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The purpose of this project is to examine the approach to digitalisation in a Danish municipality called Næstved. The municipality has chosen not to have a digital strategy and instead use digitalisation principles, which is why this project examines what those digitalisation principles can do in terms of supporting the digitalisation in Næstved municipality, that the municipality believes digital strategies cannot. The project is centered around the IT and Digitalisation department and its team leader, as they are responsible for implementing the digitalisation principles.To get a better understanding of what strategies are and when they fail, strategies, strategic planning and plans by Mintzberg (1987; 1994; 2000) is included. George et al. (2019), and Correani et al. (2020) is included for the purpose of getting a better understanding of how to make a strategy and how to implement one. As it is also important to understand how to use principles in theory and not just how the municipality uses them in practise, Rozanski and Woods (2005) is included. Lastly, as part of using the digitalisation principles is part of a larger digital transformation process Mergel et al. (2019) is used.For the empirical data collection several interviews have been conducted primarily using a semi- structured qualitative method, and to process the data, a codebook method has been used following DeCuir-Gunby et al. (2011). From the codebook, two theory driven codes were created: strategies and digital transformation and two data driven codes: digital principles and the department of IT and Digitalisation. These four codes will be the focal point of the analysis.With the discussion we aim to examine the IT and Digitalisation department and discuss three things: their role in relation to the digital transformation, how the digitalisation principles are used in practise and compared to the theory, and lastly discuss their role when it comes to strategies, and how Næstved municipality could potentially involve some strategic planning.In conclusion, digitalisation principles can, in collaboration with the Joint Digital Government Strategy, replace a municipally situated digital strategy. However, if the IT and Digitalisation department wants the digitalisation principles to be more situated in the different departments of the municipality, then they will have to do some planning to support this vision as it will not happen organically.

“Multifunctional land consolidation” (in Danish: “multifunktionel jordfordeling”) is a regulatory approach to land use that encourages efforts to combat climate change and increase biodiversityin combination with other societal interests such as rural development, opportunities for recreation, and economic development for farmers. Since 2019, the Danish Agricultural Agency has run apilot subsidy scheme granting municipalities the funds to cover land consolidation charges through voluntary agreements with landowners. Using theories of governance and multifunctionality, thisproject analyses the opportunities of the pilot scheme to contribute to the mitigation of climate change and improvements of biodiversity. It is argued that the municipalities running projects mustdevelop new competencies as facilitators, which in turn reflects an emerging supervisory mode of governance. However, while voluntary participation is essential, the scheme does not require projects to be fully co-created by landowners and residents, and the funding structure of the scheme also undermines this effort. We argue that a greater focus on co-creation and more funding within the scheme could lead to greater levels of landowner support, which in turn could generate larger-scale changes in support of sustainable land use.

This project examines how the interaction between school and parents are influenced by digitalisation, and to which degree the socioeconomical status of the parents is a contributing factor. Furthermore, the project looks into the parents’ experience with emergency schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic and how they have handled the emergency schooling situation. The analysis is based on seven semi-structured interviews with parents who has a child enrolled in the Danish primary school. Through theory, primarily based on Maria Ørskov Akselvolls theory about ‘cooperation and strategies of involvement’, the project explains a new type of parental involvement, in which parents are demanded to be reachable all hours during the day in activities regarding their children’s school. Hereby an examination of how increased digitalisation has changed the communicative interaction between school and parents. The analysis shows how parent’s digital prerequisites are an important factor in supporting their children during the emergency schooling. Furthermore, the project aims to outline how parents are forced by underlying norms and expectations from the school, in addition to support the children academically. This is in accordance with the choice of scientific theory “critical realism”, which tries to uncover the non-observational structures and norms of society. These expectations and norms seem to have a great impact on the parental style, which can be categorized as ‘concerted cultivation’. Finally, the project discusses how an increased amount of digitalisation is affecting the parents and children – not only in a school related context but in general as well. The conclusion of the project is held up against an international perspective with a discussion of how emergency schooling during COVID-19 will affect the future constellation of the school system.

In this study the potential for reduction of greenhouse gasses from the Danish agricultural sector by the implementation of pyrolysis in manure management is evaluated. Using Life Cycle Assessment Carbon Footprints of the following four manure management systems are calculated based on the functional unit management of 1 ton of pig manure:• Ref 1: Manure is applied directly to soil• Ref 2: Manure is used for biogas production then applied to soil• Scen 1: Manure separated in liquid and fibrous fractions. The fibrous fraction is used for pyrolysis and biochar is applied to soil. The liquid fraction is applied directly to soil• Scen 2: Manure is used for biogas production then separated in liquid and fibrous fractions. The fibrous fraction is used for pyrolysis and biochar is applied to soil. The liquid fraction is applied directly to soilCombined, the two reference systems represent the current manure management system in Denmark where 20% of all manure is used for biogas production. A Carbon Footprint of 167 kg CO2e per ton manure was found for this system. This functions as the basis of comparison for the two pyrolysis scenarios.The Carbon Footprint of Scen 1 and Scen 2 was found to be 87 and 121 kg CO2e per ton manure representing a 48% and 27% reduction compared to the current manure management, respectively. The main causes of the reduction are reduced emissions of methane from storage and CO2 from field processes. Using these Carbon Footprints reduction potentials were calculated assuming implementation of the pyrolysis scenarios for the total amount of pig- and dairy manure in Denmark. A potential reduction of 3.7 mio ton CO2e for Scen 1 and 2.1 for Scen 2. This corresponds to 34% and 19% of the total emissions from the Danish agricultural sector.

This research paper seeks to shed light on the development of two cities in the southern Helmand province of Afghanistan throughout the Afghan war. The paper presents the following research question: To what degree can easily accessible satellite images combined with knowledge of the Afghan war reveal a narrative describing the urban development of the cities Lashkar Gah and Gereshk and which processes govern this narrative.The study has been conducted through analyses of satellite images along with knowledge of the conditions of the two cities during the war. This analysis have been conducted separately for each city and then comparatively. Through this medium a narrative have been detailed that describe the cities growth between 2000-2018, what elements that have had an impact on this growth and what the construction of different types of residential areas can tell us about this grow. Finally the paper describes det different urban processes that govern this narrative.

With the use of an organizational perspective, this study examines the security problems that relate to IoT environments. By combining the two methods of literature review and semi-structured interviews, we have been able to gain knowledge from previous studies and obtain new knowledge from interviews. This report aims to provide a trustworthy and righteous picture of the organizational IoT security issues that appear worldwide. Furthermore, this study attempts to outline the risk factors that companies may experience, as well as propose solutions to the subject. The study discusses the necessity of new guidelines in the landscape of IoT security, and concludes that a general need for international IoT security standards exist, which subsequently will support the global market competition. Ultimately, the study concludes that organizations experience problems regarding the complexity of IoT environments.

The following project Agriculture in Liberia - stories from four students seeks to provide a deeperunderstanding about how perceptions of roles and possibilities are linked to their education context.In order to do so an approach inspired by ethnography have been used when carrying out field workat the Oxfam IBIS Education of Youth Empowerment (EYE) center in Zwedru. We have used anexplorative approach doing our fieldwork when collecting our data which gave us the possibility tolet the surroundings influence our topic. Throughout the fieldwork we used informal conversations,participant observations and two types of interview methods. This data being the foundation for ourproject. For the analytical part of the project two theorist, Margaret Somers and Paulo Freire, havebeen used two shed light on the themes we found through coding our empirical data. In the end itbecomes possible to conclude, that the students achieve perspectives about what is possible forthem to change in their own life, but in Liberia as well. These perspectives are related to theagriculture skills accomplish.

Kan radardata fra satellitter bruges til at afdække omfanget af mindre sæsonbetingede oversvømmelser på eksempelvis marker? Hvor meget vand der skal til, før vi kan observere det via radardata? Og ved hvilke værdier defineres vand i datasættet? Hvordan skal data fra radarsatellitterne fortolkes, og hvordan fungerer teknologien? Dette er nogle af de spørgsmål der vil blive besvaret i dette projekt. Der vil blive taget udgangspunkt i empiriske feltstudier. Derudover vil der være data fra Sentinel-1 satellitterne i det Europæiske Copernicus program. Der vil derudover også blive taget udgangspunkt i TRIN-modellen fra Jørgensen 2017, for at forstå teknologien. Derudover vil der blive beskrevet, hvordan de øgede nedbørsmængder forventes at påvirke landbruget, samt risikoen for flere sæsonbetingede oversvømmelser.

This paper examines an alternative to the conventional Danish farming industry, from the perspective of the next generation of organic farmers from Kalø Økologiske Landbrugsskole (Kalø Organic Agriculture College). We found that the current state of affairs is liable for negatively contributing to the climate crisis, through excessive cultivation of the Danish land mass, and CO₂ and methane emissions emanating from the meat-industry, specifically, in pig production. Moreover, we found that the industry is economically unstable, caused by inflation and overreliance on growth and optimization, limiting the flexibility of Danish farmers and hindering conversion to sustainable land-use. As such, we proceeded on the base of necessity for a fundamental re-shaping and -thinking of the field of agriculture going forward and examined the understanding of the forthcoming landscape for young Danish farmers. To this end, we accounted for the environmental ethics in the normative view of nature, superseded from an anthropocentric worldview based on liberal values and domestication of nature – as seen through our inclusion of anthropologist Ghassan Hage. We then examined the principles of organic farming, and the accompanying ontology of ‘green ecology’, prevalent, in part, on Kalø Økologiske Landbrugsskole. To gather empiric data of the institution and its students, we went on a field excursion, where we overlooked two courses, in pig’s digestion and introduction to pig production, and interviewed two farming-students with tangible plans for the future. Both the institution and our two subjects, Adrian (A) and Viktor (V), showcased different schools of thought in regard to the future of agriculture and view of nature, but a definite wish for a disruption of the conventional Danish farming. A seemed to project an idealistic execution of the organic principles, but, in lingo with his future partner, V, took certain reservations with adhering to the economic ‘reality’ of running a business. In so, displaying both an ecological view of nature and sustainability, whilst reproducing anthropocentric liberal values as defined by Hage. Conclusively, we discussed the pros and cons of the different views of nature, the future of organic agriculture in Denmark and the potential of A and V’s participation in shifting the paradigm. Nonetheless, we find the necessity for a future shift in the view of nature, to accommodate a different approach to agriculture in regards to the climate crisis and sustainability.

Through this project the considerations behind introducing iPads and deliberately choosing not to use technology in two respective kindergartens are analysed. The Danish government, the representatives of the municipalities (KL) and the collective Danish regions (Danske Regioner) developed in 2011 a digital strategy in which they recommend the use of technology in Danish kindergartens. Observations in two the two kindergartens: Børnehuset Søndersø which uses iPads and Selmers Børnehus which does not use iPads, give us an understanding of the necessity of the presence of technology in the development of children’s learning abilities and play. The observations are supported by two interviews with the respective managers of the kindergartens, Susanne Frølund and Benthe Hansen. These interviews show which values are depicted in the kindergartens. Bruno Latour’s Actor-Network-Theory give us an understanding of how important the iPad is for the child as well as how the network created between the child and the iPad can help answer the research question. The theory of systems and lifeworld by Jürgen Habermas is used to determine which elements the kindergartens possess of the two types of society. Furthermore this project features a discussion of the themes derived from the empirical evidence. The themes are following: resources, social interaction, communication between the parents and the kindergarten, learning and development, and creativity. Additionally will the intentions behind KL’s digital strategy be discussed. The purpose of the strategy which is to inspire and encourage kindergartens to start using iPads, divides the Danish kindergartens. Some agree and some disagree. The visions of KL are therefore not necessarily met in all kindergartens. The evidence derived from the research shows, that the iPad can create a greater solidarity in the kindergarten as well as contribute to the development of creativeness and new methods of learning and teaching. The efficiency improvement in communication between the parents and the kindergarten can improve their relationship and at the same time the kindergarten teachers will get more time to take care of the children. On the other hand the iPad can be criticised for hindering the development of children’s creativeness and social competences as only one child can play with the iPad at a time, and this is only within the iPad’s beforehand installed programs.