From the flashy to the humble - Towerless Medieval Churches in DenmarkThe article investigates a special category of medieval churches, the towerless churches. The Danish concept for “kullet”, meaning bald headed are discussed, an inventory of the towerless churches is established for medieval Denmark, the architecture is analyzed in relation to different ideals and studied from social and economic perspectives, with the churches of two Jutish districts as case-studies, home of iconic towerless churches, Hover (fig. 1) and Sædding (fig. 2). The towerless churches are both perceived as a source material and as a heritage worth of protection. Much research has been focused on towers and tower churches (fig. 3), on the aristocracy and their manors. There is and need for an alternative perspective, highlighting the more ordinary churches – the towerless churches.Churches are in Danish called “kullede”, meaning bald headed. A naming of a “bald” church is the first time mentioned in an atlas in 1768 regarding Spørring (fig. 4). They are perceived ad as preserved architectural expression of the original Romanesque churches before Gothization and other changes. They are also described in a romantic sprit together with their landscape. An overview is established showing 339 towerless medieval churches in present-day Denmark, Southern Schleswig with Fehmarn, Scania, Halland and Blekinge (fig. 5). Wooden churches in the 10 and 11th centuries do not seem to have bell towers. The masonry churches of the 11th century none can be said by certainty to be towerless, however research has been conducted in major churches and the first masonry churches might be erected on the initiative of kings, bishops or aristocracy. From the 12th century most churches in Western Denmark were towerless from the beginning, whereas relatively more received a tower in Eastern Denmark, probably as peasant farms dominated in the west, aristocratic manors in the east. During the 15th century up to the Reformation many churches had added a tower, some which were again reduced or taken down e.g. at Mårup (fig. 6), and a few were even added in later periods, making the surviving towerless churches a rarity.The Middle Ages had different ideals for the church architecture as seen in regulations against extravagance also in architecture by the Cistercians, Dominicans and Franciscans. A church might have added a masonry tower, but it was expensive and there were other and cheaper solutions such as a having the bells in a wooden belfry, a small bell cot, spire or ridge turretInspired by the Ystad-project (fig 7) an analysis is conducted in the two Jutish districts with the towerless churches of Hover and Sædding. The architecture of the churches is compared with fees paid by the churches in the 14th Century and 1524–26, the evaluation of the farming in the parish 1682 and the existence of manors. The towerless churches are more frequent, where the taxes of 1524-26 are relatively low, where the parishes are small and poor, and where manors are absent (fig. 8).Towerless churches can partly be viewed as a source material reflecting the social and economic topography of medieval Denmark, partly as a heritage reflecting the first phase of stone building og churches. However, all churches have gone through changes, have had extensions and added e.g. porches, even the iconic churches of Hover and Sædding. If one seeks a “genuine” Romanesque church, as it might look like in the 12th Century, one has to see the church in the open-air-museum Hjerl Hede in Jutland (fig. 9), where a church has been reconstructed around 1950. Added to the article is an appendix with a catalogue of the 339 towerless medieval churches. The towerless churches are dived into two categories, A the genuine and B the illegitimate: the first never had a tower, and the second have a free-standing tower, have once had a tower, it has later been reduced to the roof of the nave, there has been added a bell cot, a spire or a ridge turret. The towerless churches are furthermore divided into Romanesque and Gothic, the latter been written with Italics.
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Flimmer kan være irriterende, men frem for alt kan det have en negativ effekt på menneskers sundhed, og forårsage irritation, hovedpine, overanstrengelse af øjne og migræne. Med introduktionen af LED baserede lyskilder og lamper er flimmer igen blevet et problem. Udover denne unødvendige lidelse, som flimmer kan bevirke hos enkeltpersoner, skaber de negative konsekvenser en hindring for bred og hurtig indføring af den nye LED-teknologi og dermed også en hindring for potentielle energibesparelser.EU’s nye ecodesign forordning for lyskilder og styreanordninger trådte i kraft i september 2021. Denne inkluderer for første gang grænseværdier for flimmer, hvilket skaber et akut behov for at udbrede viden om flimmer, og hvordan det skal måles.
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Flimmer, eller nærmere bestemt tidslig lys modulation (TLM), er igen blevet et problem i forbindelse med indførelse af LED-basret belysningsteknologi. TLM, dvs. variationer i lysintensiteten over tid, kan have negativ effekt på menneskers sundhed, og forårsage irritation, hovedpine, overanstrengelse af øjne og migræne. Udover denne unødvendige lidelse, som flimmer kan bevirke hos enkeltpersoner, skaber de negative konsekvenser en hindring for bred og hurtig indføring af den nye LED-teknologi og dermed også en hindring for potentielle energibesparelser.EU’s nye ecodesign forordning for lyskilder og styreanordninger trådte i kraft i september 2021. Denne inkluderer for første gang (i Europa) lovbestemte grænseværdier for TLM parametre for lyskilder og henviser til nye standarder for måling af disse. Dette skaber et akut behov for at udbrede viden om TLM, og information om hvordan man hurtigt, enkelt og korrekt måler dem. De standarder der beskriver målingerne er dog teknisk komplicerede og retter sig ikke mod branchefolk.Denne vejledning giver en introduktion til TLM, hvad det er, og hvordan det måles. Effekterne af TLM på sundhed sammenfattes, og der gøres rede for vidensniveauet inden for dette forskningsområde. En større del af denne vejledning er afsat til flimmer måleparameteren short-term flicker indicator, Pst, og den tekniske rapport som beskriver den, TR IEC 61547-1:20201 (herefter kaldet IEC 61547, hvis intet andet angives). Denne rapport beskriver det udstyr, metode og de foranstaltninger, der er nødvendige for at vurdere flimmer. Det er dog teknisk kompliceret og kan være meget vanskeligt at fortolke for ikke-teknisk kyndige læsere. For en mere detaljeret undersøgelse og anbefalede ændringer til IEC 61547, se “Flicker explained – Interpretation of the Technical Report IEC 61547“ som sammen med denne vejledning er resultatet af projektet Flicker Explained. For en generel vejledning om TLM-målinger, se publikationen CIE TN 012:20122 udgivet af den Internationale Belysningskommission, CIE.Formålet med denne guide er at øge kendskabet til flimmer i særdeleshed og TLM generelt med udgangspunkt i den tekniske rapport IEC 61547. Dette arbejde har til formål at bygge bro mellem tekniske standarder og rapporter på den ene side og belysningsindustrien på den anden side. Målet er at sikre overholdelse af EU’s nye ecodesign forordning, som igen vil reducere sundhedsproblemer forårsaget af TLM og støtte en bæredygtig overgang til LED-teknologi.Publiceringen af guiden er støttet af Energimyndigheten og er et samarbejde imellem Lunds Universitet og DTU (Danmarks Tekniske Universitet).
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Introduktion: Estetik och pedagogik
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handle: 10419/296972
Abstract in DanishTiden efter den kolde krig er slut. Nu befinder vi os i tiden efter Ukraine-krigen. Hvor stårDanmark og Østersøregionen i et tænkt scenarie, hvor Rusland ikke længere er optaget afkrigen i Ukraine og i stedet reorienterer sig mod vest? I dette arbejdspapir rammesætter vinogle sandsynlige scenarier for Danmarks nærområde. Ved at konstatere, at en demokratiskomstilling af Rusland er usandsynlig på den mellemlange bane, og ved at se på terræn ogmilitære kapabiliteter i Østersøområdet og de udfordringer, de indebærer, lægger dennerapport de første spæde linjer ud for den gentænkning af Danmarks strategi, der ernødvendiggjort af det russiske opgør med tiden efter den kolde krig. Informationsrum,kritisk infrastruktur og de danske positioner i både EU og NATO er rapportenshovedstrenge.
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From the flashy to the humble - Towerless Medieval Churches in DenmarkThe article investigates a special category of medieval churches, the towerless churches. The Danish concept for “kullet”, meaning bald headed are discussed, an inventory of the towerless churches is established for medieval Denmark, the architecture is analyzed in relation to different ideals and studied from social and economic perspectives, with the churches of two Jutish districts as case-studies, home of iconic towerless churches, Hover (fig. 1) and Sædding (fig. 2). The towerless churches are both perceived as a source material and as a heritage worth of protection. Much research has been focused on towers and tower churches (fig. 3), on the aristocracy and their manors. There is and need for an alternative perspective, highlighting the more ordinary churches – the towerless churches.Churches are in Danish called “kullede”, meaning bald headed. A naming of a “bald” church is the first time mentioned in an atlas in 1768 regarding Spørring (fig. 4). They are perceived ad as preserved architectural expression of the original Romanesque churches before Gothization and other changes. They are also described in a romantic sprit together with their landscape. An overview is established showing 339 towerless medieval churches in present-day Denmark, Southern Schleswig with Fehmarn, Scania, Halland and Blekinge (fig. 5). Wooden churches in the 10 and 11th centuries do not seem to have bell towers. The masonry churches of the 11th century none can be said by certainty to be towerless, however research has been conducted in major churches and the first masonry churches might be erected on the initiative of kings, bishops or aristocracy. From the 12th century most churches in Western Denmark were towerless from the beginning, whereas relatively more received a tower in Eastern Denmark, probably as peasant farms dominated in the west, aristocratic manors in the east. During the 15th century up to the Reformation many churches had added a tower, some which were again reduced or taken down e.g. at Mårup (fig. 6), and a few were even added in later periods, making the surviving towerless churches a rarity.The Middle Ages had different ideals for the church architecture as seen in regulations against extravagance also in architecture by the Cistercians, Dominicans and Franciscans. A church might have added a masonry tower, but it was expensive and there were other and cheaper solutions such as a having the bells in a wooden belfry, a small bell cot, spire or ridge turretInspired by the Ystad-project (fig 7) an analysis is conducted in the two Jutish districts with the towerless churches of Hover and Sædding. The architecture of the churches is compared with fees paid by the churches in the 14th Century and 1524–26, the evaluation of the farming in the parish 1682 and the existence of manors. The towerless churches are more frequent, where the taxes of 1524-26 are relatively low, where the parishes are small and poor, and where manors are absent (fig. 8).Towerless churches can partly be viewed as a source material reflecting the social and economic topography of medieval Denmark, partly as a heritage reflecting the first phase of stone building og churches. However, all churches have gone through changes, have had extensions and added e.g. porches, even the iconic churches of Hover and Sædding. If one seeks a “genuine” Romanesque church, as it might look like in the 12th Century, one has to see the church in the open-air-museum Hjerl Hede in Jutland (fig. 9), where a church has been reconstructed around 1950. Added to the article is an appendix with a catalogue of the 339 towerless medieval churches. The towerless churches are dived into two categories, A the genuine and B the illegitimate: the first never had a tower, and the second have a free-standing tower, have once had a tower, it has later been reduced to the roof of the nave, there has been added a bell cot, a spire or a ridge turret. The towerless churches are furthermore divided into Romanesque and Gothic, the latter been written with Italics.
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Flimmer kan være irriterende, men frem for alt kan det have en negativ effekt på menneskers sundhed, og forårsage irritation, hovedpine, overanstrengelse af øjne og migræne. Med introduktionen af LED baserede lyskilder og lamper er flimmer igen blevet et problem. Udover denne unødvendige lidelse, som flimmer kan bevirke hos enkeltpersoner, skaber de negative konsekvenser en hindring for bred og hurtig indføring af den nye LED-teknologi og dermed også en hindring for potentielle energibesparelser.EU’s nye ecodesign forordning for lyskilder og styreanordninger trådte i kraft i september 2021. Denne inkluderer for første gang grænseværdier for flimmer, hvilket skaber et akut behov for at udbrede viden om flimmer, og hvordan det skal måles.
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Flimmer, eller nærmere bestemt tidslig lys modulation (TLM), er igen blevet et problem i forbindelse med indførelse af LED-basret belysningsteknologi. TLM, dvs. variationer i lysintensiteten over tid, kan have negativ effekt på menneskers sundhed, og forårsage irritation, hovedpine, overanstrengelse af øjne og migræne. Udover denne unødvendige lidelse, som flimmer kan bevirke hos enkeltpersoner, skaber de negative konsekvenser en hindring for bred og hurtig indføring af den nye LED-teknologi og dermed også en hindring for potentielle energibesparelser.EU’s nye ecodesign forordning for lyskilder og styreanordninger trådte i kraft i september 2021. Denne inkluderer for første gang (i Europa) lovbestemte grænseværdier for TLM parametre for lyskilder og henviser til nye standarder for måling af disse. Dette skaber et akut behov for at udbrede viden om TLM, og information om hvordan man hurtigt, enkelt og korrekt måler dem. De standarder der beskriver målingerne er dog teknisk komplicerede og retter sig ikke mod branchefolk.Denne vejledning giver en introduktion til TLM, hvad det er, og hvordan det måles. Effekterne af TLM på sundhed sammenfattes, og der gøres rede for vidensniveauet inden for dette forskningsområde. En større del af denne vejledning er afsat til flimmer måleparameteren short-term flicker indicator, Pst, og den tekniske rapport som beskriver den, TR IEC 61547-1:20201 (herefter kaldet IEC 61547, hvis intet andet angives). Denne rapport beskriver det udstyr, metode og de foranstaltninger, der er nødvendige for at vurdere flimmer. Det er dog teknisk kompliceret og kan være meget vanskeligt at fortolke for ikke-teknisk kyndige læsere. For en mere detaljeret undersøgelse og anbefalede ændringer til IEC 61547, se “Flicker explained – Interpretation of the Technical Report IEC 61547“ som sammen med denne vejledning er resultatet af projektet Flicker Explained. For en generel vejledning om TLM-målinger, se publikationen CIE TN 012:20122 udgivet af den Internationale Belysningskommission, CIE.Formålet med denne guide er at øge kendskabet til flimmer i særdeleshed og TLM generelt med udgangspunkt i den tekniske rapport IEC 61547. Dette arbejde har til formål at bygge bro mellem tekniske standarder og rapporter på den ene side og belysningsindustrien på den anden side. Målet er at sikre overholdelse af EU’s nye ecodesign forordning, som igen vil reducere sundhedsproblemer forårsaget af TLM og støtte en bæredygtig overgang til LED-teknologi.Publiceringen af guiden er støttet af Energimyndigheten og er et samarbejde imellem Lunds Universitet og DTU (Danmarks Tekniske Universitet).
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Introduktion: Estetik och pedagogik
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