones in limestone and shale formations. We observe that the seismic energy and the hydraulic energy similarly depend on the injected fluid volume (V), as they both scale as V3/2. They show, however, a large discrepancy, partly related to a large aseismic deformation. Therefore, to accurately predict the released seismic energy, aseismic deformation should be considered in the budget through the residual deformation measured at the injection. Alternatively, the minimal hypocentral distance from injection points and the critical fluid pressure for fault reactivation can be used for a better prediction of the seismic moment in the total compilation of earthquakes observed during these experiments. Complementary to the prediction based only on the injected fluid volume, our approach opens the possibility of using alternative monitoring parameters to improve traffic-light protocols for induced earthquakes and the regulation of operational injection activities.

We present an unsupervised and automatic system for volcano deformation monitoring via the Copernicus Sentinel-1 data. The system relies on the Parallel Small BAseline Subset (P-SBAS) approach, permitting us to generate updated displacement time series at every new Sentinel-1 acquisition over a selected area of interest in a fast and accurate way. The service is currently operative to monitor the main active Italian volcanoes in the framework of cooperation with the Italian Department of Civil Protection. The system is potentially extendable to every area on the Earth, thus making it suitable for surface displacement monitoring of a large variety of phenomena. Finally, the obtained results are made available to the scientific community through the EPOS Research Infrastructure.