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Dynamic flash colouration is type of antipredator colouration where intermittently appearing colour patterns misdirect predator attacks by obscuring the precise location and trajectory of moving prey. Birds and butterflies with differing dorsoventral wing colouration or iridescent surface structures may potentially benefit from such effects. However, we lack an understanding of what makes for an effective dynamic flash colour design, and how much it benefits the carrier. Here, we test the effect of colour flashing using small passerine birds preying upon colourful virtual 'prey' stimuli on a touchscreen. We show that flashing colour patterns can induce greater error in targeting accuracy relative to similarly coloured static targets, but only when moving fast. Of the tested stimuli, green-to-blue flashing elicited the greatest targeting error at high speed, yet this stimulus was easiest to target when stationary. Our results support the idea that dynamic flash colouration can deflect predatory attacks but that the effect is likely to be speed-dependent.

Aim: The main goal of conducting the mechanical tensile tests was to produce non-linear stress-strain curves for input data in the Ansys Workbench software. These curves played an important role in the accurate analysis of the mechanical behavior of the Finite Element Model (FEM) of the Hybrid III 5% Female ATD lumbar spine prototype. In addition, these curves evaluated the suitability of elastomer materials for manufacturing the lumbar spine prototype. Method: Fourty-five Mechanical tensile tests were performed on five different elastomer materials (NR60, EPDM60, NEO60, CCP60, and CCP80) based on the ASTM D412-16 standard at three different strain rates including the standard strain rate (0.32 or =8mm/s), moderate strain rate (0.64 or =16mm/s), and high strain rate (4 or =100mm/s). Samples with standard and moderate strain rates were taken to failure using the MTS Insight 2 tensile testing machine. However, samples were not taken to failure in high strain rate testing due to the limited crosshead displacement (100mm) of the tensile testing machine (MTS 858 Bionix). Result: The EPDM60 material with a tensile strength of 9.6 MPa demonstrated minimal Strain Rate Sensitivity (SRS =-0.06) up to 100% strain. The NR60 and CCP80 materials had greater tensile strength (18.5 MPa and 14.8 MPa) than EPDM60, but medium strain rate sensitivity (SRS -0.11 and -0.15). The CCP60 and NEO60 materials had lower tensile strength (5.3 MPa and 4.8 MPa) than EPDM60, but the medium (SRS =-0.12) and maximal strain rate sensitivity (SRS=-0.3), respectively. Conclusion: The EPDM60 and NR60 materials appeared to be suitable for manufacturing the lumbar spine prototype, as EPDM60 exhibits minimal SRS, whereas NR60, despite a slight difference with a minimal range of SRS, showed maximal strength. Results of the FEM analysis showed that the lumbar spine prototype by using NR60 performs better than EPDM60. Therefore, NR60 as a suitable material was selected for manufacturing the lumbar spine prototype.

Background In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released updated physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidelines, which for the first-time included a guideline for people living with disability. The disability guideline is based on evidence from the general population and eight common health conditions causing disability, but did not include people with traumatic brain injury (TBI), nor did it consider the rehabilitation phase of recovery from injury. In 2019, the Australian federal government launched the Traumatic Brain Injury Mission. The Mission was tasked with providing $50 million over 10 years under the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) to support research. The goal of the Mission is to better predict recovery outcomes after a TBI, identify the most effective care and treatments, and reduce barriers to support people to live their best possible life after TBI. In 2021, our team was funded through the MRFF TBI Mission to develop an Australian Physical Activity Clinical Practice Guideline for people living with moderate to severe TBI (msTBI). The overarching project to guide the development of the guideline was called BRIDGES (BRain Injury: Developing GuidElineS for physical activities). Objective To develop an Australian clinical practice guideline to support the clinical decision-making of health professionals working with people with msTBI and increase uptake of safe and beneficial physical activity by people living with msTBI. Methods The overarching BRIDGES project was guided by the Exploration Preparation Implementation Sustainment (EPIS) framework. We used a Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) ADOLOPMENT approach to determine whether to ‘adapt’ or ‘adopt’ the WHO guideline or develop de novo recommendations. We established guideline leadership and development groups, conducted a rapid systematic review to identify direct evidence in TBI, and reviewed guidelines in other relevant health conditions (i.e., stroke, cerebral palsy) to identify indirect evidence. To further inform guideline development and implementation considerations, we conducted an audit of brain injury services in Australia and qualitative consultations with key stakeholders, including people with msTBI. Results Direct evidence for the prescription of physical activity for people with msTBI is limited. The clinical practice guideline developed incorporates 10 de novo evidence-based recommendations with additional good practice points and precautionary practice points to guide clinical decision-making. The physical activity recommended is aerobic exercise, strength training, mobility training, sport and physical recreation, and promotion of physical activity. The physical activity is recommended for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults across the continuum of rehabilitation. Conclusion While there remain evidence gaps that require further research, and further work on how the guideline can be implemented into clinical practice is needed, physical activity interventions tailored to the individual’s goals and needs should be standard clinical practice for health professionals working with people with msTBI in Australian rehabilitation, community, home, and school (for children and adolescents) settings.

This manual contains materials that can assist in exploring the concept of human dignity within human rights curricula in higher education. It can be used in its entirety or specific modules can be extracted for incorporation into other classes, for example on international criminal law or international human rights law.

Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) are a diverse clade that are easily distinguishable from other birds. Despite the clear characters that define the Psittaciformes (hooked bills, zygodactylous feet, and plumage that is often predominantly green or red), relative morphological uniformity among parrots has made taxonomic classification a fraught endeavor for over a century. Parrot systematics were propelled forward when DNA sequencing data shed insights into higher- and species-level relationships. However, despite these significant advances, major gaps in taxon sampling and uncertainty in relationships remained due to inferring phylogenetic relationships with short fragments of DNA. Recent work using genome-wide molecular markers with nearly complete parrot species-level sampling has brought clarity to many of the remaining outstanding questions on taxonomic relationships. Here, we build on this work by including four additional species to present a taxonomic revision of Psittaciformes better aligned with its evolutionary tree. We infer maximum likelihood and time-calibrated phylogenies for parrots, present accounts for 106 genera, compare how our findings relate to previous work, and highlight future areas of research. The family-group nomenclature we propose reflects deep evolutionary divergences with diagnosable synapomorphies that are commensurate across comparable ranks in psittaciform clades. We erect three new family-group names at the rank of tribe (Brotogerini Smith, Thom and Joseph, 2024; Neophemini Schodde, Smith, Thom and Joseph, 2024; Bolbopsittacini Smith, Thom and Joseph, 2024). We elevate one tribe to subfamily rank for the cacatuid genus Probosciger and we restrict usage of the recently introduced tribe Touitini to its type-genus Touit. At shallower taxonomic scales, recognition of more rather than fewer genera addresses issues of paraphyly or high discordance in morphological and genomic characters at those levels. We support many reinstatements of older generic names advocated in recent decades and we further reinstate five valid, available generic names not widely used in recent literature if at all (Licmetis, Gymnopsittacus, Clarkona, Suavipsitta, Cardeos). We advocate the retention of Vini Lesson, 1833 over Coriphilus Wagler, 1832 based on preliminary examination showing substantially more frequent usage of the former. We redraw generic limits in some other cases (e.g., Bolborhynchus parrotlets and allies) and this includes recognizing fewer genera than recently proposed for the Psittacula sensu lato ringneck parakeets. Our revised classification of parrots addresses many longstanding taxonomic questions including those that have arisen through the acquisition of genetic data. It provides context for the temporal origins of psittaciform clades and the taxonomic and phenotypic diversification throughout their evolutionary history. We hope that it will be a benchmark guiding further taxonomic study as well as for downstream analyses in many other fields. Funding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62Award Number: 1655736 Funding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62Award Number: 2029955 Please see Methods section of the main text.

This interview transcript supports the paper Embracing Humanness in Cultural Materials Conservation: A Roundtable Discussion with Conservation Professionals on Ethics, Values and the Future, which develops understanding of the complex interplay of perspectives implicit in the multifaceted practice of Cultural Materials Conservation, as it pertains to individuals, larger organisational structures, and contemporary social contexts. The research takes the form of a remote qualitative interview, which captures a range of opinions and attitudes from a cross sectional group of conservation practitioners. The data is presented as a complete de-anonymised interview transcript, available as a supplemental appendix, which describes the experiences and perspectives of individual practitioners, their day-to-day challenges, and the decision-making processes conservators face in their practice. A central argument in this paper is the value of the concepts of humanness and reflective subjectivity in twenty-first century conservation thinking. Reflecting on the role of individual practitioners as custodians of cultural heritage, with the view on what it means to be a conservator in practice today, is a valuable contribution that can shed light on the conservation decision making and evolving practice that is focused on sensitivity and fluid responsiveness to cultural changes, personal values, and diverse relationships involved in the conservation of cultural heritage.