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By reviewing and studying relevant historical materials, this study presents the advanced and fruitful clinical teaching in Peking Union Medical College Hospital(PUMCH) nearly a hundred years ago. It proved that the clinical teaching of PUMCH had reached the internationally advanced level in 1925. The bed-side teaching, case discussion, multidisciplinary joint ward round, interdisciplinary teaching, and resident training system still have practical significance presently. As it turns out, many of the teachers who were passionate about teaching and students who were actively involved in teaching went on to become medical masters. The spirit of taking teaching as an honor, responsibility and mission has been passed on and deeply rooted in the spirit of PUMCH and has remained unchanged for a century.

To better predict the lateral displacements of diaphragm walls during deep excavation, a long short-term memory (LSTM) multi-step prediction model is developed in this paper based on the LSTM algorithm. First, the multi-output strategy of multi-step prediction model is discussed. Then, the construction method of the LSTM multi-step prediction model is introduced in detail, and the two hyperparameters, i.e., the space and time dimensions of the model input set, are explored to improve the prediction accuracy of the model. Finally, the errors between the predicted values and the field monitoring data are analyzed based on an excavation project buried in water-rich sandy strata. The analysis results of three typical monitoring points indicate that the LSTM prediction model is characterized by solid generalization ability, and the relevant algorithm is practically helpful for improving and optimizing deformation prediction methods of deep excavation.

西藏和其他藏族聚居地在长期历史发展过程中，形成了大量有关西藏和藏族各类事务的档案，其形成时间主要是清代和民国时期，尤以民国时期档案最多，并集中典藏在中国第一、第二历史档案馆，以及西藏和其他藏族集中聚居的四川、青海、甘肃、云南等省各档案馆、图书馆中。中国第一历史档案馆所藏清代西藏及藏事档案有3万余件，主要是清朝中央政府对西藏及藏族聚居地区的施政文书，其中有皇帝册封达赖和班禅等人的诏书、敕谕，治理西藏各种谕令；历世达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼、章嘉呼图克图、哲布尊丹巴等大活佛等上呈皇帝的奏疏、表文；清驻藏办事大臣、西宁办事大臣、库伦办事大臣及各地督抚、将军等大员和军机处、内阁、理藩院等部院衙门，为处理西藏及藏事上呈皇帝的题奏本章；有关衙门记录西藏重大事务的档册，以及西藏及藏族聚居地区经济、社会、文化等方面的情况。这些档案主要用汉文和满文书写，也有少量是用藏文和蒙古文书写，档案形成时间起于天命七年（1622年），迄于宣统三年（1911年）。中国第二历史档案馆所藏西藏和藏事档案在3万件以上，档案形成时间为清光绪十四年（1888）十二月至1949年，主要为民国中央政府及所属部院等机关与西藏噶厦地方政府、达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼以及四川、西康、青海、甘肃等藏区省份来往文少书，记载和反映了晚清和民国时期中央政府治理西藏的方针政策和具体措施，以及中央政府关于西藏的重大事件、重要问题的处理情况。同时，也记载和反映了这一时期与西藏毗邻的四川、青海、甘肃、云南等省藏区的政治、经济、宗教、文化、教育和社会发展历史。西藏地区所藏近代西藏和藏事档案，主要集中在西藏自治区档案馆及拉萨市、日喀则、林芝、山南、阿里、那曲、昌都地区和各县档案馆，各大寺庙也保存有不少近代历史档案，其中尤以西藏自治区档案馆所藏数量最多也最为重要。该馆所藏以藏文为主的西藏和平解放前的旧政权档案，共有300多万卷（册），以藏文为主，还有八思巴文、汉文、满文、蒙文、阿拉伯文、印地文、尼泊尔文、英文、俄文等10余种文字。其内容主要有：西藏行政区划，国民政府对西藏行使主权，宗教事务，西藏重大历史事件及抵抗侵略，西藏地区的农奴制度、司法制度、社会状况、农牧和手工业等经济状况、矿产资源，以及西藏与内地民族间往来等。四川藏区档案史料主要保存在四川省档案馆、甘孜藏族自治州档案馆、阿坝藏族羌族自治州档案馆以及康定、德格、巴塘、马尔康、木里、理塘、乡城、炉霍、稻城等县档案馆中，以民国时期档案为主。其中四川省档案馆所藏涉及藏事的西康档案有1万余卷，形成时间从明洪武二十一年（1388年）起，至民国三十八年（1949年）止。云南藏区近代档案主要保存在迪庆州各县档案馆、图书文化馆、公安局及州档案馆以及噶丹松赞林寺、东竹林寺等寺院中。该批档案涉及年代从清朝乾隆三年（1738年）十月起至1949年止，约11300余件，且绝大多数档案为民国时期，记录了清代和民国时期中央政府及云南地方政府对藏族的政策，从政治、军事、经济、文化等不同方面反映了中央政府对云南藏区的有效管理与统治，以及藏族同胞在这一历史时期的生活情形及与各民族关系等方面的历史状况。甘肃省所藏近代藏事档案，甘肃省各地、市、县等各级档案馆、图书馆、文化馆及拉卜楞寺等众多藏传佛教寺院均有收藏，其中尤以甘肃省档案馆、图书馆，甘南藏族自治州档案馆、夏河县档案馆、天祝藏族自治县档案馆、临夏回族自治州档案馆所藏最多，总数在8000件左右，其主要内容包括清末和民国时期国家政务、国民党党务、民政、行政、户政、疆域、地政、礼俗、民族、部落、土司、宗教、寺院、警政、保安、禁烟、社会、建设、营建、人事、监察、司法、军事、外交、经济、文化、教育、卫生、体育及人物诸方面，反映和记载了甘肃藏族人民生活地区政治、军事、经济、司法治安、民政、宗教、文化教育卫生等各方面社会发展的历史概貌。青海省所存清代和民国时期西藏及藏事档案，主要保存在青海省档案馆，形成于雍正二年（1724年）至民国三十八年（1949年），以民国时期档案为主。这些档案史料，反映和记载了清代和民国时期青海省藏族地区政治、经济、军事、司法、文化、宗教、民族关系及青海与西藏关系、青海与四川阿坝地区关系、青海与甘肃拉卜楞地区关系等诸方面的基本情况；也记录了清代和民国时期青海地方政府对藏族的政策，从各个不同侧面反映了清朝政府和民国政府对青海藏区二百余年的统治以及藏族同胞在这一历史时期的生活、生活、发展演变及民族关系各方面的历史状况。为更好的开发利用中国境内各保藏机构所存西藏和藏事档案资料，为学术研究服务，各档案馆在中国藏学研究中心的支持下，积极编纂出版馆藏相关档案文献目录和专题档案汇编，为研究西藏和藏区历史，提供了大量第一手重要史料。主要有《西藏和藏事档案史料目录丛书》（8册），收录档案条目95000余条，计约820万字；《元以来西藏地方与中央政府关系档案史料汇编》（7册）《清末十三世达赖喇嘛档案史料选编》《九世班禅圆寂致祭和十世班禅坐床档案选编》《十三世达赖圆寂致祭和十四世达赖转世坐床档案汇编》《九世班禅内地活动及返藏受阻档案选编》《西藏亚东关档案选编》《民国时期西藏及藏区经济开发建设档案选编》《中国第二历史档案馆所存西藏和藏事档案汇编》等专题档案汇编。这一系列档案史料的编辑出版，对推动国内外藏学研究工作向纵深发展发挥了重要作用。 During the long process of Tibet and other Tibetan settlements’ historical development, a large number of archives related to Tibet and Tibetan affairs have been built, mainly in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, but especially the latter. These files have been carefully preserved in several Chinese national historical archives, as well as in other provincial archives and libraries in Tibet Autonomous Region, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan.The First Historical Archives of China houses more than 30,000 archives on Tibet and Tibetan affairs during the Qing Dynasty. Many of them are administrative documents issued by the central government to Tibet and the areas inhabited by Tibetans, including imperial edicts and other governing orders issued by the emperors to Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and senior officers. There are also many reports and memorials to the emperors on their dealings with Tibet and Tibetan affairs, which were submitted by all the previous Great Living Buddhas, Amban of Tibet, Xining, Kulun, as well as the Grand Council, Cabinet, Li Fan Yuan and governors from all over the country. Archives were formed by the relevant bureaus’ and provide records of major Tibetan affairs as well as the economic, social and cultural context in Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans. During 1622 to 1911, these archives were mainly written in Chinese and Manchu, while a few of them were written in Tibetan and Mongolian.In the Second Historical Archives of China, more than 30,000 Tibet and Tibetan affairs archives were created from 1888 (the 14th year of Qing Emperor Guangxu) to 1949. They mainly represent files exchanged between the central government (including its subordinate departments) and Kashag, Dalai Lama, Panchen Erdene, and other Tibetan settlements such as Sichuan, Xikang, Qinghai and Gansu provinces. They record and reflect the central government's policies and specific measures of governing Tibet during that period. Furthermore, they also document the political, economic, religious, cultural, educational and social development of Tibetan areas adjacent to Tibet in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan provinces.The archives of modern Tibet and Tibetan affairs collected in Tibet are mainly concentrated in the archives of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Xigaze, Linzhi, Shannan, Ali, Naqu, Changdu and other counties. Many are also kept in major temples. Among them, the Tibet Autonomous archives conserves the largest and most important archives. It contains more than 3 million volumes of documents that belonged to the old regime, and are mainly in Tibetan. They include: Tibet's administrative divisions, the exercise of sovereignty over Tibet by the National Government, religious affairs, major historic events in Tibet, and Tibetan feudal serfdom, the judicial system, social conditions, economic conditions related to agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts, mineral resources, as well as Tibet's exchanges with non-Tibetan Chinese regions.The historical documents in Sichuan Tibetan areas in the Republic of China are mainly kept in the provincial archives of Sichuan and Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture’s archives, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding, Dege, Batang, Marcand, Muli, Litang, Xiangcheng Luhuo, Daocheng, etc. Among them, are the Xikang Tibet archives. They are preserved in the Sichuan Provincial Archives and include more than 10,000 documents. They were created between 1388 (the 21st year of Ming Hongwu) and 1949. The historical archives in the Yunnan Tibetan areas are mainly kept in the county archives, libraries and cultural centres, public security bureaus and Diqing prefectural archives, as well as the temples of Gardan Songzanlin and East Chikurinji. About 11,300 files, mostly compiled in the Republic of China, record the policies of the central government and the Yunnan local government towards Tibetans and reflect their effective management and rule in Yunnan. They cover political, military, economic, cultural aspects, as well as the living conditions of Tibetan compatriots and their relationship to various ethnic groups during this historical period.The archives of modern Tibetan affairs in Gansu Province are collected in various archives, libraries, cultural centres and many Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in Gansu Province. Most of them are stored in Gansu Provincial Archives, Gansu Provincial Library, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Archives, Xiahe County Archives, Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Archives and Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefectural Archives. Approximately 8,000 documents make up these archives. Their content primarily includes documents related to state administration, Kuomintang party affairs, civil affairs, administration, household administration, territory, land administration, customs, ethnic minorities, tribes, chieftains, religion, temples, police administration, security, opium banning, society, construction, personnel systems, supervision, the judiciary, military affairs, the economy, culture, education, sanitation, sports activities and famous people, outlining all the aspects of social development.The archives of Tibet and Tibetan affairs in Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China in Qinghai Province are mainly kept in Qinghai Provincial Archives, which were built from 1724 (the 2nd year of Qing Yongzheng ) to 1949. These historical materials reflect and record the basic situation of Tibetan areas in Qinghai Province during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China in terms of politics, economics, military affairs, the judiciary, culture, religion, ethnic, relations, Qinghai-Tibet relations, Qinghai-Aba area relations, Qinghai‑Labrang area relations, etc. They also record more than 200 years of policies in Qinghai Tibetan areas during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, as well as the history of economic life, development, evolution of Tibetan compatriots and various ethnic relations. In order to better the development and utilisation of Tibet and Tibetan affairs for the purpose of academic research, the archives are stored in various domestic preservation institutions. They have been actively compiled and catalogues of relevant archives as well as a compilation of special archives have been published with the coordination and support of the China Tibetology Research Center. The publications mainly include The Historical Materials Catalogue Series of Tibet and Tibetan Affairs Archives (8 volumes); Compilation of Historical Records on the Relationship between Local and Central Tibetan Government since the Yuan Dynasty (7 volumes); Selected Records of the 13th Dalai Lama in the Late Qing Dynasty; Selected Records of the 9th Panchen Lama's Parinirvana Rites and the 10th Panchen Lama's Enthronement; Compilation of the 13th Dalai Lama's Parinirvana Rites & the 14th Dalai Lama's Reincarnation and Enthronement; Selected Records of the 9th Panchen Lama's Activities in Interior Areas and Blocked Return to Tibet; Selected Records of Yatung Customs in Tibet, Selected Records of Tibet and Tibetan Economic Development and Construction in the Period of the Republic of China and Compilation of Tibet and Tibetan Affairs Preserved in the Second Historical Archives of China, etc. This series of archival compilations and publications has played an important role in promoting international Tibetology research. Au cours du long processus du développement historique du Tibet et d’autres régions où se rassemblèrent les Tibétains (c’est‑à‑dire, une partie des préfectures, villes et districts des provinces Sichuan, Qinghai et Gansu), un nombre considérable d’archives relatives au Tibet et aux affaires tibétaines ont été constituées, principalement sous la dynastie des Qing et la République de Chine. Ces corpus sont conservés avec grand soin dans plusieurs dépôts d’archives historiques nationaux de Chine, des dépôts d’archives provinciaux et des bibliothèques de la Région autonome du Tibet, du Sichuan, du Qinghai, du Gansu et du Yunnan. Cette notice présente de manière systématique la quantité et le contenu principal des documents relatifs au Tibet et aux affaires tibétaines de la période qui va de 1840 à 1949, en particulier la période de la République de Chine, et qui sont conservés dans le Premier dépôt des archives historiques de Chine, le Deuxième dépôt des archives historiques de Chine, les Archives de la Région autonome du Tibet, les dépôts d’archives de la province du Sichuan, d’une partie de ses préfectures, villes et districts ; les dépôts d’archives et les bibliothèques dépendants de la province du Gansu ; le dépôt d’archives provincial du Qinghai ; et les dépôts d’archives de la préfecture autonome des Tibétains Diqing du Yunnan, ainsi que de ses districts. En outre, la présente notice donne aussi des détails sur les catalogues archivistiques et les collections spéciales compilées et éditées par les dépôts et les bibliothèques ci-dessus nommés. J’espère que cette notice fournira des références servant à renforcer les études historiographiques sur le Tibet, ainsi que d’autres régions où se rassemblèrent les Tibétains, et sur les relations entre le gouvernement central et le gouvernement local tibétain dans la Chine moderne.

Control of the disturbed displacement of adjacent tunnel during excavation is a significant issue for design and construction. Based on the multi-objective optimization method, the multi-type monitoring data in the excavation of the excavation are integrated, the key soil parameters are inverted and identified, and the time effect of the tunnel displacement is quantified and corrected. A dynamic multi-objective optimization method with adaptive infill criterion (DMO-AIC) is proposed to improve the updating efficiency of dynamic surrogate models. The proposed method takes into account the computational redundancy of dynamic surrogate models in engineering optimization, and designs an adaptive point-adding discrimination strategy, which can autonomously identify invalid updates of surrogate models on the optimization path. The results show that the proposed DMO-AIC significantly reduces the invocations of the black-box model during optimization while ensuring the good search performance and the convergence speed of the algorithm. The improved computational efficiency of DMO-AIC is helpful for the application of dynamic surrogate models in engineering optimization. The results of the virtual numerical example show that DMO-AIC can predict and update multiple model responses during excavation, such as wall deflections and tunnel displacements. The engineering practice of Shanghai Bund 596 excavation indicates that the time effect is properly updated, and the staged vertical displacements of the adjacent tunnel are accurately predicted.

The soil unloading effect caused by the adjacent excavation will influence both the uplift and the deformation of the adjacent existing tunnel, and even interfere with the normal operation of the tunnel. A simplified calculation method for the longitudinal deformation of the underlying tunnel caused by foundation pit excavation is proposed. The tunnel is simplified into an infinitely long Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on a three-parameter Kerr foundation model. The difference method is combined with the boundary conditions at both ends of the tunnel to obtain the longitudinal deformation difference decomposition of the tunnel. The accuracy of the proposed method is proved by comparing it with the finite element simulation method and some cases study. Compared with the tunnel simplified as the Euler-Bernoulli beam which is placed upon the existing Pasternak foundation model, the Kerr foundation model has more advantages. As the elastic modulus of soil mass and the depth of tunnel axis increase, the longitudinal deflection and the inner force of the tunnel will decrease. The inner force of the tunnel will increase with the increment of the stiffness of the tunnel.

[Purpose/Significance] By jointly mining multiple diaries related to National South-west Associated University (NSAU), a social network graph of NSAU that integrates information from multiple sources is constructed. The aim is to discover more potential social relationships through joint mining of multiple diaries, and break through the limitations of single diary social network mining. [Method/Process] Using multiple diaries related to NSAU from 1938 to 1941 as corpus, Python program is used to count co-occurrence relationships of characters, and Gephi is used to construct multi-diary social network graph. Through social network analysis methods, the network topology features, character centrality features and character group features based on modularity and K-core are analyzed and discussed. [Result/Conclusion] Compared with independent diary mining, multi-diary social network joint mining showed more obvious network structure features, more decentralized and rich social relationship information, which can reveal more hidden social relationships, and has good application value in the field of digital humanities.

这是一篇了解和研究有关天津民间风俗、特别市天津民间风俗历史资料的书目解题。文中将这些相关的和重要的历史资料分成六大类，这就是：传统地方志类，新编地方志类，游览志类，地方风土类，今人著述类和新编丛书类。在每个大类之下，又分门别类地列举了具有代表性的著述共15种，即：1.《天津卫志》，2. 《天津县志》、《续天津县志》、《天津县新志》、《天津政俗沿革记》及《天津政俗沿革记》，3.《天津府志》及《重修天津府志》，4.《天津菁华实录》与《天津志略》，5.《天津简志》，6.《天津游览志》，7.《中华全国风俗志》，8.《津门岁时记》，9.《老城津韵》，10.《刘炎臣文集》与《绿波集——顾道馨著述选萃》，11.《天津竹枝词全集》，12.“天津风土丛书”，13.“今晚十二生肖贺岁书”，14.“天津旧事丛书”，15.“天津皇会文化遗产档案丛书”。每种后面的同类书籍则列入“附”，因此，有时“附”的内容间或与前列书籍有重复的。每种至少包括文章或书籍1部（或册、篇）及以上，多则不限；文章或书名后加统一编号，总共60部（或册、篇）。也就是说，要想了解或研究有关天津民间风俗及其历史，这60部（或册、篇）的相关内容，是不可不读的。为使读者对于这60部（或册、篇）有一个概括的了解，首先简要介绍该书（或该文）的主要内容价值，次为作者简况，最后是版本刊印及社会流行。了解和研究有关天津民间风俗，有两点是必须予以足够的注意：第一，天津在中国传统城市发展史上，是一座晚近发展起来的城市，至今也不过800年多一点的历史；然而天津与中国历史上众多的城市不同，在13和14世纪的金、元时期已经有了城市的雏形，到了15世纪的明代永乐初年，才修建了城墙。明王朝在修建“卫城”时，考虑到当时城池以军事功能为主体，所以采取了“局部封闭，总体敞开”的规划建设方针，历史对天津来说，是先有“市”而后有“城”，而且“市”在“城”外。因此，天津城市中国传统的规划性城市不同，在本质上是一座自然成长的城市，而且成长轨迹始终是沿着海河源头向下发展，最终由内河港，发展为河口港、海港。第二，由于天津是大运河北端唯一一座依河傍海的城市，南北运河在这里交汇，南方文化和北方文化，内陆文化和海洋文化，得以在天津兼收并蓄；又由于天津是中国北方最早和最大的开放城市，中外文化在这里交流碰撞，乃至生根发芽，传统和现代可以在这里和谐共存。这些，都对天津城市的民间风俗及其历史发展产生了深深的影响，当然，也可以看成是阅读本书目解题时的必要前提。 In order to understand and study the folk customs of Tianjin, it is important to pay attention to two features.Firstly, according to the history of how traditional Chinese cities developed, Tianjin, with a history of more than 800 years, has been recently developed. However, unlike many cities in Chinese history, Tianjin, during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties of the 13th and 14th centuries, became a prototype of the city. Until the 15th century, the early years of the Ming Dynasty Yongle, the city wall began to be built. When building the "Acropolis", the Ming dynasty adopted the planning and construction principle of "partial closure and general opening up", taking into account that the city mainly served a military purpose at that time. For the sake of history, Tianjin first had a "society" and then a "city" with a "society " that existed outside "the city". Therefore, Tianjin is not a city according to traditional Chinese urban planning, but a city with natural growth. The growth trajectory always took place from the source of the Haihe River’s development downward, and eventually from the river port it developed into an estuarine port and seaport.Secondly, since Tianjin is the only city on the northern edge of the Grand Canal bordering on the river, the southern and northern canals converged here. Southern and northern cultures, as well as the inland and the marine cultures have been incorporated in Tianjin. Moreover, since Tianjin was the earliest and the largest open city, where the Chinese and foreign cultures exchanged and even sprouted, tradition and modernity could coexist harmoniously here. All of these have had a profound impact on folk customs and their historical development in the city of Tianjin. Of course, it can also be regarded as a necessary prerequisite for reading the bibliography. Pour comprendre et étudier les traditions populaires de Tianjin, il faut faire attention à deux caractéristiques de la ville.Primo, dans l’histoire du développement des villes chinoises traditionnelles, Tianjin est une ville récente avec son histoire de plus de 800 ans. Toutefois, contrairement à beaucoup d’autres villes chinoises, Tianjin n’a commencé à acquérir les caractéristiques d’une cité que sous les dynasties Jin et Yuan aux xiiie et xive siècles. Le mur d’enceinte de la cité ne fut construit qu’au xve siècle, soit au début de l’ère Yongle de la dynastie des Ming. Lors de la construction de l’« Acropolis », la dynastie des Ming fit le choix de la planification et adopta le principe de la « fermeture partielle et (de l’)ouverture générale », prenant acte du fait qu’à cette époque l’acropole remplissait surtout des fonctions militaires. Du point de vue de l’histoire, Tianjin fut d’abord une « ville » (avec un centre commercial), puis une « muraille » (qui entoure le quartier des institutions administratives dont le bureau des impôts), la « ville » se trouvant en dehors de la « muraille ». Par conséquent, Tianjin n’est pas une cité construite en fonction de la planification urbaine traditionnelle chinoise, mais une cité ayant connu une croissance naturelle. Cette croissance s’est toujours faite le long de la rivière Haihe, en suivant une progression depuis la source de cette rivière jusqu’au port maritime de son estuaire.Secondo, Tianjin étant la seule cité située au nord du Grand Canal qui longe la rivière, les canaux sud et nord y convergent. La ville accueille aussi bien les cultures du nord et du sud, que les cultures continentales et maritimes. En outre, comme Tianjin fut la plus précoce et la plus grande cité ouverte du nord de la Chine, où les cultures chinoise et étrangères se rencontrèrent voire s’épanouirent, tradition et modernité peuvent y coexister harmonieusement. Toutes ces cultures eurent un impact profond sur les coutumes populaires et leur développement dans la cité de Tianjin. Bien entendu, la bibliographie doit se lire en fonction de ces données historiques.

Abstract： Computer text analysis is an important branch in the field of natural language processing, and it is a computer technology that studies how to extract various types of information from a given corpus from text data. At present, computer text analysis has entered a new historical stage. On the one hand, the keyword extraction algorithm has gradually been completed. On the other hand, with the emergence of the BERT method, the word vector calculation problem has also made great progress. However, there are still some problems to be solved in both keyword extraction and word vector calculation. In addition, many existing studies suitable for using text analysis still use ancient text analysis methods. Therefore, in the future, how to better reduce the model size to promote the integration of disciplines and improve the comprehensive social benefits of text analysis will become an important issue in the development of text analysis algorithms.

In this study, 24 samples from sections of Shiniu Temple and Dashidong archaeological sites in Chongqing were selected to compare the effects of different pretreatment methods on grain size analysis. Each sample was pretreated using one of five methods: (A) pretreating with distilled water, (B) pretreating with (NaPO3)6, (C) pretreating with H2O2, (D) pretreating with HCl, and (E) comprehensively pretreating with H2O2,HCl, and (NaPO3)6. Pretreated samples were ultrasonically dispersed for 10 minutes before examination using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000. First, with the addition of distilled water or the 0.05 mol/L (NaPO3)6 dispersant, a dispersion effect was not obvious. Indeed, the main grain size parameters were similar to those seen without any pretreatment (method A), indicating that physical pretreatment methods can neither remove possible impurities, such as carbonates and organic matter, nor disperse the potential cementitious particles in the sample. Second, the addition of H2O2 effectively removed organic debris at the archaeological site, enabling the experimental results to accurately reflect the grain size characteristics of inorganic particles in the sediment. The average median grain size of the sediments at the Shiniu Temple archaeological site was the smallest, and the clay content was the highest after being pretreated in this way. The sand content was reduced by approximately 50% compared with that of the sample without pretreatment. The performance is very stable throughout the Shiniu Temple profile; however, for some samples rich in carbonate cement at the Dashidong archaeological site, the effect of this pretreatment method is limited. Third, after pretreatment with 10% dilute HCl, the median grain size of the sample from Shiniu Temple site increased, the sand content remained similar, and the clay content was significantly reduced. The clay content and sand content of Dashidong site decreased simultaneously, revealing that HCl reacts with intergranular carbonate cement to reduce the content of coarse-grained components and causes clay minerals to potentially flocculate in the acidic environment, resulting in content reduction. Acid pretreatment of the grain size was originally suggested from research on loess, aiming to remove a large number of authigenic carbonate minerals in sediments from arid and semi-arid areas. However, it may not be suitable for sediments in humid areas. On the one hand, the content of authigenic carbonate in the sample in such an area is extremely low, making acid treatment nonessential. On the other hand, clay minerals, such as montmorillonite and kaolinite, flocculate under the colloid action of iron oxide in an acidic environment, which makes the grain size coarser, having a counterproductive effect. In this study, archaeological samples from typical karst areas were selected and the optimal particle size pretreatment method was determined through comparative experiments, providing an important reference for follow-up research. Namely, the content of carbonate cement is low, the optimal pretreatment effect can be achieved by adding H2O2 to remove organic impurities. If the carbonate composition is significant, the iron oxide in the sample can be removed first and then treated with dilute HCl, effectively avoiding the flocculation of clay minerals. Whether better pre-treatment methods are available needs to be explored further.

Overlying excavation will inevitably cause uplift of the existing tunnel due to the stress relief and rebound of soil, and the impact will be more significant when the long-distance is in line. Based on the Timoshenko simplified model of tunnel which considers the shearing dislocation between rings, and combining with the Winkler foundation model, an analytical model for soil-tunnel interaction analysis of overlying excavation was established. Based on the superposition principle, the model proposed was applied to a case study of tunnel deformation induced by overlying long-distance collinear excavation. By comparing the calculated results with the measured data, the accuracy of the proposed model was verified. The analysis results show that after the construction of the upper main structure, the uplift deformation of the tunnel has significantly decreased, but the local differential settlement increases, resulting in a significant increase in the internal force of the tunnel and the deformation of the annular joint. The groundwater leakage generally occurrs not at the location with the maximum uplift of tunnel, but between the location with the maximum opening of joint and the location with the maximum shearing dislocation. As a result, not only the total deformation but also the opening and dislocation deformation of joints caused by differential settlement should be concerned in practice. Although the shear deformation generally accounts for about 21.41% of tunnel deformation, the induced shearing dislocation is significant compared with the opening caused by bending, which can be more important for waterproof in joints. The analytic model should not neglect the shearing deformation of the tunnel.