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Traffic-responsive signal control is a cost-effective and easy-to-implement network management strategy with high potential in improving performance in congested networks with dynamic characteristics. Max Pressure (MP) distributed controller gained significant popularity due to its theoretically proven ability of queue stabilization and throughput maximization under specific assumptions. However, its effectiveness under saturated conditions is questionable, while network-wide application is limited due to high instrumentation cost. Perimeter control (PC) based on the concept of the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) is a state-of-the-art aggregated strategy that regulates exchange flows between regions, in order to maintain maximum regional travel production and prevent over-saturation. Yet, homogeneity assumption is hardly realistic in congested states, thus compromising PC efficiency. In this paper, the effectiveness of network-wide, parallel application of PC and MP embedded in a two-layer control framework is assessed with mesoscopic simulation. Aiming at reducing implementation cost of MP without significant performance loss, we propose a method to identify critical nodes for partial MP deployment. A modified version of Store-and-forward paradigm incorporating finite queue and spill-back consideration is used to test different configurations of the proposed framework, for a real large-scale network, in moderately and highly congested scenarios. Results show that: (i) combined control of MP and PC outperforms separate MP and PC applications in both demand scenarios; (ii) MP control in reduced critical node sets leads to similar or even better performance compared to full-network implementation, thus allowing for significant cost reduction; iii) the proposed control schemes improve system performance even under demand fluctuations of up to 20% of mean. arXiv

The increasing desire by researchers to have easy access to HPC services, and the objective to follow FAIR data access (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable), guided PRACE-6IP WP6 to identify common rules to provide resources in a more user-friendly way. The following white paper describes policies and architecture of an authentication and authorization infrastructure (AAI) agreed by PRACE-6IP partners. In 2019, PRACE-6IP WP6 was tasked to define a plan for more user-friendly and forward-looking services for the future. PRACE AAI was one of the results of this activity and a first pilot and a demo were released in May 2022 (section “Architecture and Pilot”). The aim was to provide user-friendly access to PRACE services. This document describes the agreed policies to release the service. Additionally, the document describes the policies about how to provide a trustable PRACE IdP (Identity Provider) to PRACE users to facilitate the access to non-PRACE services. The work has been done in collaboration with Fenix, and this document has been partially inspired by work done in the ICEI project, and by the AARC Blueprint Architecture.

Filter-feeding gelatinous macrozooplankton (FFGM), namely salps, pyrosomes and doliolids, are increasingly recognized as an essential component of the marine ecosystem. Unlike crustacean zooplankton (e.g., copepods) that feed on preys that are an order of magnitude smaller, filter-feeding allows FFGM to have access to a wider range of organisms, with predator over prey ratios as high as 105 : 1. In addition, most FFGM produce carcasses and/or fecal pellets that sink 10 times faster than those of copepods. This implies a rapid and efficient export of organic matter to depth. Even if these organisms represent <5 % of the overall planktonic biomass, the induced organic matter flux could be substantial. Here we present a first estimate of the influence of FFGM organisms on the export of particulate organic matter to the deep ocean based on the marine biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. In this new version of PISCES, two processes characterize FFGM: the preference for small organisms due to filter feeding, and the rapid sinking of carcasses and fecal pellets. To evaluate our modeled FFGM distribution, we compiled FFGM abundance observations into a monthly biomass climatology using a taxon-specific conversion. A model-observation comparison supports the model ability to quantify the global and large-scale patterns of FFGM biomass distribution, but reveals an urgent need to better understand the factors triggering the boom-and-bust FFGM dynamics before we can reproduce the observed spatio-temporal variability of FFGM. FFGM contribute strongly to carbon export at depth (0.4 Pg C yr-1 at 1000 m), particularly in low-productivity region (up to 40 % of organic carbon export at 1000 m) where they dominate macrozooplankton by a factor of 2. The FFGM-induced export increases in importance with depth, with a simulated transfer efficiency close to one. EGUsphere

This report examines the dynamics of differentiated integration. In particular, it studies whether differentiated integration is a path-dependent process, in which earlier differentiation increases the likelihood of additional differentiation in the future. In a set of analyses on the EU’s treaty-based and legislative differentiation and the Eurozone crisis, this report provides consistent evidence for path-dependence. The analysis of treaty reforms shows that the extent of pre-existing differentiation in a policy area is correlated significantly with differentiations in subsequent treaty reforms – even when controlling for exogenous factors of differentiated integration. In turn, differentiation in EU legislation follows differentiation in EU treaties. Whereas such path dependence only takes place in the area of core state power integration, it is clearly the most important factor driving legislative differentiation. Finally, in the Eurozone crisis, the differential impact of the crisis on euro area and non-euro area countries motivated the euro area countries to adopt far-reaching centralizing reforms and financial commitments that non-euro area members refused or were excluded from. In sum, differentiated integration has not only been pronounced in policy domains related to core state powers – such as macroeconomic and security policies – when they were initially integrated, but the legal gap between insiders and outsiders has grown over time. The research leading to this report was conducted within the InDivEU project. The project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 822304. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection or analysis.

The ‘suppressed in-ovo virus infection’ trait (SOV) was the first trait applied in honey bee breeding programs aimed to increase resilience to virus infections, a major threat for colony survival. By screening drone eggs for viruses, the SOV trait scores the antiviral resistance of queens and its implications for vertical transmission. In this study, queens from both naturally surviving and traditionally managed colonies from across Europe were screened using a two-fold improved SOV phenotyping protocol. First, a gel-based RT-PCR was replaced by a RT-qPCR. This not only allowed quantification of the infection load but also increased the test sensitivity. Second, a genotype specific primer set was replaced by a primer set that covered all known deformed wing virus (DWV) genotypes, which resulted in higher virus loads and fewer false negative results. It was demonstrated that incidences of vertical transmission of DWV were more frequent in naturally surviving populations than in traditionally managed colonies, although the virus load in the eggs remained the same. Dynamics in vertical transmission were further emphasized when comparing virus infections with queen age. Interestingly, older queens showed significantly lower infection loads of DWV in both traditionally managed and naturally surviving colonies, as well as reduced DWV infection frequencies in traditionally managed colonies when compared with younger queens. Seasonal variation in vertical transmission was found with lower infection frequencies in spring compared to summer for DWV and black queen cell virus. Together, these patterns in vertical transmission suggest an adaptive antiviral response of queens aimed at reducing vertical transmission over time.

Computing the convolution $A\star B$ of two length-$n$ vectors $A,B$ is an ubiquitous computational primitive. Applications range from string problems to Knapsack-type problems, and from 3SUM to All-Pairs Shortest Paths. These applications often come in the form of nonnegative convolution, where the entries of $A,B$ are nonnegative integers. The classical algorithm to compute $A\star B$ uses the Fast Fourier Transform and runs in time $O(n\log n)$. However, often $A$ and $B$ satisfy sparsity conditions, and hence one could hope for significant improvements. The ideal goal is an $O(k\log k)$-time algorithm, where $k$ is the number of non-zero elements in the output, i.e., the size of the support of $A\star B$. This problem is referred to as sparse nonnegative convolution, and has received considerable attention in the literature; the fastest algorithms to date run in time $O(k\log^2 n)$. The main result of this paper is the first $O(k\log k)$-time algorithm for sparse nonnegative convolution. Our algorithm is randomized and assumes that the length $n$ and the largest entry of $A$ and $B$ are subexponential in $k$. Surprisingly, we can phrase our algorithm as a reduction from the sparse case to the dense case of nonnegative convolution, showing that, under some mild assumptions, sparse nonnegative convolution is equivalent to dense nonnegative convolution for constant-error randomized algorithms. Specifically, if $D(n)$ is the time to convolve two nonnegative length-$n$ vectors with success probability $2/3$, and $S(k)$ is the time to convolve two nonnegative vectors with output size $k$ with success probability $2/3$, then $S(k)=O(D(k)+k(\log\log k)^2)$. Our approach uses a variety of new techniques in combination with some old machinery from linear sketching and structured linear algebra, as well as new insights on linear hashing, the most classical hash function.

These short guidelines explain the meaning of Open Science and describe how to be compliant with EU rules about Open Access to publications and datasets as outputs of project research. The appendix presents a list of useful links to manage and make research data fair.

This paper explores how income growth affects preferences for redistribution and how income growth conditions citizens’ responses to rising inequality. We hypothesize that robust income growth reduces demand for redistribution among high-income as well as low-income citizens and reduces their propensity to respond to rising inequality by demanding more redistribution. Drawing on the European Social Survey, our main empirical analysis covers 17 European countries from over the period 2002-18 and yields results that are consistent with our core hypotheses. In addition, we explore causal mechanisms by analyzing data from the Inequality and Politics Survey, an original cross-national survey carried out in 2019. The latter analysis yields suggestive evidence that income growth dampens support for redistribution by reducing expectations of downward income mobility in the top three income quartiles. Furthermore, we find that income growth tends boost belief in hard work as an important determinant of income differences among respondents in the lower half of the income distribution and that rising inequality depresses such beliefs among all respondents.

Unlike other regions of the world, the policy framework in Europe is in principle favourable to extensive livestock farming. EU policies recognise the multiple values of pastoralism and its contributions in terms of cultural heritage, environmental management and territorial cohesion. Recognising that these public goods are not sustainable without remuneration, the EU supports pastoralists with direct and indirect measures, including subsidies. These are considered as forms of compensation and reward for producers operating in Less Favoured Areas and High Nature Value settings. However, over recent decades, the number of extensive livestock farms has declined sharply, generational renewal amongst pastoralists is scanty and mountainous, island, and inner territories all over Europe are undergoing processes of socio-economic and agro-ecological desertification. The outcomes of the CAP political and financial commitment in pastoral contexts are hence quite disappointing. Translating good intentions and societal appreciation into effective social facilities and economic returns appears to be a major challenge for policy makers and administrators across Europe. On the one hand, the European Green Deal and its ‘Farm to Fork’ strategy show high levels of ambition in reorienting agriculture and enhancing the transition to more sustainable food systems in Europe. On the other hand, the long-awaited reform of the Common Agricultural Policy has not addressed its fundamental inconsistencies in technical, administrative and political terms. In a policy framework also influenced by broader trade and political agreements, CAP measures are more likely to support intensification of livestock production, than to favour extensive pastoral systems. The EU institutional architecture and policy domain represent important drivers of uncertainty for European pastoralists, who must continually navigate through multiple, fragmented and sometimes conflicting measures, rules and requirements that seem ill-suited to their operating principles, strategies and needs. The writing of this paper was funded through a European Research Council Advanced Grant to PASTRES (Pastoralism, Uncertainty, Resilience: Global Lessons from the Margins), Grant number 740342.

To achieve the physics goals of future colliders, it is necessary to develop novel, radiation-hard silicon sensors for their tracking detectors. We target the replacement of hybrid pixel detectors with Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS) that are radiation-hard, monolithic CMOS sensors. We have designed, manufactured and tested the MALTA series of sensors, which are DMAPS in the 180 nm TowerJazz CMOS imaging technology. MALTA have a pixel pitch well below current hybrid pixel detectors, high time resolution (<2ns) and excellent charge collection efficiency across pixel geometries. These sensors have a total silicon thickness of between 50–300 μm, implying reduced material budgets and multiple scattering rates for future detectors which utilise such technology. Furthermore, their monolithic design bypasses the costly stage of bump-bonding in hybrid sensors and can substantially reduce detector costs. This contribution presents the latest results from characterisation studies of the MALTA2 sensors, including results demonstrating the radiation tolerance of these sensors.