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The database includes clinical and connectome data from a sample of ALS patients carrying the C9orf72 mutation (ALSC9+), non-mutation-carriers ALS patients (ALSC9-), and ALS mimics (ALSmimics). The reported data consist of: demographic data (i.e., Age and Sex assigned at birth), clinical data (i.e., Bulbar/spinal onset, ALSFRS, Survival, disease duration, and King's Staging System scores), and connectome results.

Electrophysiological evidence suggested primarily the involvement of area MT in depth cue integration in macaques, as opposed to human imaging data pinpointing area V3B/KO. To clarify this conundrum, we decoded monkey fMRI responses evoked by stimuli signaling near or far depths defined by binocular disparity, relative motion and their combination, and we compared results with those from an identical experiment previously performed in humans.Responses in macaque area MT are more discriminable when two cues concurrently signal depth, and information provided by one cue is diagnostic of depth indicated by the other. This suggests that monkey area MT computes fusion of disparity and motion depth signals, exactly as shown for human area V3B/KO. Hence, these data reconcile previously reported discrepancies between depth processing in human and monkey by showing the involvement of the dorsal stream in depth cue integration using the same technique, despite the engagement of different regions. data describing fig 1-8 and sfig 1-12data.zip

Research data supporting the paper: Bergholt, M.S. et al., "Correlated heterospectral lipidomics for biomolecular profiling of remyelination in multiple sclerosis", ACS Central Science, 2017, DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00367.

Perception adapts to mismatching multisensory information, both when different cues appear simultaneously and when they appear sequentially. While both multisensory integration and adaptive trial-by-trial recalibration are central for behavior, it remains unknown whether they are mechanistically linked and arise from a common neural substrate. To relate the neural underpinnings of sensory integration and recalibration, we measured whole-brain magnetoencephalography while human participants performed an audio-visual ventriloquist task. Using single-trial multivariate analysis, we localized the perceptually-relevant encoding of multisensory information within and between trials. While we found neural signatures of multisensory integration within temporal and parietal regions, only medial superior parietal activity encoded past and current sensory information and mediated the perceptual recalibration within and between trials. These results highlight a common neural substrate of sensory integration and perceptual recalibration, and reveal a role of medial parietal regions in linking present and previous multisensory evidence to guide adaptive behavior. PARK_KAYSER_RecalMEG_2019Please see README file.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a crucial role in the surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies investigating optimal protocols for STN visualization using state of the art magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have shown that susceptibility weighted images, which display the magnetic susceptibility distribution, yield better results than T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and T2*-weighted contrasts. However, these findings are based on young healthy individuals, and require validation in elderly individuals and persons suffering from PD. Using 7T MRI, the present study set out to investigate which MRI contrasts yielded the best results for STN visualization in 12 PD patients and age-matched healthy controls (HC). We found that STNs were more difficult to delineate in PD as reflected by a lower inter-rater agreement when compared to HCs. No STN size differences were observed between the groups. Analyses of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) images showed a higher inter-rater agreement reflected by increased Dice-coefficients. The location of the center of mass of the STN was not affected by contrast. Overall, contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) were higher in QSM than in T2*-weighted images. This can at least partially, explain the higher inter-rater agreement in QSM. The current results indicate that the calculation of QSM contrasts contributes to an improved visualization of the entire STN. We conclude that QSM contrast is the preferred choice for the visualization of the STN in persons with PD as well as in aging HC. STN probability atlasThis atlas takes advantage of ultra-high resolution 7T MRI to provide unprecedented levels of detail on structures of the basal ganglia in-vivo. The atlas includes a disease-specific probability map of the subthalamic Nucleus based on Parkinson's Disease patients. The atlas is based either on QSM or T2*-weighted structural scans.STN_pd_plosone_atlas.zip

A major feat of social beings is to encode what their conspecifics see, know or believe. While various nonhuman animals show precursors of these abilities, humans perform uniquely sophisticated inferences about other people’s mental states. However, it is still unclear how these possibly human-specific capacities develop and whether preverbal infants, similarly to adults form representations of other agents’ mental states, specifically metarepresentations. We explored the neuro-cognitive bases of 8-month-olds’ ability to encode the world from another person’s perspective, using gamma-band EEG activity over the temporal lobes, an established neural signature for sustained object representation after occlusion. We observed such gamma-band activity when an object was occluded from the infants’ perspective, as well as when it was occluded only from the other person (Experiment 1), and also when subsequently the object disappeared but the person falsely believed the object to be present (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that the cognitive systems involved in representing the world from infants’ own perspective are also recruited for encoding others’ beliefs. Such results point to an early developing, powerful apparatus suitable to deal with multiple concurrent representations; and suggest that infants can have a metarepresentational understanding of other minds even before the onset of language. EEG data 8mo infants kampis_parise_csibra_kovacsEEG Data of manuscript Kampis, Parise, Csibra & Kovács. Values depict averaged activation between 25-35 Hz on the indicated channels and conditions.

Direct brain control of advanced robotic systems promises substantial improvements in health care, for example, to restore intuitive control of hand movements required for activities of daily living in quadriplegics, like holding a cup and drinking, eating with cutlery, or manipulating different objects. However, such integrated, brain- or neural-controlled robotic systems have yet to enter broader clinical use or daily life environments. We demonstrate full restoration of independent daily living activities, such as eating and drinking, in an everyday life scenario across six paraplegic individuals (five males, 30 ± 14 years) who used a noninvasive, hybrid brain/neural hand exoskeleton (B/NHE) to open and close their paralyzed hand. The results broadly suggest that brain/neural-assistive technology can restore autonomy and independence in quadriplegic individuals’ everyday life. Output dataset of EEG/EOG B/NHE controlOutput dataset of hybrid EEG/EOG brain/neural hand exoskeleton control.Soekadar2016_ZIP2.zipSource Codes and Software for EEG/EOG B/NHE control used in Soekadar et al. 2016This data container includes the custom-made modules for EEG/EOG-based B/NHE control that were embedded into the BCI2000 environment used in Soekadar et al. 2016. Please see the included tutorial for instructions on how to install and run the software.Soekadar2016_ZIP1.zip

Understanding object-directed actions performed by others is central to everyday life. This ability is thought to rely on the interaction between the dorsal action observation network (AON) and a ventral object recognition pathway. On this view, the AON would encode action kinematics, and the ventral pathway, the most likely intention afforded by the objects. However, experimental evidence supporting this model is still scarce. Here, we aimed to disentangle the contribution of dorsal vs. ventral pathways to action comprehension by exploiting their differential tuning to lowspatial frequencies (LSFs) and high-spatial frequencies (HSFs). We filtered naturalistic action images to contain only LSF or HSF and measured behavioral performance and corticospinal excitability (CSE) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Actions were embedded in congruent or incongruent scenarios as defined by the compatibility between grips and intentions afforded by the contextual objects. Behaviorally, participants were better at discriminating congruent actions in intact than LSF images. This effect was reversed for incongruent actions, with better performance for LSF than intact and HSF. These modulations were mirrored at the neurophysiological level, with greater CSE facilitation for congruent than incongruent actions for HSF and the opposite pattern for LSF images. Finally, only for LSF did we observe CSE modulations according to grip kinematics. While results point to differential dorsal (LSF) and ventral (HSF) contributions to action comprehension for grip and context encoding, respectively, the negative congruency effect for LSF images suggests that object processing may influence action perception not only through ventral-to-dorsal connections, but also through a dorsal-to-dorsal route involved in predictive processing.

Higher cognition may require the globally coordinated integration of specialized brain regions into functional networks. A collection of structural cortical hubs—referred to as the rich club—has been hypothesized to support task-specific functional integration. In the present paper, we use a whole-cortex model to estimate directed interactions between 68 cortical regions from functional magnetic resonance imaging activity for four different tasks (reflecting different cognitive domains) and resting state. We analyze the state-dependent input and output effective connectivity (EC) of the structural rich club and relate these to whole-cortex dynamics and network reconfigurations. We find that the cortical rich club exhibits an increase in outgoing EC during task performance as compared with rest while incoming connectivity remains constant. Increased outgoing connectivity targets a sparse set of peripheral regions with specific regions strongly overlapping between tasks. At the same time, community detection analyses reveal massive reorganizations of interactions among peripheral regions, including those serving as target of increased rich club output. This suggests that while peripheral regions may play a role in several tasks, their concrete interplay might nonetheless be task-specific. Furthermore, we observe that whole-cortex dynamics are faster during task as compared with rest. The decoupling effects usually accompanying faster dynamics appear to be counteracted by the increased rich club outgoing EC. Together our findings speak to a gating mechanism of the rich club that supports fast-paced information exchange among relevant peripheral regions in a task-specific and goal-directed fashion, while constantly listening to the whole network. DATA_TASK_3DMOV_HP_CSF_WDBriefly, data comes from five functional runs consisting of a resting-state measurement (eyes closed), four individual task measurements including a visual n-back (n=2) task (Kirchner, 1958), the Eriksen flanker task (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974), a mental rotation task (Shepard & Metzler, 1971), and a verbal odd-man-out task (Flowers & Robertson, 1985). All runs comprise 192 data points with tasks being continuously performed during this period. For the n-back and flanker task, stimuli were presented at a rate of 0.5 Hz; for the mental rotation and odd-man out tasks they were presented at a rate of 0.25 Hz. Task sequence was counterbalanced across participants with the exception that the resting state functional run was always acquired first to prevent carry-over effects (Grigg & Grady, 2010). The data were acquired using a 3 Tesla Siemens Prisma Fit (upgraded Tim Trio) scanner and a 64-channel head coil. Initial preprocessing was performed using BrainVoyager QX (v2.6; Brain Innovation, Maastricht, the Netherlands). This includes slice scan time correction, 3D-motion correction, high-pass filtering with a frequency cutoff of .01 Hz, and registration of functional and anatomical images. Subsequently, using MATLAB (2013a, The MathWorks,Natick, MA), signals were cleaned by performing wavelet despiking (Patel & Bullmore, 2015) and regressing out a global noise signal given by the first principal component of signals observed within the cerebrospinal fluid of the ventricles. Next, voxels were uniquely assigned to one of the 68 cortical ROIs specified by the DK atlas and an average BOLD time-series was computed for each region as the mean time-series over all voxels of that region.