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To provide the most comprehensive picture of species phylogeny and phylogeography of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), we analysed mtDNA control region (610 bp) of 1469 samples of roe deer from Central and Eastern Europe and included in the analyses an additional 1,541 mtDNA sequences from GenBank from other regions of the continent. We detected two mtDNA lineages of the species: European and Siberian (an introgression of C. pygargus mtDNA into C. capreolus). The Siberian lineage was most frequent in the eastern part of the continent and declined towards Central Europe. The European lineage contained three clades (Central, Eastern and Western) composed of several subclades, many of which were separated in space. The Western clade appeared to have a discontinuous range from Portugal to Russia. Most of the subclades in the Central and the Eastern clades were under expansion during the Weichselian glacial period before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), while the expansion time of the Western clade overlapped with the Eemian interglacial. The high genetic diversity of extant roe deer is the result of their survival during the LGM probably in a large, contiguous range spanning from the Iberian Peninsula to the Caucasus Mts. and in two northern refugia. Funding provided by: European CommissionCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780Award Number: PIRSES- GA-2009-247652Funding provided by: Narodowe Centrum NaukiCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004281Award Number: 2013/11/B/NZ8/00884

Arctic PASSION Online Seminar on "Lake Ice Information in Your Pocket" 10 November 1 PM GMT Get to know the Lake Ice Service tool for your pocket, listen to the current status of its development as well as our future steps towards the expanded service. The Lake Ice Service collects lake ice information from multiple sources and visualizes the information in an easily accessible and understandable format website map tool. These information are generated by satellite data, governmental in situ networks as well as Community-Based Monitoring. Among other things, lake ice information is important for our understanding of ice-related changes and climate change. Lake ice is sensitive to intra-annual temperature fluctuations and long-term temperature trends. Beside the climate change aspect, lake ice data are important for transport, arctic livelihood, and safety issues. The information will be useful for citizens and local communities as well as for scientific purposes. The development of the Lake Ice Service is part of the Arctic PASSION project and will be further extended and co-designed in cooperation with users. Speakers: Kirsikka Heinilä (Senior research scientist at the Finnish Environment Institute/Arctic PASSION) Timo Pyhälahti (Senior expert at the Finnish Environment Institute/Arctic PASSION) Moderation: Lisa Grosfeld (Project Manager at the Alfred Wegener Institute/Arctic PASSION), Oda Mulelid (GRID-Arendal/Arctic PASSION) Webinar recording: https://youtu.be/_g097u4MsD8 Related links: Check the current version of TARKKA + here: https://testbed.ymparisto.fi/eo-tarkka/. If you want to get in touch with the lake ice service developers, please contact: kirsikka.heinila(at)syke.fi or timo.pyhalahti(at)syke.fi. This seminar was part of the Arctic PASSION Online Seminar and Dialogue Series. This series is a tool to communicate project topics, share ideas, plans and results, and initiate an inclusive and proactive dialogue with people from different groups, backgrounds and career levels. It is targeted to Arctic and Indigenous Youth, Early Career Scientists and other interested audiences. © Flyer design by Lisa Grosfeld (APECS/AWI) and photo by Copernicus/SYKE

Report that provides a final and detailed description of the Argo float operations in shallow areas of the European Marginal Seas, the associated technical aspects and recommendations for float activities in these areas.

A report on the adaptation of existing DMQC methods to marginal seas (Arctic, Baltic and Mediterranean Seas).

Tässä kandityössä tutkitaan polymeerikomposiittien käyttökohteita ja käyttöön johtaneita syitä veneteollisuudessa. Työssä on selvitetty veneteollisuuden erityisiä materiaaleihin liittyviä vaatimuksia, sekä polymeerikomposiittien soveltuvuutta veneteollisuuteen. Työstä selviää myös erilaisia polymeerikomposiittien kehityskohteita veneteollisuudessa. Tutkimus on kirjallisuuskatsaus, jonka tietolähteinä käytetään painettua kirjallisuutta, sekä julkisia internetistä löytyviä artikkeleita ja valmistajien kotisivuja. Tutkimuksessa tutkitaan pääasiassa alle 24-metrisiä veneitä, sillä sitä suurempia aluksia voidaan pitää jo laivoina. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että polymeerikomposiitit ovat erittäin suosittu materiaali veneteollisuudessa, mutta polymeerikomposiiteilla on kuitenkin vielä kehitys tarpeita. Työn tuloksena löydettiin veneteollisuuteen sopivien polymeerikomposiittien tärkeitä ominaisuuksia, sekä käyttökohteita. This bachelor’s thesis investigates the applications of polymer composites and the reasons behind the use of polymer composites in the boat industry. The research explains what is required from materials in boat industry, and how polymer composites suite the boat industry applications. The work also reveals development needs for polymer composites in the boat industry. The study is a literature review in which printed literature as well as public articles and manufacturers' websites are used as sources. The study focuses on boats less than 24 long in length, as larger ones can already be considered ships. The study found that polymer composites are already a very popular material in the boat industry, but polymer composites still have development needs in the industry. As a result of this study, important properties, and applications for polymer composites in boat industry were found.

Occurrence and distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a sub-category of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), is widespread in the environment. Food, especially fish meat, is a major pathway via which humans are exposed to PFAAs. As fish is an integral part of Nordic diet, therefore, in this study, several fish species, caught in selected Baltic Sea basins and freshwater bodies of Finland, were analysed for PFAAs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected in all Baltic Sea fish samples and in >80% fish samples from freshwaters. PFOS contributed between 46 and 100% to the total PFAA concentration in Baltic Sea fish samples and between 19 and 28% in fish samples from freshwaters. Geographically, concentration ratios of PFOS to other PFAAs differed between fish from the Baltic Sea and Finnish lakes suggesting that distribution of PFAAs differ in these environments. Results were compared with current safety thresholds – environmental quality standard for biota (EQSbiota) set by the European Commission and a group tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for the sum of four PFASs (∑PFAS-4) i.e. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and PFOS, recommended by the European Food Authority (EFSA). EQSbiota compliance was observed for PFOS in all species except smelt caught in the Baltic Sea and also in the River Aurajoki, where smelt had migrated from the Baltic Sea for spawning. Moderate consumption of most Baltic fishes (200 g week−1) results in an exceedance of the new TWI (4.4 ng kg−1 body weight week−1) for ∑PFAS-4. Highlights • Fish caught in the Baltic Sea and Finland's freshwaters were analysed for 13 PFAAs. • ∑PFAA concentrations were highest in the Baltic smelt. • PFOS was most frequently detected PFAA in fish from freshwaters and the Baltic Sea. • PFOS concentration in all species except in smelt was below the EQSbiota. • TWI derived by EFSA for ∑PFAS-4 was exceeded in 10 of 13 Baltic fish species.

Electrification and digital tools are both on the rise. Digital tools can save time and resources, while for example hybrid and full electric marine vessels decrease operating costs and emissions in transport. These vessels require their power electronic devices to work perfectly in synchronization as a complete system, which requires careful parameterization of the equipment and control logic. The objective of this thesis is to create a simplified simulation model of a generic marine hybrid powertrain to be used in parameter testing. The minimum required parameters needed to parameterize the model to match a real-life vessel and a verification of the model's function are also needed. The simulation model was made with Matlab and Simulink from MathWorks. The modelled system's layout is based on multiple existing Danfoss Editron projects, as the model would need to be usable for different set-ups. Existing simulation models and their components were used for guidance and as building blocks. The model's logic and rules are based on Danfoss Editron's internal instructions, manuals, and knowledge. The final product is presented in sections. The simulation model contains genset models, an energy storage model, a load model, a power balance model, and a DC-link model. Input and output signals as well as relevant equations are given for each of these sections. Continuous testing was done throughout the development of the model, and the performance of the final version was verified by parameterizing it to match an existing vessel and comparing the model's output data to measured data. A list of minimum required parameters for setting up the model was constructed during the verification tests and these parameter lists are presented. Based on the relatively small errors between simulated and measured data, the model could be used in parameter and control logic testing in pre-commissioning. Further development could be done to include for example a PLC model, more precise diesel and battery models, more options for different control types, and more user interface functions. Maailma sähköistyy ja digitaaliset työkalut yleistyvät. Digitaalisilla työkaluilla voidaan säästää aikaa ja resursseja, kun taas esimerkiksi hybridi- ja täyssähkölaivat vähentävät käyttökustannuksia ja päästöjä liikenteessä. Tällaisissa laivoissa käytetyn tehoelektroniikan on muodostettava yhtenäisesti toimiva järjestelmä, mikä vaatii tarkkaa laitteiden ja ohjauslogiikan parametrisointia. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tehdä yksinkertainen ja yleispätevä simulaatiomalli hybridilaivan sähköisestä voimansiirtojärjestelmästä parametritestaamista varten. Vähimmäisvaatimuksena olevat parametrit, joilla mallin saa parametrisoitua vastaamaan oikeaa laivaa, sekä mallin verifiointi vaaditaan myös. Simulaatiomalli toteutettiin MathWorksin Matlabilla ja Simulinkillä. Simuloidun järjestelmän rakenne perustuu useaan Danfoss Editronin todelliseen projektiin, koska mallin pitää olla sovellettavissa erilaisiin järjestelmiin. Olemassa olevia simulaatiomalleja ja niiden osia käytettiin työssä sekä suuntaohjeina että varsinaisina komponentteina. Mallin logiikka ja säännöt pohjautuvat Danfoss Editronin sisäisiin ohjeisiin, manuaaleihin ja tietoihin. Lopputulos esitellään osissa. Simulaatiossa on generaattori-, energiavarasto-, kuorma-, tehotasapaino- sekä DC-linkkimallit. Jokaiselle osiolle esitetään sisään- ja ulostulosignaalit sekä olennaiset yhtälöt. Mallia testattiin jatkuvasti sen kehityksen aikana ja lopullinen versio verifioitiin parametrisoimalla se vastaamaan olemassa olevaa laivaa ja vertaamalla mallin antamaa dataa mitattuun dataan. Mallin valmistelussa tarvitut olennaisimmat parametrit listattiin verifiointiprosessin aikana ja nämä listat esitellään työssä. Simuloidun ja mitatun datan suhteellisten pienten eroavaisuuksien perusteella tämän työn aikana rakennettu simulaatiomalli soveltuu kätettäväksi käyttöönottoa edeltävissä parametri- ja ohjauslogiikkatesteissä. Jatkokehitysvaiheissa malliin voitaisiin esimerkiksi lisätä PLC-malli, tarkemmat diesel- ja akkumallit, enemmän ohjauslogiikkavaihtoehtoja, sekä kehittää käyttöliittymää.

Nitrogen regulates multiple aspects of the permafrost climate feedback, including plant growth, organic matter decomposition, and the production of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide. Despite its importance, current estimates of permafrost nitrogen are highly uncertain. Here, we compiled a dataset of >2000 samples to quantify nitrogen stocks in the Yedoma domain, a region with organic-rich permafrost that contains ~25% of all permafrost carbon. We estimate that the Yedoma domain contains 41.2 gigatons of nitrogen down to ~20 metre for the deepest unit, which increases the previous estimate for the entire permafrost zone by ~46%. Approximately 90% of this nitrogen (37 gigatons) is stored in permafrost and therefore currently immobile and frozen. Here, we show that of this amount, ¾ is stored >3 metre depth, but if partially mobilised by thaw, this large nitrogen pool could have continental-scale consequences for soil and aquatic biogeochemistry and global-scale consequences for the permafrost feedback.