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- Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Banožić, Marija; Šafranko, Silvija; Bogadi, Dora; Aladić, Krunoslav; Jokić, Stela;Banožić, Marija; Šafranko, Silvija; Bogadi, Dora; Aladić, Krunoslav; Jokić, Stela;Country: Croatia
The peel of the Okitsu variety of mandarin is created as a by-product of the fruit’s growth and processing. The primary goal of this research was to use a unique nonthermal extraction method (high-voltage electric discharge assisted) with green solvent (water) to valorise citrus peel as a valuable raw material. In October 2020, samples (citrus peel) were collected from the farm of Mr. Dalibor Ujević (Opuzen, Hrvatska). Samples were washed, freeze-dried, and sieved before extraction. The effects of extraction process parameters, such as treatment duration (5–15 min), frequency (40–100 Hz), and liquid to solid ratio (200–400 ml g–1) on the extraction yield and content of hesperidin and narirutin were studied. Spectrophotometric methods were used to assess the antiradical activity and total phenolic content of the extracts. Individual phenolic components were identified and quantified using HPLC method. The extraction process parameters were optimised with a commercial softer tool (Design Expert®) using experimental data gathered using the Box-Behnken experimental design. Experiments were conducted as shown in Tables 1 and 2. The extraction yield was ranked from 359.23 to 463.20, the total phenol values ranged from 96.23 to 275.46 mg GAE l–1, DPPH values ranged from 87.08 to 94.93 %. Total phenol content and antiradical activity decreased with increasing extraction time, as shown in Fig. 1. Six phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, predominated by hesperidin and narirutin (Table 3). The regression models for all tested HVED extraction responses were significant (p-value under 0.05) based on the acquired data, and the quality of the models produced was evaluated based on the coefficients of determination (R2) and Lack of Fit value. The obtained R2 values for all models developed were 0.911; 0.844, and 0.845 with a nonsignificant lack of fit, indicating an adequate relationship between input parameters (extraction conditions) and observed variable, in this case, extraction efficiency, hesperidin and narirutin content (Table 4). The obtained data was utilised to create three-dimensional (3D) response surface graphs, as shown in Figs. 2–4. The regression models within this study were predicted by Eqs. (1)–(3). With response surface methodology (RSM), optimal parameters of HVED extraction process were defined, as follows: extraction yield (285.93 ml g–1, 73.38 Hz and 14.84 min), hesperidin content (366.19 ml g–1, 97.56 Hz, and 5.1 min), and narirutin content (200 ml g–1, 70 Hz, and 15 min), as presented in Table 5, together with predicted and experimentally verified values. Konzumacija svježih citrusa, ali i njihova prerada generiraju nusproizvode, kao što su kora, sjemenke, pulpa, kao i otpadne vode. Cilj ovog istraživanja je valorizacija agroindustrijskih nusproizvoda (kore citrusa) kao vrijedne sirovine za ekstrakciju polifenola primjenom inovativne netermalne metode ekstrakcije sa zelenim otapalom (voda). U ekstraktima je kvantificirano i identificirano ukupno šest fenolnih spojeva. Pri tome je promatran utjecaj vremena (od 5 do 15 min), frekvencije (od 40 do 100 Hz) i omjera kapljevito/kruto (od 200 do 400 ml g–1) na efikasnost procesa ekstrakcije (iskorištenje) i udio dominantnih fenolnih spojeva (hesperidina i narirutina). Uz pomoć metode odzivnih površina definirani su optimalni parametri promatranog procesa ekstrakcije za svaki od istraživanih odziva, i to za iskorištenje (285,93 ml g–1, 73,38 Hz i 14,84 min), za hesperidin (366,19 ml g–1, 97,56 Hz i 5,1 min) te za narirutin (200 ml g–1, 70 Hz i 15 min). Ekstrakcija potpomognuta visokonaponskim električnim pražnjenjem (HVED ekstrakcija) pokazala se pogodnom za ekstrakciju fenolnih spojeva, pri čemu je izbjegnuta uporaba organskih otapala.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Štrkalj, Anita; Mesek, Luka; Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna; Glavaš, Zoran;Štrkalj, Anita; Mesek, Luka; Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna; Glavaš, Zoran;Country: Croatia
Metalurški otpad ima velik potencijal za uporabu kao adsorbens za uklanjanje teških metala iz otpadnih voda, ističući se kao mogući jeftini adsorbens. U ovom članku prikazano je adsorpcijsko ponašanje Zn(II) iona na dva kruta metalna otpadna materijala – otpadnoj kalupnoj mješavini (OKM) i otpadnoj anodnoj prašini (AP). Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da se oba otpadna materijala mogu upotrebljavati kao potencijalni adsorbensi. Anodna prašina ima bolja adsorpcijska svojstva. Ravnotežni podatci za adsorpciju Zn(II) na otpadnim metalurškim materijalima ispitani su Freundlichovim i Langmuirovim izotermnim modelima. Utvrđeno je da je Langmuirov model prikladniji te da se adsorpcija odvija kao kemisorpcija. Metallurgical waste has great potential for use as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, standing out as possible low-cost adsorbents. This article presents the adsorption behaviour of Zn(II) ions on two solid metal waste materials – waste mould sand (WMS) and anode dust (AD). The obtained results showed that both waste materials could be used as potential adsorbents. Anode dust has better adsorption properties. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Zn(II) on waste metallurgical materials were examined by Langmuir and Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm models. It was found that the Langmuir model is more appropriate, and that adsorption takes place as chemisorption.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Domanovac, Tomislav; Vuković Domanovac, Marija; Kučić Grgić, Dajana; Šabić Runjavec, Monika;Domanovac, Tomislav; Vuković Domanovac, Marija; Kučić Grgić, Dajana; Šabić Runjavec, Monika;Country: Croatia
Maintenance of green urban areas, backyards and gardens, as well as food preparation and consumption generate municipal biodegradable waste, i.e., biowaste that must be collected and processed in accordance with environmental protection regulations and waste management objectives of the Republic of Croatia. By determining the composition and amount of municipal waste, the quantities generated in the assumed area were estimated. From the mentioned input data on the amount of biowaste and input process data that are relevant for the implementation of biological treatment of biowaste in aerobic conditions, the necessary equipment and space were dimensioned, taking into account the dynamics of the process and the necessary technological operations. Thus, the operation of machines for shredding and mixing with a capacity of about 50 m3 h–1, aeration and irrigation with a capacity of about 1,000 m3 h–1, screening with a capacity of about 23.2 m3 h–1, as well as manipulation of biowaste and compost was planned. Four bioreactors with a capacity of about 1 421 t y–1 each, fans and other process-measuring equipment were planned. Waste air flow with biodegradation products were purified before released into the atmosphere using a biofilter of about 9 m2 and 1.5 m of filled layer of wood chips, bark, mature compost, and other additives. By composting about 3 641 t y–1 of biowaste, which is approximately the minimum amount of biowaste that a presumed area of about 77 000 inhabitants needs to be processed to meet the waste management objectives of the Republic of Croatia, the estimated production of about 2 575 t y–1 of mature compost would be reduced by about 34.1 %, or volume by about 50.5 %. About 2 174 000 EUR needs to be invested in facilities and equipment, with total operating costs of about 83 EUR/t of input biowaste. Pripremom i konzumiranjem hrane u kućanstvima te održavanjem zelenih javnih površina, okućnica i vrtova nastaje biootpad koji je potrebno odvojeno sakupiti i obraditi u skladu s propisima iz područja zaštite okoliša, odnosno ciljevima gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na temelju sastava i količine komunalnog otpada procijenjene su godišnje količine biootpada razmatranog područja. Iz ulaznih podataka o količini biootpada te ulaznih procesnih podataka koji su relevantni za provedbu biološke obrade biootpada u aerobnim uvjetima, dimenzionirana je potrebna oprema i prostor uvažavajući dinamiku procesa i potrebne tehnološke operacije. U ovom radu je analizirano pretpostavljeno područje od oko 77 000 stanovnika te je pretpostavljeno da to stanovništvo proizvede oko 3 641 t god–1 biootpada. Biološkom obradom odvojeno sakupljenog biootpada u aerobnim uvjetima koja se provodi na kompostani malog kapaciteta procjenjuje se proizvodnja oko 2 575 t god–1 zrelog komposta, što predstavlja smanjenje ulazne mase biootpada od oko 34,1 %, odnosno volumena za oko 50,5 %. Troškovi izgradnje objekata i nabave opreme procjenjuju se na oko 16 305 000 kn (2 174 000 EUR), a ukupni troškovi rada postrojenja s uračunatom amortizacijom na oko 625 kn/t (83 EUR/t) ulaznog biootpada.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Želimir Kurtanjek;Želimir Kurtanjek;Country: Croatia
Cilj ovog rada je pokazati mogućnosti primijene metodologije umjetne inteligencije i strukturnog kauzalnog modeliranja (engl. Structural Causal Model, SCM) s ciljem postizanja znanstvenog doprinosa utvrđivanjem kauzalne funkcionalne zakonitosti bioloških značajki o abiotičkim parametrima. Temeljna zadaća rada je istražiti model SCM za određivanje zavisnosti koncentracije klorofila o fizikalnim značajkama u području sjevernog Jadrana tijekom razdoblja od 1965. do 2015. godine. Eksperimentalni podatci rezultat su dugotrajnog i ekstenzivnog istraživanja u okviru EU projekta “LTER Northern Adriatic Sea” i dostupni su (putem EU znanstvene politike “Open Science”) u velikoj bazi podataka (engl. Big Data), koja sadrži 10 8687 uzoraka s 43 značajke. Predložen je matematički model Bayesove mreže (engl. Bayes Network, BN) kao usmjereni neciklički graf (engl. Directed Acyclic Graph, DAG). Struktura grafa određena je primjenom testa uvjetne nezavisnosti (Hamilton-Schmidtova Conditional Indepedence test, HSCI) s razinom signifikantnosti α = 0,05. SCM model pokazuje da su neposredni kauzalni utjecaji na koncentraciju klorofila: temperatura, salinitet, pH, dušik, fosfor i silicij. Primijenjena je metodologija d-razdvajanja BN grafa sa svrhom blokiranja interferencije (engl. confounding) za procjenu kauzalne funkcionalne zavisnosti bioloških značajki o abiotičkim parametrima. Funkcije kauzalnosti određene su kao rubne razdiobe (engl. marginal distributions) modeliranjem Bayesovom neuronskom mrežom (engl. Bayes Neural Network, BNN). Najveći neposredni negativni kauzalni učinak na klorofil A (Chlorophyll A) ima temperatura (−0,07 μg klorofila A/°C). Utvrđena je pozitivna kauzalna zavisnost između klorofila-A i otopljenog kisika (0,2 mg otopljenog kisika DO2/μg klorofila A). Također je provedena neparametarska usporedna analiza klorofila A i fizikalnih parametara hrvatskog dijela i podataka za cjelokupni sjeverni Jadran. Medijan koncentracije otopljenog kisika u hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana je 5,8 mg O2/l a u sjevernom je 5,5 mg O2/l, dok je medijan temperature u hrvatskom dijelu T = 14,6 °C u odnosu na T = 15,1 °C za sjeverni Jadran. Medijan broja stanica bičaša (Dinoflagellate) je u hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana 3 stanice/l, u odnosu na cijeli sjeverni Jadran, gdje je on od 5 stanica/l. Značajna je razlika u učestalosti i iznosu visokog broja bičaša. Medijani koncentracija klorofila A ne pokazuju značajnu razliku (0,65 i 0,90 μg l–1), ali u sjevernom Jadranu je znatno veći broj uzoraka koji po iznosu signifikantno odstupaju od normalne razdiobe (engl. outliers or hotspots). Utvrđena je i značajna razlika u razdiobi koncentracije silicija s velikim brojem uzoraka s visokim koncentracijama u zapadnom dijelu Jadrana. Primijenjeni su modeli “šume” stabala odlučivanja (engl. random forest) predikcije bioloških značajki na osnovi abiotičkih veličina. Validacije modela provedene su određivanjem relativne postotne pogreške predikcije primjenom simulacije “novih” podataka peterostrukom podjelom baze podataka. Postignute su sljedeće pogreške modela predikcije: za klorofil (engl. chlorophyll) 6,5 %; feopigment (Pheeopigment) 17,4 %; diatomeje (Diatom) 18,8 %; dinoflagelat (Dinoflagellate) 17,4 %; i kokolitifore (Coccolithoophores) 12,1 %. Za svaki od modela utvrđeni su ključni abiotički faktori za procjenu predikcija. The aim of this work was to show possibilities of applied artificial intelligence methodologies and structural causal modelling (“Structural Causal Model”, SCM) with the object of gaining a scientific level contribution to the determination of functional causal dependencies in complex ecological systems. In this work, applied was SCM for the determination of dependencies of chlorophyll concentration on physical and chemical parameters in the northern Adriatic Sea during the period 1965 to 2015. The experimental data are the outcome of the long-term and extensive investigation as a part of the EU project “LTER Northern Adriatic Sea”, and are freely available within the EU Open Science policy. The data are a “Big Data” base with 108 687 samples and 43 descriptors. Proposed is a mathematical model with Bayes network (BN) as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). The model structure was determined by the Hamilton-Schmidt conditional independence test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The SCM model shows that the direct causal variables for chlorophyll concentration are: temperature, salinity, pH, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphor, and silica. The BN model was adjusted according to d-separation with the objective to block confounding and contra-causal back door interference. The functions of causal dependencies were determined as the marginal distributions with Bayes network models with a single interior layer for interpolation. The most important causal effect was due to temperature (−0.07 μg chlorophyll A/°C). The model predicted reversed positive causality between chlorophyll concentration and dissolved oxygen (0.2 mg DO2/μg chlorophyll A). Also evaluated was nonparametric comparative analysis of chlorophyll and abiotic parameters between Croatian and northern Adriatic Sea (Slovenia and Italy). The comparison was based on median metrics to avoid the pronounced influence of outliers due to hydrodynamic effects. The median concentration of dissolved oxygen in Croatian Adriatic was 5.8 mg O2/l, while in Slovenian and Italian 5.5 mg O2/l, and the median temperature was T = 14.6 °C compared to T = 15.1 °C. There is a significant difference in the abundance of dinoflagellates in Croatia 3 cell/l, while in Slovenia and Italian 5 cells/l. The difference is more pronounced by the number and values of “hot spots” outliers. The difference between chlorophyll concentrations is not significant (0.65 and 0.90 μg l–1); however, the difference in the distribution of the outliers is significant with more frequent and bigger outliers in Italian and Slovenian Adriatic. Also observed was a significant difference in SiO4 distribution, with higher concentrations in the western Adriatic. The random forest RF decision tree models are applied for the development of the predictive models of biological parameters based on abiotic data. The RF models are validated by 5-fold cross-validation. The models have out-of-box mean relative errors of 6.5 % for chlorophyll, photopigment 17.4 %; diatoms 18.8 %; dinoflagellate 17.4 %; and 12.1 % for coccolithophores. For each predictive model determined are the first five most important predictors accounting for 95 % of importance.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Jeličić, Mario-Livio;Jeličić, Mario-Livio;Country: Croatia
With the use of fixed-dose drug combinations, the potential risk of non-adherence needs to be minimised, which is particularly important in patients with chronic diseases. The development of such dosage form is a complex process in which an important role is played by testing the physicochemical compatibility of the components intended for the manufacture of the desired product. Various analytical techniques, such as thermoanalytical (DSC, DTA), spectroscopic (FTIR, XRPD) and chromatographic (HPLC), in combination with certain degradation studies, such as forced degradation and isothermal degradation, are often used. In this review, on the example of the development of a fixed-dose combination of 5-aminosalicylate and folic acid, procedures suitable for testing the compatibility of drug components, as well as analytical techniques and various ways of interpretation of results are described. Uvođenjem fiksnih kombinacija lijekova potencijalni rizik od neadherencije nastoji se svesti na najmanju moguću mjeru, što je posebice važno kod pacijenata koji boluju od kroničnih bolesti. Razvoj takvog ljekovitog oblika složen je postupak u kojem važnu ulogu ima ispitivanje fizikalno-kemijske kompatibilnosti sastavnica predviđenih za izradu željenog proizvoda. U svrhu provedbe takvih studija često se primjenjuju različite analitičke tehnike, poput termoanalitičkih (DSC, DTA), spektroskopskih (FTIR, XRPD) te kromatografskih (HPLC) u kombinaciji s određenim studijama razgradnji, poput prisilne razgradnje i izotermalne razgradnje. U ovom radu, na primjeru razvoja fiksne kombinacije 5-aminosalicilata i folne kiseline, bit će opisani postupci prikladni za ispitivanje kompatibilnosti sastavnica lijeka kao i analitičke tehnike te razni načini interpretacije rezultata.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Rea Janda; Nataša Mikulec; Damir Andabaka; Ksenija Vitale;Rea Janda; Nataša Mikulec; Damir Andabaka; Ksenija Vitale;Country: Croatia
Životni i radni okoliš najčešće su zatvoreni prostori te je u njima potrebno osigurati zdravstvenu zaštitu ukućana i djelatnika. Neke djelatnosti traže posebnu zaštitu, pogotovo u vrijeme pandemije. Životni i radni okoliš mogu se održavati čistim i urednim na tri načina: čišćenjem, dezinfekcijom i sanitacijom. U ovom radu dan je pregled literature koja povezuje dezinfekcijska sredstva, njihovu uporabu i rezistentnost mikroorganizama na dezinfekcijska sredstva. Također, dan je prikaz kritičnih točki koje su se pojavile u različitim ispitnim laboratorijima u Republici Hrvatskoj, vezano za pandemiju COVID-19, a kao posljedica nedostatka naputaka u normama. Pretraživanje literature je provedeno temeljem ključne riječi dezinfekcija u bazama PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus i Google Scholar te na stranicama CDC-a i HZJZ-a zbog najnovijih preporuka vezano za COVID- 19 infekcije. Rezultati su pokazali da je Norma osnovni dokument ali bi za ovakve situacije trebao i specifičnu nadogradnju ovisno o tipu laboratorija i njegovoj djelatnosti kako pojedini laboratoriji ne bi donosili samostalne odluke. Temeljem identificiranih potreba i problema, državne institucije bi trebale dati detaljne upute ovisno o djelatnosti. Stoga, ovu situaciju i stečeno iskustvo treba iskoristiti i izraditi dokumente koji će biti primjenjivi u kriznim situacijama u budućnosti te na temelju kojih je moguće provesti i edukaciju osoblja o ponašanju u kriznim situacijama.
add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Ivana Cetina; Dragutin Tušek; Valentina Ključarić;Ivana Cetina; Dragutin Tušek; Valentina Ključarić;Country: Croatia
Shortly after introduction of commercial automatic chemical detectors, mostly based on ion mobility spectrometry technology, at the end of 20th century field devices using other chemical detection techniques (FTIR, Raman, GC-MS, surface acoustic wave, photoacoustic, electrochemical, biosensor and others) were developed. Among these techniques, portable GC-MS detectors provide very reliable qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, but high cost of these devices, the complexity of operating with them and the complexity of sample preparation for analysis present a problem. Some chemical detection technologies cannot be used for the development of a reliable hand-held chemical detector, and not a single technique, for the time being, allows the development of a universal chemical detector. A potential solution is the development of a multi-sensor device that compensates negative sides of each of the sensors. This paper provides an overview of commercially available chemical detectors based on new generation detection technologies and an overview of scientific research focused on further development of detection with simpler, more reliable and preferably cheaper solutions is given. Ubrzo nakon uvođenja komercijalnih automatskih detektora bojnih otrova, većinom temeljenih na spektrometriji ionske pokretljivosti, krajem 20. stoljeća razvijaju se terenski uređaji koji primjenjuju i druge tehnike kemijske detekcije (FTIR, Raman, GC-MS, površinski akustični val, fotoakustične, elektrokemijske, biosenzorske i ostale). Od navedenih tehnika, prijenosni GC-MS detektori omogućuju vrlo pouzdanu kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu kemijsku analizu, no problem predstavljaju visoka cijena tih uređaja, zahtjevnost u rukovanju s njima te kompleksna priprema uzoraka. Neke tehnike kemijske detekcije nisu primjenjive za razvoj pouzdanog ručnog kemijskog detektora, a niti jedna tehnika, zasad, ne omogućuje razvoj univerzalnog kemijskog detektora. Potencijalno rješenje je razvoj višestrukog senzorskog uređaja koji bi kompenzirao negativne strane svakog od senzora. U ovom radu dan je pregled komercijalno dostupnih kemijskih detektora temeljenih na novim generacijama tehnika detekcije te pregled znanstvenih istraživanja usmjerenih na daljnji razvoj detekcije bojnih otrova s jednostavnijim, pouzdanijim i poželjno jeftinijim rješenjima.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Patricia Žagar; Marin Božičević; Lucija Fiket; Roko Blažic; Denis Sačer; Zvonimir Katančić;Patricia Žagar; Marin Božičević; Lucija Fiket; Roko Blažic; Denis Sačer; Zvonimir Katančić;Country: Croatia
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a conductive polymer used in batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, and various biosensors in wearable electronics. Through controlled atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP), it is possible to modify the properties of PEDOT for specific applications by grafting the side branches. In this work, PEDOT-based ATRP macroinitiators, functionalised with reactive bromine allowing the grafting of different polymers as side branches, were synthesised. Characterisation of the obtained samples was carried out by NMR, FTIR, GPC, TGA and measurement of electrochemical properties. Results showed that the sample with lower bromine content had better chemical properties; hence it was more suitable for further synthesis and modification of PEDOT. Poli(3,4-etilendioksitiofen) (PEDOT) je elektrovodljivi polimer koji se primjenjuje u baterijama, superkondenzatorima, solarnim ćelijama i različitim biosenzorima u nosivoj elektronici. Kontroliranom radikalskom polimerizacijom prijenosom atoma (ATRP) moguće je cijepljenjem bočnih grana modificirati svojstava PEDOT-a za specifičnu primjenu. U ovom radu sintetizirani su ATRP makroinicijatori na osnovi PEDOT-a, funkcionalizirani reaktivnim bromom, koji omogućuje cijepljenje različitih polimera kao bočnih grana. Karakterizacija dobivenih uzoraka provedena je pomoću NMR-a, FTIR-a, GPC-a, TGA-a i mjerenjem elektrokemijskih svojstava. Pokazalo se da uzorak s manjim udjelom broma ima bolja kemijska svojstva i kao takav je prikladniji za daljnju sintezu i modifikaciju PEDOT-a.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Ana Mornar; Iva Marinac-Anđić; Daniela Amidžić Klarić; Jelena Kovačić;Ana Mornar; Iva Marinac-Anđić; Daniela Amidžić Klarić; Jelena Kovačić;Country: Croatia
Tijekom posljednja tri desetljeća mikroekstrakcija čvrstom fazom donijela je značajan napredak u bioanalitičkim istraživanjima. Razlog tome su brojne modifikacije tehnike koje su omogućile njezinu primjenjivost za raznovrsne i složene biološke uzorke, ali i ekološku prihvatljivost. Tehnika se primjenjuje u kombinaciji s različitim analitičkim instrumentima među kojima se posebno ističu tekućinska i plinska kromatografija. Ovo pregledno istraživanje usmjereno je na najnovija dostignuća i načine primjene mikroekstrakcije čvrstom fazom. Nadalje, posebno su istaknuta nova, inovativna rješenja koja trenutačno nemaju komercijalnu primjenu. In last three decades, the solid-phase microextraction technology has brought significant progress in bioanalytical research due to the versatility of this fast and solvent-free approach to biological sample preparation. It has been widely used in combination with various analytical instrumentation, even if most of the work has been done by coupling the extraction technique with liquid or gas chromatography. This review focuses on the new developments and advances in solid-phase microextraction-based techniques. Furthermore, some interesting, new innovations that fail to go beyond academic research are also reported.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Article . Other literature type . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Mirko Gojić; Ivana Ivanić; Dijana Knežević;Mirko Gojić; Ivana Ivanić; Dijana Knežević;Country: Croatia
This paper shows the trend of the world crude steel production in the first two decades of the 21st century. From 2000 to 2020, the world steelmaking continuously increased (total production of 28.5 billion t steel), but decreased in 2008 (1,6 %) and 2009 (7,7 %) because of the global financial and economic crises. For more than fifty years, the primary steelmaking processes are those by means of two technologies: oxidation of pig iron (product from blast furnace) in basic oxygen converters by means of technical oxygen, and smelting of old ferrous (steel scrap) in the electro arc furnaces. For the production of quality steel, the secondary metallurgy procedures (treatment of steel in ladle) play a greater role. In 2000, global steel production was 847.2 million t (basic oxygen converters share was 58.2 % and the electro arc furnaces 33.8 %), while in 2020, production reached 1.8775 billion t steel, which is an increase of 2.2 times. By 2020, the production of steel by steelmaking processes was 73.2 % by basic oxygen converters, 26.3 % by electro arc furnaces, 0.3 % by Siemens-Martin furnaces, and 0.2 % by other procedures of steel production. Primacy in steelmaking is in countries and companies from Asia (73.9 % of the world’s output). The recycling degree of steel in the period from 2011 to 2019 was 34–37 %. China is the largest world steelmaking country (since 1996). China had an increase in steelmaking of 8.3 times in the period from 2000 to 2020 (from 127.2 Mt up to 1.064 Gt). China produced 56.6 % of the world’s steel. From 2000 to 2020, a share of continuous casting was increased by about 10 % (from 87 to 96.6 %). Ovaj rad prikazuje trend proizvodnje sirovog čelika u svijetu u prva dva desetljeća 21. stoljeća. U razdoblju od 2001. do 2020. godine svjetska proizvodnja čelika kontinuirano raste (ukupno je proizvedeno 28,5 Gt čelika) uz smanjenje u 2008. (1,6 %) i 2009. godini (7,7 %) zbog globalne financijske i gospodarske krize. Više od pedeset godina čelik se primarno proizvodi pomoću dviju tehnologija: oksidiranjem sirovog željeza (produkt visoke peći) u kisikovim konvertorima pomoću tehničkog kisika te pretaljivanjem starog željeza (čelični otpad) u elektrolučnim pećima. Za proizvodnju kvalitetnijih čelika sve veću ulogu imaju postupci sekundarne metalurgije (dorada čelika u loncu). U 2000. godini u svijetu je proizvedeno 847,2 Mt (udio u kisikovim konvertorima od 58,2 %, a u elektrolučnim pećima od 33,8 %), dok je tijekom 2020. godine proizvedeno 1877,5 Mt čelika, što je porast od 2,2 puta. S obzirom na postupke proizvodnje u 2020. proizvedeno je 73,2 % čelika u kisikovim konvertorima, 26,3 % u elektrolučnim pećima, 0,3 % u Siemens-Martinovim (SM) pećima i 0,2 % ostalim postupcima. Primat proizvodnje čelika je u državama (73,9 % svjetske proizvodnje) i tvrtkama iz Azije. Stupanj recikliranja čelika u razdoblju 2011. – 2019. iznosio je 34 – 37 %. Kina je najveći svjetski proizvođač čelika (od 1996. godine). U razdoblju 2000. – 2020. povećala je proizvodnju čelika za 8,3 puta (sa 127,2 na 1064,8 Mt). Kina je u 2020. godini proizvela 56,6 % svjetske proizvodnje čelika. U razdoblju od 2000. do 2020. godine udio kontinuiranog lijevanja čelika je povećan za oko 10 %, s 87 na 96,6 %.
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- Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Banožić, Marija; Šafranko, Silvija; Bogadi, Dora; Aladić, Krunoslav; Jokić, Stela;Banožić, Marija; Šafranko, Silvija; Bogadi, Dora; Aladić, Krunoslav; Jokić, Stela;Country: Croatia
The peel of the Okitsu variety of mandarin is created as a by-product of the fruit’s growth and processing. The primary goal of this research was to use a unique nonthermal extraction method (high-voltage electric discharge assisted) with green solvent (water) to valorise citrus peel as a valuable raw material. In October 2020, samples (citrus peel) were collected from the farm of Mr. Dalibor Ujević (Opuzen, Hrvatska). Samples were washed, freeze-dried, and sieved before extraction. The effects of extraction process parameters, such as treatment duration (5–15 min), frequency (40–100 Hz), and liquid to solid ratio (200–400 ml g–1) on the extraction yield and content of hesperidin and narirutin were studied. Spectrophotometric methods were used to assess the antiradical activity and total phenolic content of the extracts. Individual phenolic components were identified and quantified using HPLC method. The extraction process parameters were optimised with a commercial softer tool (Design Expert®) using experimental data gathered using the Box-Behnken experimental design. Experiments were conducted as shown in Tables 1 and 2. The extraction yield was ranked from 359.23 to 463.20, the total phenol values ranged from 96.23 to 275.46 mg GAE l–1, DPPH values ranged from 87.08 to 94.93 %. Total phenol content and antiradical activity decreased with increasing extraction time, as shown in Fig. 1. Six phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, predominated by hesperidin and narirutin (Table 3). The regression models for all tested HVED extraction responses were significant (p-value under 0.05) based on the acquired data, and the quality of the models produced was evaluated based on the coefficients of determination (R2) and Lack of Fit value. The obtained R2 values for all models developed were 0.911; 0.844, and 0.845 with a nonsignificant lack of fit, indicating an adequate relationship between input parameters (extraction conditions) and observed variable, in this case, extraction efficiency, hesperidin and narirutin content (Table 4). The obtained data was utilised to create three-dimensional (3D) response surface graphs, as shown in Figs. 2–4. The regression models within this study were predicted by Eqs. (1)–(3). With response surface methodology (RSM), optimal parameters of HVED extraction process were defined, as follows: extraction yield (285.93 ml g–1, 73.38 Hz and 14.84 min), hesperidin content (366.19 ml g–1, 97.56 Hz, and 5.1 min), and narirutin content (200 ml g–1, 70 Hz, and 15 min), as presented in Table 5, together with predicted and experimentally verified values. Konzumacija svježih citrusa, ali i njihova prerada generiraju nusproizvode, kao što su kora, sjemenke, pulpa, kao i otpadne vode. Cilj ovog istraživanja je valorizacija agroindustrijskih nusproizvoda (kore citrusa) kao vrijedne sirovine za ekstrakciju polifenola primjenom inovativne netermalne metode ekstrakcije sa zelenim otapalom (voda). U ekstraktima je kvantificirano i identificirano ukupno šest fenolnih spojeva. Pri tome je promatran utjecaj vremena (od 5 do 15 min), frekvencije (od 40 do 100 Hz) i omjera kapljevito/kruto (od 200 do 400 ml g–1) na efikasnost procesa ekstrakcije (iskorištenje) i udio dominantnih fenolnih spojeva (hesperidina i narirutina). Uz pomoć metode odzivnih površina definirani su optimalni parametri promatranog procesa ekstrakcije za svaki od istraživanih odziva, i to za iskorištenje (285,93 ml g–1, 73,38 Hz i 14,84 min), za hesperidin (366,19 ml g–1, 97,56 Hz i 5,1 min) te za narirutin (200 ml g–1, 70 Hz i 15 min). Ekstrakcija potpomognuta visokonaponskim električnim pražnjenjem (HVED ekstrakcija) pokazala se pogodnom za ekstrakciju fenolnih spojeva, pri čemu je izbjegnuta uporaba organskih otapala.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Štrkalj, Anita; Mesek, Luka; Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna; Glavaš, Zoran;Štrkalj, Anita; Mesek, Luka; Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna; Glavaš, Zoran;Country: Croatia
Metalurški otpad ima velik potencijal za uporabu kao adsorbens za uklanjanje teških metala iz otpadnih voda, ističući se kao mogući jeftini adsorbens. U ovom članku prikazano je adsorpcijsko ponašanje Zn(II) iona na dva kruta metalna otpadna materijala – otpadnoj kalupnoj mješavini (OKM) i otpadnoj anodnoj prašini (AP). Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da se oba otpadna materijala mogu upotrebljavati kao potencijalni adsorbensi. Anodna prašina ima bolja adsorpcijska svojstva. Ravnotežni podatci za adsorpciju Zn(II) na otpadnim metalurškim materijalima ispitani su Freundlichovim i Langmuirovim izotermnim modelima. Utvrđeno je da je Langmuirov model prikladniji te da se adsorpcija odvija kao kemisorpcija. Metallurgical waste has great potential for use as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, standing out as possible low-cost adsorbents. This article presents the adsorption behaviour of Zn(II) ions on two solid metal waste materials – waste mould sand (WMS) and anode dust (AD). The obtained results showed that both waste materials could be used as potential adsorbents. Anode dust has better adsorption properties. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Zn(II) on waste metallurgical materials were examined by Langmuir and Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm models. It was found that the Langmuir model is more appropriate, and that adsorption takes place as chemisorption.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Domanovac, Tomislav; Vuković Domanovac, Marija; Kučić Grgić, Dajana; Šabić Runjavec, Monika;Domanovac, Tomislav; Vuković Domanovac, Marija; Kučić Grgić, Dajana; Šabić Runjavec, Monika;Country: Croatia
Maintenance of green urban areas, backyards and gardens, as well as food preparation and consumption generate municipal biodegradable waste, i.e., biowaste that must be collected and processed in accordance with environmental protection regulations and waste management objectives of the Republic of Croatia. By determining the composition and amount of municipal waste, the quantities generated in the assumed area were estimated. From the mentioned input data on the amount of biowaste and input process data that are relevant for the implementation of biological treatment of biowaste in aerobic conditions, the necessary equipment and space were dimensioned, taking into account the dynamics of the process and the necessary technological operations. Thus, the operation of machines for shredding and mixing with a capacity of about 50 m3 h–1, aeration and irrigation with a capacity of about 1,000 m3 h–1, screening with a capacity of about 23.2 m3 h–1, as well as manipulation of biowaste and compost was planned. Four bioreactors with a capacity of about 1 421 t y–1 each, fans and other process-measuring equipment were planned. Waste air flow with biodegradation products were purified before released into the atmosphere using a biofilter of about 9 m2 and 1.5 m of filled layer of wood chips, bark, mature compost, and other additives. By composting about 3 641 t y–1 of biowaste, which is approximately the minimum amount of biowaste that a presumed area of about 77 000 inhabitants needs to be processed to meet the waste management objectives of the Republic of Croatia, the estimated production of about 2 575 t y–1 of mature compost would be reduced by about 34.1 %, or volume by about 50.5 %. About 2 174 000 EUR needs to be invested in facilities and equipment, with total operating costs of about 83 EUR/t of input biowaste. Pripremom i konzumiranjem hrane u kućanstvima te održavanjem zelenih javnih površina, okućnica i vrtova nastaje biootpad koji je potrebno odvojeno sakupiti i obraditi u skladu s propisima iz područja zaštite okoliša, odnosno ciljevima gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na temelju sastava i količine komunalnog otpada procijenjene su godišnje količine biootpada razmatranog područja. Iz ulaznih podataka o količini biootpada te ulaznih procesnih podataka koji su relevantni za provedbu biološke obrade biootpada u aerobnim uvjetima, dimenzionirana je potrebna oprema i prostor uvažavajući dinamiku procesa i potrebne tehnološke operacije. U ovom radu je analizirano pretpostavljeno područje od oko 77 000 stanovnika te je pretpostavljeno da to stanovništvo proizvede oko 3 641 t god–1 biootpada. Biološkom obradom odvojeno sakupljenog biootpada u aerobnim uvjetima koja se provodi na kompostani malog kapaciteta procjenjuje se proizvodnja oko 2 575 t god–1 zrelog komposta, što predstavlja smanjenje ulazne mase biootpada od oko 34,1 %, odnosno volumena za oko 50,5 %. Troškovi izgradnje objekata i nabave opreme procjenjuju se na oko 16 305 000 kn (2 174 000 EUR), a ukupni troškovi rada postrojenja s uračunatom amortizacijom na oko 625 kn/t (83 EUR/t) ulaznog biootpada.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Želimir Kurtanjek;Želimir Kurtanjek;Country: Croatia
Cilj ovog rada je pokazati mogućnosti primijene metodologije umjetne inteligencije i strukturnog kauzalnog modeliranja (engl. Structural Causal Model, SCM) s ciljem postizanja znanstvenog doprinosa utvrđivanjem kauzalne funkcionalne zakonitosti bioloških značajki o abiotičkim parametrima. Temeljna zadaća rada je istražiti model SCM za određivanje zavisnosti koncentracije klorofila o fizikalnim značajkama u području sjevernog Jadrana tijekom razdoblja od 1965. do 2015. godine. Eksperimentalni podatci rezultat su dugotrajnog i ekstenzivnog istraživanja u okviru EU projekta “LTER Northern Adriatic Sea” i dostupni su (putem EU znanstvene politike “Open Science”) u velikoj bazi podataka (engl. Big Data), koja sadrži 10 8687 uzoraka s 43 značajke. Predložen je matematički model Bayesove mreže (engl. Bayes Network, BN) kao usmjereni neciklički graf (engl. Directed Acyclic Graph, DAG). Struktura grafa određena je primjenom testa uvjetne nezavisnosti (Hamilton-Schmidtova Conditional Indepedence test, HSCI) s razinom signifikantnosti α = 0,05. SCM model pokazuje da su neposredni kauzalni utjecaji na koncentraciju klorofila: temperatura, salinitet, pH, dušik, fosfor i silicij. Primijenjena je metodologija d-razdvajanja BN grafa sa svrhom blokiranja interferencije (engl. confounding) za procjenu kauzalne funkcionalne zavisnosti bioloških značajki o abiotičkim parametrima. Funkcije kauzalnosti određene su kao rubne razdiobe (engl. marginal distributions) modeliranjem Bayesovom neuronskom mrežom (engl. Bayes Neural Network, BNN). Najveći neposredni negativni kauzalni učinak na klorofil A (Chlorophyll A) ima temperatura (−0,07 μg klorofila A/°C). Utvrđena je pozitivna kauzalna zavisnost između klorofila-A i otopljenog kisika (0,2 mg otopljenog kisika DO2/μg klorofila A). Također je provedena neparametarska usporedna analiza klorofila A i fizikalnih parametara hrvatskog dijela i podataka za cjelokupni sjeverni Jadran. Medijan koncentracije otopljenog kisika u hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana je 5,8 mg O2/l a u sjevernom je 5,5 mg O2/l, dok je medijan temperature u hrvatskom dijelu T = 14,6 °C u odnosu na T = 15,1 °C za sjeverni Jadran. Medijan broja stanica bičaša (Dinoflagellate) je u hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana 3 stanice/l, u odnosu na cijeli sjeverni Jadran, gdje je on od 5 stanica/l. Značajna je razlika u učestalosti i iznosu visokog broja bičaša. Medijani koncentracija klorofila A ne pokazuju značajnu razliku (0,65 i 0,90 μg l–1), ali u sjevernom Jadranu je znatno veći broj uzoraka koji po iznosu signifikantno odstupaju od normalne razdiobe (engl. outliers or hotspots). Utvrđena je i značajna razlika u razdiobi koncentracije silicija s velikim brojem uzoraka s visokim koncentracijama u zapadnom dijelu Jadrana. Primijenjeni su modeli “šume” stabala odlučivanja (engl. random forest) predikcije bioloških značajki na osnovi abiotičkih veličina. Validacije modela provedene su određivanjem relativne postotne pogreške predikcije primjenom simulacije “novih” podataka peterostrukom podjelom baze podataka. Postignute su sljedeće pogreške modela predikcije: za klorofil (engl. chlorophyll) 6,5 %; feopigment (Pheeopigment) 17,4 %; diatomeje (Diatom) 18,8 %; dinoflagelat (Dinoflagellate) 17,4 %; i kokolitifore (Coccolithoophores) 12,1 %. Za svaki od modela utvrđeni su ključni abiotički faktori za procjenu predikcija. The aim of this work was to show possibilities of applied artificial intelligence methodologies and structural causal modelling (“Structural Causal Model”, SCM) with the object of gaining a scientific level contribution to the determination of functional causal dependencies in complex ecological systems. In this work, applied was SCM for the determination of dependencies of chlorophyll concentration on physical and chemical parameters in the northern Adriatic Sea during the period 1965 to 2015. The experimental data are the outcome of the long-term and extensive investigation as a part of the EU project “LTER Northern Adriatic Sea”, and are freely available within the EU Open Science policy. The data are a “Big Data” base with 108 687 samples and 43 descriptors. Proposed is a mathematical model with Bayes network (BN) as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). The model structure was determined by the Hamilton-Schmidt conditional independence test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The SCM model shows that the direct causal variables for chlorophyll concentration are: temperature, salinity, pH, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphor, and silica. The BN model was adjusted according to d-separation with the objective to block confounding and contra-causal back door interference. The functions of causal dependencies were determined as the marginal distributions with Bayes network models with a single interior layer for interpolation. The most important causal effect was due to temperature (−0.07 μg chlorophyll A/°C). The model predicted reversed positive causality between chlorophyll concentration and dissolved oxygen (0.2 mg DO2/μg chlorophyll A). Also evaluated was nonparametric comparative analysis of chlorophyll and abiotic parameters between Croatian and northern Adriatic Sea (Slovenia and Italy). The comparison was based on median metrics to avoid the pronounced influence of outliers due to hydrodynamic effects. The median concentration of dissolved oxygen in Croatian Adriatic was 5.8 mg O2/l, while in Slovenian and Italian 5.5 mg O2/l, and the median temperature was T = 14.6 °C compared to T = 15.1 °C. There is a significant difference in the abundance of dinoflagellates in Croatia 3 cell/l, while in Slovenia and Italian 5 cells/l. The difference is more pronounced by the number and values of “hot spots” outliers. The difference between chlorophyll concentrations is not significant (0.65 and 0.90 μg l–1); however, the difference in the distribution of the outliers is significant with more frequent and bigger outliers in Italian and Slovenian Adriatic. Also observed was a significant difference in SiO4 distribution, with higher concentrations in the western Adriatic. The random forest RF decision tree models are applied for the development of the predictive models of biological parameters based on abiotic data. The RF models are validated by 5-fold cross-validation. The models have out-of-box mean relative errors of 6.5 % for chlorophyll, photopigment 17.4 %; diatoms 18.8 %; dinoflagellate 17.4 %; and 12.1 % for coccolithophores. For each predictive model determined are the first five most important predictors accounting for 95 % of importance.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Jeličić, Mario-Livio;Jeličić, Mario-Livio;Country: Croatia
With the use of fixed-dose drug combinations, the potential risk of non-adherence needs to be minimised, which is particularly important in patients with chronic diseases. The development of such dosage form is a complex process in which an important role is played by testing the physicochemical compatibility of the components intended for the manufacture of the desired product. Various analytical techniques, such as thermoanalytical (DSC, DTA), spectroscopic (FTIR, XRPD) and chromatographic (HPLC), in combination with certain degradation studies, such as forced degradation and isothermal degradation, are often used. In this review, on the example of the development of a fixed-dose combination of 5-aminosalicylate and folic acid, procedures suitable for testing the compatibility of drug components, as well as analytical techniques and various ways of interpretation of results are described. Uvođenjem fiksnih kombinacija lijekova potencijalni rizik od neadherencije nastoji se svesti na najmanju moguću mjeru, što je posebice važno kod pacijenata koji boluju od kroničnih bolesti. Razvoj takvog ljekovitog oblika složen je postupak u kojem važnu ulogu ima ispitivanje fizikalno-kemijske kompatibilnosti sastavnica predviđenih za izradu željenog proizvoda. U svrhu provedbe takvih studija često se primjenjuju različite analitičke tehnike, poput termoanalitičkih (DSC, DTA), spektroskopskih (FTIR, XRPD) te kromatografskih (HPLC) u kombinaciji s određenim studijama razgradnji, poput prisilne razgradnje i izotermalne razgradnje. U ovom radu, na primjeru razvoja fiksne kombinacije 5-aminosalicilata i folne kiseline, bit će opisani postupci prikladni za ispitivanje kompatibilnosti sastavnica lijeka kao i analitičke tehnike te razni načini interpretacije rezultata.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Rea Janda; Nataša Mikulec; Damir Andabaka; Ksenija Vitale;Rea Janda; Nataša Mikulec; Damir Andabaka; Ksenija Vitale;Country: Croatia
Životni i radni okoliš najčešće su zatvoreni prostori te je u njima potrebno osigurati zdravstvenu zaštitu ukućana i djelatnika. Neke djelatnosti traže posebnu zaštitu, pogotovo u vrijeme pandemije. Životni i radni okoliš mogu se održavati čistim i urednim na tri načina: čišćenjem, dezinfekcijom i sanitacijom. U ovom radu dan je pregled literature koja povezuje dezinfekcijska sredstva, njihovu uporabu i rezistentnost mikroorganizama na dezinfekcijska sredstva. Također, dan je prikaz kritičnih točki koje su se pojavile u različitim ispitnim laboratorijima u Republici Hrvatskoj, vezano za pandemiju COVID-19, a kao posljedica nedostatka naputaka u normama. Pretraživanje literature je provedeno temeljem ključne riječi dezinfekcija u bazama PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus i Google Scholar te na stranicama CDC-a i HZJZ-a zbog najnovijih preporuka vezano za COVID- 19 infekcije. Rezultati su pokazali da je Norma osnovni dokument ali bi za ovakve situacije trebao i specifičnu nadogradnju ovisno o tipu laboratorija i njegovoj djelatnosti kako pojedini laboratoriji ne bi donosili samostalne odluke. Temeljem identificiranih potreba i problema, državne institucije bi trebale dati detaljne upute ovisno o djelatnosti. Stoga, ovu situaciju i stečeno iskustvo treba iskoristiti i izraditi dokumente koji će biti primjenjivi u kriznim situacijama u budućnosti te na temelju kojih je moguće provesti i edukaciju osoblja o ponašanju u kriznim situacijama.
add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Ivana Cetina; Dragutin Tušek; Valentina Ključarić;Ivana Cetina; Dragutin Tušek; Valentina Ključarić;Country: Croatia
Shortly after introduction of commercial automatic chemical detectors, mostly based on ion mobility spectrometry technology, at the end of 20th century field devices using other chemical detection techniques (FTIR, Raman, GC-MS, surface acoustic wave, photoacoustic, electrochemical, biosensor and others) were developed. Among these techniques, portable GC-MS detectors provide very reliable qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, but high cost of these devices, the complexity of operating with them and the complexity of sample preparation for analysis present a problem. Some chemical detection technologies cannot be used for the development of a reliable hand-held chemical detector, and not a single technique, for the time being, allows the development of a universal chemical detector. A potential solution is the development of a multi-sensor device that compensates negative sides of each of the sensors. This paper provides an overview of commercially available chemical detectors based on new generation detection technologies and an overview of scientific research focused on further development of detection with simpler, more reliable and preferably cheaper solutions is given. Ubrzo nakon uvođenja komercijalnih automatskih detektora bojnih otrova, većinom temeljenih na spektrometriji ionske pokretljivosti, krajem 20. stoljeća razvijaju se terenski uređaji koji primjenjuju i druge tehnike kemijske detekcije (FTIR, Raman, GC-MS, površinski akustični val, fotoakustične, elektrokemijske, biosenzorske i ostale). Od navedenih tehnika, prijenosni GC-MS detektori omogućuju vrlo pouzdanu kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu kemijsku analizu, no problem predstavljaju visoka cijena tih uređaja, zahtjevnost u rukovanju s njima te kompleksna priprema uzoraka. Neke tehnike kemijske detekcije nisu primjenjive za razvoj pouzdanog ručnog kemijskog detektora, a niti jedna tehnika, zasad, ne omogućuje razvoj univerzalnog kemijskog detektora. Potencijalno rješenje je razvoj višestrukog senzorskog uređaja koji bi kompenzirao negativne strane svakog od senzora. U ovom radu dan je pregled komercijalno dostupnih kemijskih detektora temeljenih na novim generacijama tehnika detekcije te pregled znanstvenih istraživanja usmjerenih na daljnji razvoj detekcije bojnih otrova s jednostavnijim, pouzdanijim i poželjno jeftinijim rješenjima.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . Article . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Patricia Žagar; Marin Božičević; Lucija Fiket; Roko Blažic; Denis Sačer; Zvonimir Katančić;Patricia Žagar; Marin Božičević; Lucija Fiket; Roko Blažic; Denis Sačer; Zvonimir Katančić;Country: Croatia
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a conductive polymer used in batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, and various biosensors in wearable electronics. Through controlled atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP), it is possible to modify the properties of PEDOT for specific applications by grafting the side branches. In this work, PEDOT-based ATRP macroinitiators, functionalised with reactive bromine allowing the grafting of different polymers as side branches, were synthesised. Characterisation of the obtained samples was carried out by NMR, FTIR, GPC, TGA and measurement of electrochemical properties. Results showed that the sample with lower bromine content had better chemical properties; hence it was more suitable for further synthesis and modification of PEDOT. Poli(3,4-etilendioksitiofen) (PEDOT) je elektrovodljivi polimer koji se primjenjuje u baterijama, superkondenzatorima, solarnim ćelijama i različitim biosenzorima u nosivoj elektronici. Kontroliranom radikalskom polimerizacijom prijenosom atoma (ATRP) moguće je cijepljenjem bočnih grana modificirati svojstava PEDOT-a za specifičnu primjenu. U ovom radu sintetizirani su ATRP makroinicijatori na osnovi PEDOT-a, funkcionalizirani reaktivnim bromom, koji omogućuje cijepljenje različitih polimera kao bočnih grana. Karakterizacija dobivenih uzoraka provedena je pomoću NMR-a, FTIR-a, GPC-a, TGA-a i mjerenjem elektrokemijskih svojstava. Pokazalo se da uzorak s manjim udjelom broma ima bolja kemijska svojstva i kao takav je prikladniji za daljnju sintezu i modifikaciju PEDOT-a.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Other literature type . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Ana Mornar; Iva Marinac-Anđić; Daniela Amidžić Klarić; Jelena Kovačić;Ana Mornar; Iva Marinac-Anđić; Daniela Amidžić Klarić; Jelena Kovačić;Country: Croatia
Tijekom posljednja tri desetljeća mikroekstrakcija čvrstom fazom donijela je značajan napredak u bioanalitičkim istraživanjima. Razlog tome su brojne modifikacije tehnike koje su omogućile njezinu primjenjivost za raznovrsne i složene biološke uzorke, ali i ekološku prihvatljivost. Tehnika se primjenjuje u kombinaciji s različitim analitičkim instrumentima među kojima se posebno ističu tekućinska i plinska kromatografija. Ovo pregledno istraživanje usmjereno je na najnovija dostignuća i načine primjene mikroekstrakcije čvrstom fazom. Nadalje, posebno su istaknuta nova, inovativna rješenja koja trenutačno nemaju komercijalnu primjenu. In last three decades, the solid-phase microextraction technology has brought significant progress in bioanalytical research due to the versatility of this fast and solvent-free approach to biological sample preparation. It has been widely used in combination with various analytical instrumentation, even if most of the work has been done by coupling the extraction technique with liquid or gas chromatography. This review focuses on the new developments and advances in solid-phase microextraction-based techniques. Furthermore, some interesting, new innovations that fail to go beyond academic research are also reported.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product. - Publication . Article . Other literature type . 2022Open Access CroatianAuthors:Mirko Gojić; Ivana Ivanić; Dijana Knežević;Mirko Gojić; Ivana Ivanić; Dijana Knežević;Country: Croatia
This paper shows the trend of the world crude steel production in the first two decades of the 21st century. From 2000 to 2020, the world steelmaking continuously increased (total production of 28.5 billion t steel), but decreased in 2008 (1,6 %) and 2009 (7,7 %) because of the global financial and economic crises. For more than fifty years, the primary steelmaking processes are those by means of two technologies: oxidation of pig iron (product from blast furnace) in basic oxygen converters by means of technical oxygen, and smelting of old ferrous (steel scrap) in the electro arc furnaces. For the production of quality steel, the secondary metallurgy procedures (treatment of steel in ladle) play a greater role. In 2000, global steel production was 847.2 million t (basic oxygen converters share was 58.2 % and the electro arc furnaces 33.8 %), while in 2020, production reached 1.8775 billion t steel, which is an increase of 2.2 times. By 2020, the production of steel by steelmaking processes was 73.2 % by basic oxygen converters, 26.3 % by electro arc furnaces, 0.3 % by Siemens-Martin furnaces, and 0.2 % by other procedures of steel production. Primacy in steelmaking is in countries and companies from Asia (73.9 % of the world’s output). The recycling degree of steel in the period from 2011 to 2019 was 34–37 %. China is the largest world steelmaking country (since 1996). China had an increase in steelmaking of 8.3 times in the period from 2000 to 2020 (from 127.2 Mt up to 1.064 Gt). China produced 56.6 % of the world’s steel. From 2000 to 2020, a share of continuous casting was increased by about 10 % (from 87 to 96.6 %). Ovaj rad prikazuje trend proizvodnje sirovog čelika u svijetu u prva dva desetljeća 21. stoljeća. U razdoblju od 2001. do 2020. godine svjetska proizvodnja čelika kontinuirano raste (ukupno je proizvedeno 28,5 Gt čelika) uz smanjenje u 2008. (1,6 %) i 2009. godini (7,7 %) zbog globalne financijske i gospodarske krize. Više od pedeset godina čelik se primarno proizvodi pomoću dviju tehnologija: oksidiranjem sirovog željeza (produkt visoke peći) u kisikovim konvertorima pomoću tehničkog kisika te pretaljivanjem starog željeza (čelični otpad) u elektrolučnim pećima. Za proizvodnju kvalitetnijih čelika sve veću ulogu imaju postupci sekundarne metalurgije (dorada čelika u loncu). U 2000. godini u svijetu je proizvedeno 847,2 Mt (udio u kisikovim konvertorima od 58,2 %, a u elektrolučnim pećima od 33,8 %), dok je tijekom 2020. godine proizvedeno 1877,5 Mt čelika, što je porast od 2,2 puta. S obzirom na postupke proizvodnje u 2020. proizvedeno je 73,2 % čelika u kisikovim konvertorima, 26,3 % u elektrolučnim pećima, 0,3 % u Siemens-Martinovim (SM) pećima i 0,2 % ostalim postupcima. Primat proizvodnje čelika je u državama (73,9 % svjetske proizvodnje) i tvrtkama iz Azije. Stupanj recikliranja čelika u razdoblju 2011. – 2019. iznosio je 34 – 37 %. Kina je najveći svjetski proizvođač čelika (od 1996. godine). U razdoblju 2000. – 2020. povećala je proizvodnju čelika za 8,3 puta (sa 127,2 na 1064,8 Mt). Kina je u 2020. godini proizvela 56,6 % svjetske proizvodnje čelika. U razdoblju od 2000. do 2020. godine udio kontinuiranog lijevanja čelika je povećan za oko 10 %, s 87 na 96,6 %.
Average popularityAverage popularity In bottom 99%Average influencePopularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact.Average influence In bottom 99%Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact.add Add to ORCIDPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.