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Urban agglomeration is an important model for promoting global economic development and has made important contributions to global economic integration. However, as the core area of urbanization and industrialization, urban agglomerations also contribute to air pollutant emissions primarily due to the agglomeration of population and industry. The mutual influence of air pollution between different cities in urban agglomerations has brought significant challenges to global environmental governance. The Fenwei Plain is one of the most severely polluted areas in China. We collected daily average PM2.5 concentration data of 11 cities in the Fenwei Plain, China in 2019. We then developed an interpretive structural model to statistically analyze the spatial correlation and hierarchical transmission of haze pollution between the 11 cities. The results showed that haze pollution has a strong systematic correlation between the 11 cities, and a regional haze pollution community has formed throughout the region. Haze pollution also exhibits evident transmission and spatial correlations between the cities. The transmission starts from Baoji and ends at Sanmenxia, with mutual interactions between the cities of Xi'an, Xianyang, Weinan, Tongchuan, Jinzhong, Lvliang, Linfen, Yuncheng, and Luoyang. Thus, air pollution prevention and control in the Fenwei Plain should consider the spatial correlation of haze pollution between different cities, especially in autumn and winter, and should rationally be implemented in key urban cluster areas. We recommend building a coordinated governance between cities to improve the overall air quality. Our findings shed a light for coordinated pollution management in urban agglomerations worldwide.

We propose an automated image selection system to assist photo editors in selecting suitable images for news articles. The system fuses multiple textual sources extracted from news articles and accepts multilingual inputs. It is equipped with char-level word embeddings to help both modeling morphologically rich languages, e.g. German, and transferring knowledge across nearby languages. The text encoder adopts a hierarchical self-attention mechanism to attend more to both keywords within a piece of text and informative components of a news article. We extensively experiment with our system on a large-scale text-image database containing multimodal multilingual news articles collected from Swiss local news media websites. The system is compared with multiple baselines with ablation studies and is shown to beat existing text-image retrieval methods in a weakly-supervised learning setting. Besides, we also offer insights on the advantage of using multiple textual sources and multilingual data.

The working-age poor were the section of the poor who most preoccupied the Poor Law Commissioners and for whom the deterrent aspects of the union workhouse were designed. However, relatively little has been written about this group in the workhouse. This study analyses a sample of 3,390 workhouses, accommodating 752,272 inmates, for the censuses 1851-1861 and 1881-1911 (from the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) database), representing up to three-quarters of workhouse populations. It analyses the data by age, sex and geographical location. It finds that the proportion of the working-age poor indoors increased moderately, that there was a shift from a feminised to a more equal one, and that inmates were predominantly single and widowed. The ‘crusade against outrelief’ resulted in a shift from younger to older women. Likewise, the proportion of older middle-aged men increased, suggesting that work schemes and outdoor relief was insufficient to keep them all out of the workhouse. Problems securing work in domestic service, other ‘domestic’ work, and field work propelled women into workhouses in Cornwall, London and parts of Wales, and East Anglia. Although there were important social reforms in the early twentieth century, the workhouse remained an important site, as well as a symbol, of the state. Cambridge Humanities Research Grant Scheme

OBJECTIVE: There is a paucity of research examining patient experiences of cochlear implants. We sought to use natural language processing methods to explore patient experiences and concerns in the online cochlear implant (CI) community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of posts on the online Reddit r/CochlearImplants forum from 1 March 2015 to 11 November 2021. Natural language processing using the BERTopic automated topic modelling technique was employed to cluster posts into semantically similar topics. Topic categorisation was manually validated by two independent reviewers and Cohen's kappa calculated to determine inter-rater reliability between machine vs human and human vs human categorisation. RESULTS: We retrieved 987 posts from 588 unique Reddit users on the r/CochlearImplants forum. Posts were initially categorised by BERTopic into 16 different Topics, which were increased to 23 Topics following manual inspection. The most popular topics related to CI connectivity (n = 112), adults considering getting a CI (n = 107), surgery-related posts (n = 89) and day-to-day living with a CI (n = 85). Cohen's kappa among all posts was 0.62 (machine vs. human) and 0.72 (human vs. human), and among categorised posts was 0.85 (machine vs. human) and 0.84 (human vs. human). CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional study of social media discussions among the online cochlear implant community identified common attitudes, experiences and concerns of patients living with, or seeking, a cochlear implant. Our validation of natural language processing methods to categorise topics shows that automated analysis of similar Otolaryngology-related content is a viable and accurate alternative to manual qualitative approaches.

The settling of solid particles in a fluid is an important process that needs to be considered in many fields of research. For example, the interactions among particles and between particles and the surrounding fluid are important topics in studying suspended sediment transport and water clarification. In this paper, the settling processes and interactions of twin spherical particles released side by side were experimentally studied. The Reynolds number varied in the range of 1 to 300, which is within the transition zone. Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were utilized to capture the settlement trajectory, and provide insight into the flow fields around the particles. The influences of particle size, fluid viscosity, initial spacing, and particle density on the settling process were systematically investigated. The experimental results reveal that the initial spacing between the twin particles (l0*) and the Reynolds number (Re) are the two most important factors affecting particle settling. The interaction between particles comprises only repulsion when the initial spacing is small, while the density of particles has little effect on the final settling state when the initial spacing is not very small. The flow fields around different particles are similar for the same Re, leading to similar final settlement behaviors, except for the case of l0* = 0, when the influence of particle rotation cannot be ignored. Except for the case of l0* = 0, although the particle density has little effect on the final settling behavior, it affects the repulsive process during settling. The final repulsive distance between the twin particles is highly dependent on Re and l0*. Two critical Re values exist (≈10 and ≈100), where the repulsive distance is negatively correlated with Re when Re < 10, but it is positively correlated with Re when Re > 100. However, the repulsive distance is always negatively correlated with l0*. These findings can improve understanding of more complex phenomena such as the particle group settling process and sediment transport. The current study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U2240209 and 52079044), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20191299), the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. 2021055), the Belt and Road Special Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering (Grant No. 521013152), and the 111 Project (Grant No. B17015).

In their 1992 essay ‘The image of objectivity’, and again in Objectivity (2007), Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison describe the development of ‘mechanical objectivity’. Nineteenth-century scientists, they argue, pursued ‘truth-to-nature’ by enlisting ‘self-registering instruments, cameras, wax molds, and a host of other devices […] with the aim of freeing images from human interference’. This emphasis on self-recording devices and the morals of machinery, important as it is, tends to focus our attention away from the often messy and convoluted means of image reproduction – by lithograph, hand-coloured engraving or photomechanical process, and often involving steps that seem sharply at odds with narratives of increasing standardization and scientific restraint. This essay draws on the Science Museum’s pictorial collections in order to look again at the construction of objectivity, this time from the point of view of making and reproducing images. Case studies are presented of the Luke Howard collection of cloud drawings and James Nasmyth’s lunar photographs, suggesting that scientists were more flexible in their approach to depictions of the truth than has previously been supposed, and that ‘manufactured’ may be a better term than ‘mechanical’ when we talk of objectivity in the nineteenth century. But this is also a reflexive story, about the collections of the Science Museum – an institution whose own history is, I argue in conclusion, particularly tied up with issues of accuracy, depiction and genre. These are brought together in the consideration of ‘atmosphere’ – a term as important for the historian of science as for the exhibition curator. This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the Science Museum Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/140208

This article examines a lesser-known episode of the Cold War in Asia, namely Japan’s mediation in the Konfrontasi crisis between Indonesia and Malaysia, focusing on Prime Minister Satō’s appointment of a special envoy, Kawashima Shōjirō, in Spring 1965. Drawing on multi-archival research in Japan, the UK and the US, it shows how Japan’s envoy diplomacy initiative was shaped by unilateralism, partisanship, and a brazen diplomatic style that defied ‘low profile’ expectations and revealed regional leadership aspirations. Kawashima’s (eventually unsuccessful) endeavour played out as a remarkably ‘interventionist’ initiative, mirroring domestic tensions over the definition of Japan’s postwar role in Asia. This article, based on my doctoral research, was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council Doctoral Training Programme (AHRC DTP) under Grant no. AH/L503897, and by the Cambridge Trust under the ‘Cambridge Toshiba Japan and World Graduate Scholarship’. Additionally, archival research in Japan and the US was supported, respectively, by the AHRC DTP under Research Training Support Grant no. AH/L503897/1, and by the AHRC International Placement Scheme at the John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress, Washington DC, under grant no. AH/V004387/1.

Sequential analyses of δ13C, δ18O and Δ47 values of calcite and dolomite deposited in millimetre‐sized cavities are reported from the Ronaldsway Member packstones, Isle of Man. The Ronaldsway brachiopods have δ13C values of ca +2.3‰ and δ18O values of ca −7.2‰; carbon is like predicted Carboniferous values, while oxygen values are more negative. The brachiopods show preserved microstructure but have marginal alteration and a streaky cathodoluminescence pattern. Crinoid ossicles have δ13C values of ca +2.3‰ and one with a δ18O value of ca −3.1‰, compatible with Carboniferous marine precipitates; three samples have δ18O values of ca −6.5‰ and are 18O‐depleted. Calcite stages 1 and 2 have δ13C values ca +3.2‰ and δ18O values ca −2.5‰, compatible with Carboniferous sea water. Stage 1 and 2 have non‐luminescent to orange CL zones. Stage 1 and early stage 2 contain red luminescent dolomite micro crystals generated during Mg calcite stabilisation. The Δ47 values for stage 1 and 2 cements indicate temperatures of 86 and 105°C that occurred after the stabilisation of Mg calcite. Stage 3–8 zoned cements preserve their original growth surfaces and their δ13C and δ18O values suggest precipitation during burial and exhumation. The Δ47 values of the brachiopods and crinoids indicate temperatures between 85 and 140°C indicating they were either recrystallised at high temperatures or affected by solid state reordering. To evaluate these alternatives two quantitative models, water–rock reaction and reordering models are performed. The allochems and cements are progressively altered by porewater towards the fluid‐buffered behaviour. The quantitative evaluation of calcite and dolomite solid‐state reordering suggests the elevated clumped isotopic temperatures are produced by interaction with hydrothermal fluids. This study improves understanding by applying previously untried techniques; further Δ47 data and quantifying elemental variations would help further interpretation but the poorly documented post‐depositional history is a drawback.

With roots tracing back to the nineteenth century and the study of ‘natural’ ecosystems, in the 1970s urban ecology emerged as a sub-discipline integrating the natural, engineering, social, and humanist sciences (McDonnell 2011). Adding to the primary scope of urban ecology focusing on the recent past, the present, and planning for the future (e.g. Forman 2016), archaeologists use a deep temporal frame of reference for analysing socio-ecological processes in urban systems (e.g. Redman 2011). Typically employing an anthropocentric perspective on these interactions and combining data from disparate and complementary sources, archaeologists study what people have done, explain why they did so (by testing and evaluating a multitude of social, economic, cultural, and/or ecological interpretive frameworks), and link outcomes to specific legacies, consequences, and trade-offs of anthropogenic transformations of landscape (Isendahl and Stump 2019). Archaeology can extend the frame of reference and spatial and temporal scale of analysis for urban ecology scholars and planners addressing the wide range of issues and challenges presently associated with cities and urban systems (Isendahl and Barthel 2018).

Abstract This article examines the early modern household's importance for producing experimental knowledge through an examination of the Halifax household of Margery and Henry Power. While Henry Power has been studied as a natural philosopher within the male-dominated intellectual circles of Cambridge and London, the epistemic labour of his wife, Margery Power, has hitherto been overlooked. From the 1650s, this couple worked in tandem to enhance their understanding of the vegetable world through various paper technologies, from books, paper slips and recipe notebooks to Margery's drawing album and Henry's published Experimental Philosophy. Focusing on Margery's practice of hand-colouring flower books, her copied and original drawings of flowers and her experimental production of ink, we argue that Margery's sensibility towards colour was crucial to Henry's microscopic observations of plants. Even if Margery's sophisticated knowledge of plants never left the household, we argue that her contribution was nevertheless crucial to the observation and representation of plants within the community of experimental philosophy. In this way, our article highlights the importance of female artists within the history of scientific observation, the use of books and paperwork in the botanical disciplines, and the relationship between household science and experimental philosophy.