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Mobile devices, especially smartphones represent a unique challenge for law enforcement. Criminal offenders use phones to communicate, coordinate, organise and execute criminal actions. This is especially true for organised crime and terrorist organisations. This development provides new challenges for criminal prosecution and it is vital to empower law enforcement to access the data stored on mobile devices to use it as court evidence in a trustworthy and reliable manner.The overarching objective of FORMOBILE is to establish a complete end to end forensic investigation chain, targeting for mobile devices. To achieve this goal three objectives will be pursued. Novel tools shall be developed that include the acquisition of previously unavailable mobile data, unlocking mobile devices, as well as the decoding and analysis of mobile data. Based on the definition ofrequirements of law enforcement and legal and ethical issues a new mobile forensics standard shall be developed. With the developments of the new standard and the new tools, training for police and criminal prosecution will be established, providing the end users with the latest knowledge in a novel and an innovative curriculum to ensure a quality standard of investigations.The European Union (EU) has developed as a Security Union, building on the European Agenda on Security. This aims to ensure that people live in an area of freedom, security, and justice, without internal frontiers. To strengthen digital forensics in the context of criminal investigations is crucial to achieve this vision. FORMOBILE contributes to the fight against virtually all forms of crime. This isbecause mobile devices are widely used in crimes, especially in the arrangement of conspiracies.Yet, there are crimes more closely related to mobile devices; this includes child abuse and emerging forms of cybercrime in particular. To fight crime effectively, law enforcement has to be empowered to access all evidence stored on mobile devices.

The rise and proliferation of the online economy, centred specifically on platforms, has opened new opportunities for private individuals to sell their labour in new and more flexible ways. Either full or part-time or when convenient or requested. However, this has also created conflicts as unions see the increased utilization of freelancers and the self-employed as undercutting adopted collective agreements and the terms agreed to in these particular arrangements. Or at least this is how the unions prefer to present the matter and as always the truth is more complex

What to consider a restriction of competition under Article 101 (1) is complex. However, the text of Article 101 (1) refers to agreements that are anti-competitive by object or by effect. A segregation utilized in early cases such as Consten and Grundig and Société Technique Minière. Both from 1966 and both involving the appraisal under Article 101 (1) of exclusive distribution agreements. In the first, the parties had attempted to (ab)use an exclusive distribution agreement to prevent parallel imports from outside the allotted territory, which was detrimental to the object of Article 101 (1). In the latter, the Court of Justice stated that restriction by object or effect was not cumulative, but two alternative ways of analyzing potential restrictions.

There has been considerable scholarly attention on the International Criminal Court (ICC) since it came into operation nearly two decades ago. Most of this literature has focused on the role of the Court in the global justice system, particularly its relationship with states. It has been argued that through complementarity – the recognition of states’ primacy over the ICC in exercise of jurisdiction within their territories – the Court may exert pressure on states to prosecute international crimes by acting as a catalyst for domestic action. These theoretical assumptions have been followed up with empirical studies on the effects of complementarity on ICC situation countries. Complementarity-focused research has, therefore, sought to determine whether threatened or actual intervention of the ICC has spurred domestic prosecution of international crimes. While this has been the main focus of studies on the impact of the ICC and certainly provides useful data, there has been limited attention on assessing the impact of the ICC from a holistic perspective which would entail understanding the Court’s broader ‘shadow’ and how that shadow has shaped narratives of conflict and how to redress it. Even though the ICC’s broader purpose beyond its role as a criminal court is contested, this research engages with key documents, policies and decisions of the Court to problematise the Court’s identity, on one hand, and empirical data from selected case studies to assess how the Court has been ‘received’ in the local set up, on the other hand. Further to understanding this ‘dialogue’, this thesis proposes a new framework of looking at impact through the political relationship between the ICC and the Situation country. This framework is then applied in explaining why impact may differ from one Situation to another.