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Informe elaborat en el context de desconfinament davant l’emergència provocada per la COVID-19. Informe elaborado en el contexto de desconfinamiento ante la emergencia provocada por la COVID-19. Report prepared in the context of deconfinement to the emergency caused by COVID-19.

The paper discusses the issue of disasters in a globalized world and their impact on the most vulnerable members of society. Globalization is one of the central themes of the modern world. Globalization in the context of disasters can be understood as connectedness. Epidemics, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, economic crises, , world hunger, wars, industrial and environmental disasters and pollution, terrorist acts, threatening climate change tell us about complexity of world and how a catastrophic event can affect members of society. Globalization itself creates risks or new forms of old risks. Attitudes, political decisions and dealing with disaster can be more harmful than primary event. The work was written at the time of the earthquakes and the COVID-19 epidemic, and of all the information gathered, the most fascinating was the repeating history of catastrophic events. Events take place in one spatial and temporal continuum, often characterized by similar consequences and similar impacts on the most vulnerable groups in society, as well as the stages through which society and persons go through to overcome them. The new circumstance of disaster response is social media, information technology, the powerful role of science and technology in dealing with it and fast technological and social development. The ubiquity of the media, the creation of social opinion and immersion in media content gives a special dimension of response to catastrophic events, as well as the perception of who are the victims and what are the potential consequences. The importance of democratic and political decisions speaks not only about the importance of connectedness, but also about the trends in society. Globalization and disasters can be viewed from different perspectives and ideological points of view. Vulnerable people can also be seen through multiple prisms and there is no consensus on who more limited resources should be devoted to. Globalization as well as disasters is catalysts of social change, as such they are a valuable source for research and scientific knowledge. Just as an earthquake reveals the structure of houses, showing all its weaknesses, so the disasters in a globalized world show the vulnerabilities of society, resilience and their capacity for change. Written work usually mirrors the historical context and the circumstances in which it was created. Disasters and historical events of this size give us opportunity to see and analyze world in different state of equilibrium, maybe to help somebody, maybe to gather knowledge for better handling future disaster events. It put us in the state of preparedness and sense that time, material goods and life isn’t limitless, and our quality of life is correlated with life of others. The crisis tells us about importance of social sciences, and their responsibility to act as critic or corrective of inequality and harmful or injustice practice. Globalizacija je jedna od glavnih tema modernog svijeta. Globalizaciju u kontekstu katastrofa možemo shvatiti kao međupovezanost. Epidemije, potresi, erupcije vulkana, ekonomske krize, glad u svijetu, ratovi, industrijske i ekološke katastrofe i zagađenja, teroristički akti „vukova samotnjaka“, prijeteće klimatske promjene govore nam o tome koliko je svijet među povezan i kako katastrofalan događaj može utjecati na naizgled zaboravljene članove društva. Globalizacija i sama stvara rizike ili nove oblike starih rizika. Stavovi, političke odluke i nošenje sa katastrofom mogu predstavljati uvod u „katastrofu poslije katastrofe“. Rad je intenzivno pisan u vrijeme potresa i epidemije COVID-19, te je od svih sakupljenih informacija najfascinantnija bila povijest katastrofalnih događaja. Događaji se odvijaju u jednom prostorno – vremenskom kontinuumu, često ih karakteriziraju slične posljedice i slični utjecaji na najranjivije skupine u društvu, kao i faze kroz koje društvo i osobe prolaze u njihovom prevladavanju. Nova okolnost reagiranja na katastrofe su društveni mediji, informacijska tehnologija, snažna uloga znanosti u nošenju sa problemima i ubrzani tehnološki razvoj. Evidentna je i brza prilagodba društva i pogodovanje ili usporavanje trendova i inicijativa. Sveprisutnost medija, kreiranje društvenog mišljenja, konstrukcija značenja i uronjenost u medijske sadržaje daje posebnu dimenziju odgovora na katastrofalne događaje, kao i percepciju tko su žrtve i koje su moguće posljedice. Važnost demokratskih i političkih odluka te izbora, govori ne samo o važnosti međusobne povezanosti, nego i o trendovima prema kojima se društvo kreće. Globalizacija i katastrofe mogu se promatrati iz različitih perspektiva i ideoloških gledišta, kroz rad se primjećuju ti pristupi i pozicije. Navedene definicije i podaci mogu djelovati naizgled oprečno, te nam govore da se ispod njih nalazili više međusobno poveznih razina. Na kraju i pojam ranjivih osoba može biti viđen kroz više prizmi i ne postoji konsenzus o tome kome treba posvetiti ograničene resurse, ili je on samo formalan. Globalizacija kao i katastrofe katalizatori su društvenih promjena, kao takve vrijedan su izvor za istraživanje i znanstvene spoznaje. Kao što potres otkriva strukturu kuća, pokazujući sve njene slabosti, tako i katastrofe u globaliziranom svijetu pokazuju ranjivosti društva, otpornosti i njihove kapacitete za promjenom. Svako pisano djelo zrcali povijesnu epohu i okolnosti u kojem je nastalo. Krize i katastrofe pozivaju na preuzimanje uloge aktivnih sudionika na izgradnji politike i pomoći najugroženijim članovima društva, tako i studij kojemu sam imao čast prisustvovati i teme kojima sam se imao prilike tokom istog baviti, pokazuju se neophodnima u kreiranju odgovora na posljedice katastrofa i globalizacijska kretanja, te nužnost daljnih istraživanja trenutnih okolnosti kako bi bili pripremljeni na buduće krizne situacije.

This publication corresponds to the Common Data Model (CDM) specification of the Baseline Use Case proposed in T.5.2 (WP5) in the BY-COVID project on “SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine(s) effectiveness in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.” Research Question: “How effective have the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination programmes been in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections?” Intervention (exposure): COVID-19 vaccine(s) Outcome: SARS-CoV-2 infection Subgroup analysis: Vaccination schedule (type of vaccine) Study Design: An observational retrospective longitudinal study to assess the effectiveness of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections using routinely collected social, health and care data from several countries. A causal model was established using Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) to map domain knowledge, theories and assumptions about the causal relationship between exposure and outcome. The DAG developed for the research question of interest is shown below. Cohort definition: All people eligible to be vaccinated (from 5 to 115 years old, included) or with, at least, one dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (any of the available brands) having or not a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inclusion criteria: All people vaccinated with at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (any available brands) in an area of residence. Any person eligible to be vaccinated (from 5 to 115 years old, included) with a positive diagnosis (irrespective of the type of test) for SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) during the period of study. Exclusion criteria: People not eligible for the vaccine (from 0 to 4 years old, included) Study period: From the date of the first documented SARS-CoV-2 infection in each country to the most recent date in which data is available at the time of analysis. Roughly from 01-03-2020 to 30-06-2022, depending on the country. Files included in this publication: Causal model (responding to the research question) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness causal model v.1.0.0 (HTML) - Interactive report showcasing the structural causal model (DAG) to answer the research question SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness causal model v.1.0.0 (QMD) - Quarto RMarkdown script to produce the structural causal model Common data model specification (following the causal model) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness data model specification (XLXS) - Human-readable version (Excel) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness data model specification dataspice (HTML) - Human-readable version (interactive report) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness data model specification dataspice (JSON) - Machine-readable version Synthetic dataset (complying with the common data model specifications) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness synthetic dataset (CSV) [UTF-8, pipe | separated, N~650,000 registries] SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness synthetic dataset EDA (HTML) - Interactive report of the exploratory data analysis (EDA) of the synthetic dataset SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness synthetic dataset EDA (JSON) - Machine-readable version of the exploratory data analysis (EDA) of the synthetic dataset SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness synthetic dataset generation script (IPYNB) - Jupyter notebook with Python scripting and commenting to generate the synthetic dataset #### Baseline Use Case: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness assessment - Common Data Model Specification v.1.1.0 change log #### Updated Causal model to eliminate the consideration of 'vaccination_schedule_cd' as a mediator Adjusted the study period to be consistent with the Study Protocol Updated 'sex_cd' as a required variable Added 'chronic_liver_disease_bl' as a comorbidity at the individual level Updated 'socecon_lvl_cd' at the area level as a recommended variable Added crosswalks for the definition of 'chronic_liver_disease_bl' in a separate sheet Updated the 'vaccination_schedule_cd' reference to the 'Vaccine' node in the updated DAG Updated the description of the 'confirmed_case_dt' and 'previous_infection_dt' variables to clarify the definition and the need for a single registry per person

La pandemia de COVID-19 llegó en un contexto de creciente polarización política y desconfianza en las instituciones políticas en muchos países. ¿Pudieron las deficiencias en la gestión de la pandemia erosionar la confianza en las instituciones públicas? ¿Interfirió la ideología de los ciudadanos en la forma en que procesaban la información sobre el desempeño de los Gobiernos? Para investigar ambas cuestiones, en noviembre de 2020 llevamos a cabo en España un experimento online prerregistrado. A los encuestados del grupo de tratamiento les proporcionamos información sobre el número de rastreadores de contactos en su comunidad autónoma, una política clave bajo el control de los Gobiernos autonómicos. Encontramos que las personas sobrestiman en gran medida el número de rastreadores de su región. Cuando proporcionamos el número real de rastreadores, encontramos lo siguiente: una pérdida de la confianza en los Gobiernos; una reducción en la voluntad de financiar instituciones públicas, y una disminución de la aceptación de la vacuna contra el COVID-19. También encontramos que los individuos cambian endógenamente su atribución de responsabilidades al recibir el tratamiento. En las regiones donde los Gobiernos regionales y central están gobernados por diferentes partidos, los simpatizantes del Gobierno regional reaccionan a las malas noticias sobre la gestión del Gobierno atribuyendo una mayor responsabilidad al Gobierno central. A esto lo llamamos «efecto de blame-shifting». En estas regiones, la información negativa no se traduce en una menor intención de voto para el Gobierno regional. Estos resultados sugieren que la rendición de cuentas puede ser particularmente difícil en entornos con alta polarización política y donde las áreas de responsabilidad no están claramente delimitadas. The COVID-19 pandemic took place against the backdrop of growing political polarization and distrust in political institutions in many countries. Did deficiencies in government performance further erode trust in public institutions? Did citizens’ ideology interfere with the way they processed information on government performance? To investigate these two questions, we conducted a pre-registered online experiment in Spain in November 2020. Respondents in the treatment group were provided information on the number of contact tracers in their region, a key policy variable under the control of regional governments. We find that individuals greatly over-estimate the number of contact tracers in their region. When we provide the actual number of contact tracers, we find a decline in trust in governments, a reduction in willingness to fund public institutions and a decrease in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. We also find that individuals endogenously change their attribution of responsibilities when receiving the treatment. In regions where the regional and central governments are controlled by different parties, sympathizers of the regional incumbent react to the negative news on performance by attributing greater responsibility for it to the central government. We call this the blame shifting effect. In those regions, the negative information does not translate into lower voting intentions for the regional incumbent government. These results suggest that the exercise of political accountability may be particularly difficult in settings with high political polarization and areas of responsibility that are not clearly delineated.

En este trabajo se desarrolla un nuevo indicador mensual de cuellos de botella en las cadenas de suministro utilizando artículos de prensa. El índice de cuellos de botella de oferta (SBI, por sus siglas en inglés) proporciona una narración coherente de los problemas de suministro relacionados con las guerras, las catástrofes naturales, las huelgas y, más recientemente, la pandemia ocasionada por el COVID-19. Las innovaciones en el SBI tienen importantes implicaciones macroeconómicas: un aumento del SBI actúa como un shock de costes, disminuyendo la producción industrial y el empleo, y presionando al alza los precios, lo que dificulta la actuación de la política monetaria. We develop a new monthly indicator of supply bottlenecks using newspaper articles. The supply bottlenecks index (SBI) provides a consistent narrative of supply issues related to wars, natural disasters, strikes and, most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovations in the SBI have important macroeconomic implications: an increase in the SBI functions as a cost-push shock, decreasing industrial production and employment, and pushing prices up, so that monetary policy faces important trade-offs.

The world is presently burdened with the COVID-19 pandemic. As of 7 February 2022, there have been 394,381,395 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 5,735,179 deaths, reported to WHO. We used the Health Belief Model as a conceptual framework, which has largely been tested empirically to predict preventive health behaviour, focusing on the relationship between health behaviour on COVID-19 prevention. This data contains the questionnaire that we used in this research. The data contains questionnaire related to measuring Community Perception and COVID-19 Preventive using the Health Belief Model in Indonesia: Structural Equation Model Analysis and the data can be opened with Microsoft Excel.

La fouille de la Zac Saint-Christophe-La Prestière à Vallet (Loire-Atlantique) s’est déroulée dans le courant du premier semestre 2020 à l’emplacement d’un projet d’aménagement situé au cœur du bourg. Durant 3 mois, l’équipe de l’Inrap a mené cette opération articulée en deux phases séparées l’une de l’autre par le premier confinement sanitaire lié au Covid-19. Cette fouille offre un regard nouveau et inédit documentant l’évolution et la nature des occupations humaines dans ce secteur du bass...

Este cuestionario forma parte del Proyecto Infodemia 2021. El estudio ha tenido como objetivo recoger datos relacionados con el consumo de noticias y otra información de actualidad relacionada con la pandemia por la COVID-19. El estudio se encuentra coordinado por el Centro de Investigación y Transferencia Rizoma Redes (México/España), en colaboración con investigadores de la Univesitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona (España).

Pandemi COVID-19 telah berlangsung selama dua setengah tahun dan salah satu upaya penanganan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah adalah dengan mendorong vaksinasi COVID-19. Langkah ini diharapkan agar memperkuat imunitas masyarakat terhadap COVID-19 melalui tercapainya herd immunity, dan diperkuat dengan diwajibkannya vaksinasi booster dengan cara pembatasan mobilitas dan akses terhadap fasilitas umum kepada anggota masyarakat yang belum menerima vaksinasi booster COVID-19. Namun demikian, vaksin COVID-19 sendiri tidak dapat menghentikan penularan penyakit, dan demikian herd immunity tidak akan tercapai. Tinjauan pustaka pendek ini bertujuan untuk menjabarkan mengapa vaksin dan vaksin booster COVID-19 tidak dapat memenuhi syarat untuk menjadi intervensi kesehatan masyarakat yang baik, termasuk adanya beberapa aspek risiko pada vaksin COVID-19 yang belum dievaluasi secara komprehensif dalam prosedur regulasi dan otorisasi vaksin. Aspek tersebut termasuk risiko vaksin untuk menyebabkan autoimunitas, risiko vaksin untuk bersifat patogenik, risiko vaksin untuk berintegrasi ke dalam DNA sel inang, dan risiko vaksin untuk menyebabkan antibody enhancement of disease (ADE). Mengingat keterbatasan vaksin COVID-19 untuk menghambat penularan dan adanya risiko yang cukup signifikan, maka wajib vaksinasi dan vaksinasi booster COVID-19 agar sebaiknya dihentikan dan hak dan kedaulatan setiap orang untuk memutuskan agar divaksinasi atau tidak divaksinasi agar dihormati sebagaimana mestinya.

Esta Newsletter (NL) resulta de uma parceria entre o Instituto de Saúde Baseada na Evidência e a Cochrane Portugal, e tem como objectivo disponibilizar informação sobre áreas importantes para a prática clínica, com base na melhor evidência científica disponível. São incluídos estudos relevantes, criticamente avaliados pela sua validade, importância dos resultados e aplicabilidade prática, resumidos numa óptica de suporte à decisão. É dada prioridade a estudos de causalidade incluindo-se ainda, quando justificado, estudos qualitativos e metodológicos, assim como revisões científicas. O conteúdo da NL é da exclusiva responsabilidade do(s) seu(s) autor(es).