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The "natural" component of the rural landscape is strongly characterised by the topography and soil, given the influence of these variables on the aesthetic aspect of the landscape as well on the agricultural productivity. Variations on the characteristics of soils and topography, particularly relevant at from catchment to regional scale, can occur evidently at the farm scale. The knowledge of such variability is relevant, in order to rationalise the agrotechnical management, differentiate the production and mitigate the risks of soil degradation. The traditional techniques for soil and topography characterisation are, in general, costly and time-consuming. As such, they frequently represent a serious obstacle to the realisation of an investigation. Innovative techniques of proximal sensing, based on the vis-NIR reflectance spectroscopy, and remote sensing, based on the use of data collected by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or drones, can provide a useful tool to the resolution of this problem. The present work aims to give a contribution to the knowledge of such techniques, highlighting their advantages and limitation, through the description of two case studies

Il rapporto tra progresso tecnologico e benessere economico da alcuni decenni è oggetto di studio di molti economisti, i quali si chiedono quali possano essere gli effetti socio-economici del progresso tecnologico sul mercato e sui modelli di organizzazione del lavoro nonché sul sistema economico nel suo complesso. Alla luce dei cambiamenti tecnologici in atto, l’obiettivo di questa ricerca è comprendere quali effetti possa avere l’Intelligenza Artificiale nel contesto occupazionale, considerando, a tale riguardo, le categorie coinvolte e gli aspetti organizzativi. In particolare, quale effetto hanno l'uso quotidiano delle applicazioni di Intelligenza Artificiale, in termini di diminuzione dei posti di lavoro, sulle categorie dei dirigenti, quadri, impiegati e operai, inoltre, in che modo le applicazioni di Intelligenza Artificiale influenzano il cambiamento organizzativo e l'organizzazione quotidiana del lavoro ai diversi livelli gerarchici. Il presente lavoro propone come framework di analisi due approcci teorici, Sociomaterialità e Job Demands-Resources, per fornire una visione più approfondita su come le nuove tecnologie di Intelligenza Artificiale sono in grado di avviare un processo di cambiamento in un'azienda modificando profondamente l’ambiente di lavoro e, di conseguenza, il benessere dei lavoratori, nonché fornendo una comprensione più approfondita del rapporto tra uomo e tecnologia. ; The relationship between technological progress and economic well-being has for some decades been the subject of study by many economists, who wonder what the socio-economic effects of technological progress may be on the market and on the models of work organization as well as on the economic system as a whole. In light of constant technological developments, the goal of this research is to understand what effects Artificial Intelligence can have in the labor market, considering, in this regard, the categories involved and the organizational aspects. In particular, what effect the daily use of Artificial Intelligence ...

This paper is considering the area of exploitation of Campu Doinanicoro settlement (Municipalities of Dorgali and Orgosolo, NU) in the Supramonte region. From its environmental characteristics it is possible, through a territorial analysis with GIS software, to simulate the different ways of using land in antiquity. On the basis of the cereal consumption of a family group, in relation with the data collected by experimental archaeology on the cereals productivity (wheat and barley) and on ethnographic and archeozoological analyses on breeding (sheep and goats, pigs and cattle), the territory of the site is exploited in its various ecological areas: it allows to built some hypotheses on demography estimated by the capacity of food production. The result of the simulation of exploitation around the settlement and the carrying capacity can be useful elements for the reconstruction of land use and for the analysis of relationships among different settlements.

A brief presentation of the studies on population and economy of Copper and Bronze Age in Italy introduces the transformations that took place in the third and second millennium BC and outlines the relationship between man and landscape. The emergence of stable and long-lasting villages invites us to identify the necessary conditions for the control and planning of the resources to achieve the subsistence of the communities that became more and more numerous and with a well-organized production. The proposal to identify a lifestyle that goes back to the roots of peasant civilization, at least starting from the Bronze Age, is based on the full awareness of skills and techniques in the management of forces and relationships between humans and plants or animals. This vision allows to verify in the archaeological documentation any possible line of research. The framework that can be obtained also helps to focus interdisciplinary disciplines in which methods of analysis and reconstruction of management systems identify next steps of the research in economic, demographic and social studies. The points, selected and expressed in the form of schemes and concept maps, will be useful for the discussion to identify which methods, tools and reasoning can help in defining the historical reconstruction and the many possible variants.

This contribution aims to provide an updated and concise overview of the main events and developments characterising the interaction between human communities and their environment in Lombardy (Northern Italy) between the Middle Paleolithic and the Late Iron Age (60,000 to 2,100 years cal BP). Within the above defined geographic and chronological context, our main goal is to highlight and summarise the role of natural factors in the development of human history, both over the long durée and within defined periods. We provide a short history of the ecosystems and socio-ecological systems in Lombardy, for which – thanks to the contribution of several research groups and scholars active in the region – we analyse specific key issues. These analyses are facilitated by chronostratigraphic tables and GIS-based cartography, and introduced by an overview of the climatic changes that affected Alpine and Po Plain landscapes across the Last Glaciation and subsequent Late Glacial times, up to the shortlasting events which influenced the development of Holocene civilisations. The structure and significance of the issues introduced in the overview will be discussed by individual research groups working within this study area

La Quarta Rivoluzione Industriale ha annunciato una serie di trasformazioni culturali, economiche e sociali di profondo rilievo. L’ampia accelerazione tecnologica che stiamo vivendo, indubbiamente, crea un valore enorme, aumentando la produttività e facilitando il benessere collettivo. Tuttavia, la tecnica, oltre a stravolgere il mon- do del lavoro e della produzione, l'organizzazione del si- stema economico e, più in generale, la quotidianità, allo stesso tempo, opera una rivoluzione della coscienza uma- na, della comprensione del mondo interiore ed esteriore degli individui. Le tecnologie digitali non sono soltanto strumenti che si limitano a modificare il modo in cui inte- ragiamo con il mondo, ma sono, soprattutto, sistemi che influenzano sempre di più il modo in cui comprendiamo il mondo e ci rapportiamo ad esso, così come il modo in cui concepiamo noi stessi e interagiamo tra noi. Oggi, in maniera progressivamente accelerata, si dà atto di un’e- rosione sistematica dell’esperienza puramente umana da parte della tecnica, in particolar modo nell’ambito del nascere, vivere e morire. Seppur la tecnologia moltiplichi esponenzialmente le connessioni e le interazioni tra per- sone ed organizzazioni, tuttavia, non ha incoraggiato tendenze che vadano nella direzione del benessere collet- tivo. Inoltre, il processo di deterioramento del sistema va- loriale non ha risparmiato il diritto, fenomeno umano per eccellenza. Pertanto, un sistema che non registra, come in passato, un forte legame tra progresso tecnico-scientifico e creazione di valori che orientino al bene collettivo, ri- chiede l’innovazione parallela dei modelli di pensiero, nonché la ridefinizione delle categorie con le quali i sape- ri umanistici e scientifici approcciano la realtà. A partire dall’analisi di questo contesto, questo contributo afferma l’idea della necessarietà di etica e filosofia quali elemen- ti imprescindibili ai fini della sostenibilità della quarta rivoluzione industriale. I principi etici, invero, educano la collettività ad agire valutando gli effetti delle proprie azioni sulla natura e sugli altri, e nel lungo periodo. L’e- tica, infatti, quale filosofia morale o scienza del bene, stabilisce relazioni strutturali tra l’agire umano e i mezzi per conseguirlo, affinché si mantenga il “bene in sé” quale fine ultimo. The Fourth Industrial Revolution introduced a series of profound cultural, economic and social transformations. The wide technological accele- ration we are experiencing, undoubtedly, creates enormous value, increasing productivity and faci- litating collective well-being. However, technology, in addition to upsetting the world of work and production, the organization of the economic sy- stem and, more generally, everyday life, at the same time, brings a revolution in human consciousness, in the comprehension of the inner and outer world of individuals. Digital technologies are not just to- ols that only change the way we interact with the world, but they are, above all, systems that increa- singly influence the way we understand the world and relate to it, as well as the way we interact with it, the way we conceive of ourselves and interact with each other. Today, in a progressively accelera- ted manner, we face a systematic erosion of purely human experience by technology, especially in the context of being born, living and dying. In particu- lar, although technology exponentially multiplies the connections and interactions between people and organizations, however, it has not encouraged trends that go in the direction of collective well- being. Furthermore, the process of deterioration of the value system has not spared law, a human phe- nomenon par excellence. Therefore, a system that does not register, as in the past, a strong link betwe- en technical-scientific progress and the creation of values that orient towards the collective good, requires the parallel innovation of the models of thought, as well as the redefinition of the catego- ries with which humanities and sciences approach reality. Starting from the analysis of this context, this contribution affirms the idea of the necessity of ethics and philosophy as essential elements for the sustainability of the fourth industrial revolu- tion. Ethical principles, indeed, educate the com- munity to act by evaluating the effects of its actions on nature and on the others, and in the long term. Ethics, in fact, as a moral philosophy or science of good, establishes structural relationships between human action and the means to achieve it, so that "good in itself " is maintained as the ultimate goal.

La Quarta Rivoluzione Industriale ha annunciato una serie di trasformazioni culturali, economiche e sociali di profondo rilievo. L’ampia accelerazione tecnologica che stiamo vivendo, indubbiamente, crea un valore enorme, aumentando la produttività e facilitando il benessere collettivo. Tuttavia, la tecnica, oltre a stravolgere il mon- do del lavoro e della produzione, l'organizzazione del si- stema economico e, più in generale, la quotidianità, allo stesso tempo, opera una rivoluzione della coscienza uma- na, della comprensione del mondo interiore ed esteriore degli individui. Le tecnologie digitali non sono soltanto strumenti che si limitano a modificare il modo in cui inte- ragiamo con il mondo, ma sono, soprattutto, sistemi che influenzano sempre di più il modo in cui comprendiamo il mondo e ci rapportiamo ad esso, così come il modo in cui concepiamo noi stessi e interagiamo tra noi. Oggi, in maniera progressivamente accelerata, si dà atto di un’e- rosione sistematica dell’esperienza puramente umana da parte della tecnica, in particolar modo nell’ambito del nascere, vivere e morire. Seppur la tecnologia moltiplichi esponenzialmente le connessioni e le interazioni tra per- sone ed organizzazioni, tuttavia, non ha incoraggiato tendenze che vadano nella direzione del benessere collet- tivo. Inoltre, il processo di deterioramento del sistema va- loriale non ha risparmiato il diritto, fenomeno umano per eccellenza. Pertanto, un sistema che non registra, come in passato, un forte legame tra progresso tecnico-scientifico e creazione di valori che orientino al bene collettivo, ri- chiede l’innovazione parallela dei modelli di pensiero, nonché la ridefinizione delle categorie con le quali i sape- ri umanistici e scientifici approcciano la realtà. A partire dall’analisi di questo contesto, questo contributo afferma l’idea della necessarietà di etica e filosofia quali elemen- ti imprescindibili ai fini della sostenibilità della quarta rivoluzione industriale. I principi etici, invero, educano la collettività ad agire valutando gli effetti delle proprie azioni sulla natura e sugli altri, e nel lungo periodo. L’e- tica, infatti, quale filosofia morale o scienza del bene, stabilisce relazioni strutturali tra l’agire umano e i mezzi per conseguirlo, affinché si mantenga il “bene in sé” quale fine ultimo. The Fourth Industrial Revolution introduced a series of profound cultural, economic and social transformations. The wide technological accele- ration we are experiencing, undoubtedly, creates enormous value, increasing productivity and faci- litating collective well-being. However, technology, in addition to upsetting the world of work and production, the organization of the economic sy- stem and, more generally, everyday life, at the same time, brings a revolution in human consciousness, in the comprehension of the inner and outer world of individuals. Digital technologies are not just to- ols that only change the way we interact with the world, but they are, above all, systems that increa- singly influence the way we understand the world and relate to it, as well as the way we interact with it, the way we conceive of ourselves and interact with each other. Today, in a progressively accelera- ted manner, we face a systematic erosion of purely human experience by technology, especially in the context of being born, living and dying. In particu- lar, although technology exponentially multiplies the connections and interactions between people and organizations, however, it has not encouraged trends that go in the direction of collective well- being. Furthermore, the process of deterioration of the value system has not spared law, a human phe- nomenon par excellence. Therefore, a system that does not register, as in the past, a strong link betwe- en technical-scientific progress and the creation of values that orient towards the collective good, requires the parallel innovation of the models of thought, as well as the redefinition of the catego- ries with which humanities and sciences approach reality. Starting from the analysis of this context, this contribution affirms the idea of the necessity of ethics and philosophy as essential elements for the sustainability of the fourth industrial revolu- tion. Ethical principles, indeed, educate the com- munity to act by evaluating the effects of its actions on nature and on the others, and in the long term. Ethics, in fact, as a moral philosophy or science of good, establishes structural relationships between human action and the means to achieve it, so that "good in itself " is maintained as the ultimate goal.

Il contributo nasce da un approccio interdisciplinare allo studio delle tra-sformazioni territoriali: ne sono autori, infatti, geografi, fisici e ingegneri ambientali esperti di telerilevamento. L’obiettivo è quello di studiare la recente espansione del capitalismo agricolo in una regione strategica per l’economia del Mezzogiorno: la Piana del Sele. In pochi anni, questo territorio a forte vocazione agri-cola ha conosciuto una drastica alterazione della copertura del suolo, che, se nel 2012 registrava un sostanziale equilibrio tra seminativi e serre, nel 2018, in appena sei anni, ha visto una crescita ponderosa delle serre a scapito proprio dei seminativi. È questa la conseguen-za dell’espansione della cosiddetta “quarta gamma” nel mercato or-tofrutticolo - esplosa anche in Italia nelle ultime due decadi – ovvero la produzione in serra di prodotti freschi, lavati e pronti al consumo. Si tratta di un fenomeno che, oltre alla valenza commerciale, ha dei riverberi geo-economici, sociali e ambientali di prim’ordine. In primo luogo, la penetrazione nei mercati locali dei grandi capitalisti agricoli; in secondo luogo, la riduzione della capacità degli ecosistemi di assi-curare beni e servizi; in terzo luogo, il depauperamento del paesaggio e il potenziale aumento del rischio idrogeologico. La metodologia d’indagine prevede l’analisi dei cambiamenti del-la land cover nei comuni di Battipaglia e Bellizzi, nella provincia di Salerno, nel segmento temporale 2012-2018 attraverso l’Urban Atlas Copernicus, realizzato utilizzando dati satellitari ad altissima risolu-zione. Attraverso il software InVEST, ai cambiamenti osservati è stata abbinata la quantificazione della perdita generata dalla riduzione dei beni e servizi ecosistemici. The paper arises from an interdisciplinary approach to the study of ter ritorial transformations: in fact, its authors are geographers, physicists and environmental engineers who are experts in remote sensing. The aim is to study the recent expansion of agricultural capitalism in a strategic region for the economy of the South: the Sele Plain. In just a few years, this territory with a strong agricultural vocation has experienced a drastic alteration of the land cover: in 2012 there was a substantial bal ance between arable land and greenhouses, but in 2018, in just six years, there was a substantial growth of greenhouses own detriment of arable land. This is the consequence of the expansion of the so-called “fourth range” in the fruit and vegetable market - which has also grown up in Italy in the last two decades - or rather the greenhouse production of fresh, washed and ready-to-eat products. It is a phenomenon which, in addition to its commercial value, has first-rate geo-economic, social and environmental effects. First, the penetration of local markets by large ag ricultural capitalists; secondly, the reduction of the ability of ecosystems to provide goods and services; thirdly, the depletion of the landscape and the potential increase in hydrogeological risk. The survey methodology involves the analysis of land cover changes in the municipalities of Battipaglia and Bellizzi, in the province of Salerno, in the 2012-2018 time span through the Urban Atlas Copernicus, created using very high resolution satellite data. Through the InVEST software, the observed changes were combined with the quantification of the loss generated by the reduction of the ecosystem goods and services.

This paper presents some results obtained by the application of remote sensing methodologies in the study and monitoring of the Roman city of Falerii Novi and its surrounding area. This landscape changes quickly and for this reason is suitable for non-invasive investigation, which ensure the regular tilling of the land and allow the monitoring of the conservation of the ancient buried structures. Specifically, the research concerns the experimental application of the recent image processing methodologies on five high-resolution satellite images (one QuickBird-2, two GeoEye-1 and two WorldView-2 acquired between 2003 and 2014). The aim of this processing phase is to enhance spectral, spatial and radiometric properties of the images and so, to facilitate the identification of the archaeological marks related to buried structures. The photointerpretation was necessarily supported by the examination of the bibliographic sources, and was validated, where was possible, by field checks. In general, no significant archaeological marks have emerged in the urban area, but the strategic use of the spectral properties of the images has allowed the identification of the areas with the greatest erosion of the surface soil and those of greatest deposition of the colluvial soil. In the extra-urban area, on the other hand, vegetation marks relating to a probable suburban villa in the immediate territory to the South of the city and to the route of the Via Amerina to the North have been identified.