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Progress test on language competence in Russian

The article presents first and preliminary results of experimental study conducted as a part of the multidisciplinary exploration of the Middle Paleolithic complexes in Chagyrskaya Cave in 2017. Research program included physical simulation of mineral raw material knapping and stone tools production, as well as experiments on manufacturing bone tools and using the resulting bone replicas for processing organic and non-organic materials available to the inhabitants of Chagyrskaya Cave. The experiments on processing stone tools by retouchers made of long bones of large mammals have made it possible to identify the sequence traces of utilization and compare the results with the tools from the archaeological assemblage of Chagyrskaya Cave. This data forms the basis for the further experimental trace analysis of the Middle Paleolithic complexes from the Altai Mountains.

Chagyrskaya cave is a key-site of the Middle Paleolithic Sibiryachikha Facies in Gorny Altai. During the field season of 2018, field work was focused upon the central chamber; the total excavation square was two square meters. The cultural layers of Chagyrskaya cave have yielded new numerous assemblages of stone artefacts, paleontological and paleoanthropological materials. The study area is characterized by a high degree of carnivore activity. During the field works, new stratigraphic and sedimentologic data from the lithological layers of Chagyrskaya cave have been obtained. Numerous bone tools, such as retouchers, intermediate tools, points with rounded tips and pressure tools are the unique findings for the regional Middle Paleolithic. The lithic assemblage contains a significant number of tools and is typical for the Middle Paleolithic Sibiryachikha assemblages in Gorny Altai.

[ARTICLE EN RUSSE] In this article on the basis of Russian and Swiss concepts and methods of cultural geography, the authors Irina Babich and Julia Wirth consider the role of cultural values in the process of positioning territorial brands (case study — North Caucasus and Switzerland).

Sanal says that the Mongolist Boris Vladimirtsov wrote extensively on the social structure of the Mongols and Turks. According to Vladimirtsov, the Mongolian nomadic society developed according to its inner laws. Although many nomadic peoples did not go through feudalism, both the Mongols and Turks went through this stage. Sanal says that people in Kalmykia often complain that they have lost their culture, forgotten their tribal affiliations, etc. But according to him, this is inevitable if one looks at the larger picture of how primitive/tribal societies develop into nations. Primitive or tribal societies can be characterized by an equal division of plunder or property among their members. For example, when the Mongols conquered other countries, in the behavior of their warriors one can discern the remnants of their primitive societal structure. After taking a town, the Mongol warriors were given three days to plunder. Those who continued plundering after three days, were punished by death.

Nepaliaujamai kintant ekonominei ir kultūrinei pasaulio situacijai, šiuolaikiniam žmogui itin reikalingas konstruktyvus dialogas su kitais visuomenės nariais. Norint užmegzti ir palaikyti gerus tarpusavio santykius, būtina tiesti bendradarbiavimo tiltus tarp skirtingų kultūrų ir šalių. Tarpkultūriniams humanitariniams ryšiams didžiulę reikšmę turi kalba – vienintelis instrumentas, įgalinantis įvairiausių kalbinių-etninių bendrijų atstovus vieniems kitus suprati. Kalba neatskiriama nuo žmogaus. Kalba neegzistuoja be žmogaus, o žmogus –be kalbos. Kalba perteikia mus supantį pasaulį ir žmonijos sukurtas vertybes. Todėl mokant užsienio kalbos (įskaitant ir rusų kalbą kaip užsienio kalbą), reikėtų ugdyti ir komunikacinius įgūdžius, leidžiančius efektyviai bendrauti skirtingų tautų ir kultūrų atstovams, supažindinti studentus su ta kalba šnekančios tautos gyvenimu, istorija, materialiniu bei dvasiniu paveldu. Siekiant šio tikslo, pastaruoju metu tyrinėjimai, susiję su kalbų mokymo didaktika ir metodika, vis akivaizdžiau perorientuojami į tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos studijas. Sparčiai populiarėja nauja filologijos disciplina – lingvokultūrologija, tyrinėjanti, kaip kalbos atsiradimas, raiška bei suvokimas veikia komunikacinius procesus, aprašanti kalbinį pasaulio paveikslą, užtikrinanti auklėjamąsias, švietėjiškas bei intelektualines mokymo funkcijas. Mokantis užsienio kalbos, per maža žinoti atskirų žodžių reikšmes ir gramatikos taisykles – ne mažiau svarbu: 1) išmanyti, kada, kaip, kam, kur ir kokiomis aplinkybėmis pasakyti; 2) žinoti, ką vienu ar kitu žodžiu įvardijamas dalykas reiškia realiame pasaulyje, kuriame ta kalba vartojama. Studijuojant rusų kalbą kaip užsienio kalbą, būtina ne tik išmanyti lingvistinius dalykus, bet ir įsigilinti į rusų etnokultūrą.[...].

Excavations undertaken in the upper portion of the Pleistocene deposits from South Chamber of Denisova Cave yielded a set of bone tools in association with numerous stone artifacts. The Middle Palaeolithic layer 12 revealed bone retouchers and a retouched bone fragment. Along with lightly modified bone tools such as retouchers and retouched pieces, Layer 11 has yielded such stone tools as a point, a needle, a polisher and a tool blank, all attributed to the early Upper Palaeolithic. The obtained archaeological record has made it possible to reconstruct technologies of manufacturing lightly and significantly modified bone tools. Use-wear analysis of the point, needle and polisher has shown clear signs of usage and a range of deformation features associated with utilization.

Словарь современного русского литературного языка. This is the largest completed Academic dictionary of the Russian language. It spans 17 volumes and covers the vocabulary from the end of the 18th century until the 1960s.

Sangadzhi says that the Kalmyks have a unique fate connected with wars and blood. For many centuries the Kalmyks fought with others and participated in Russian military campaigns. Since shamanism required the worship of furious gods, the Kalmyks adopted this religion in order to preserve their nation.