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Spatial analysis combines the capabilities of database systems with the presentation of computer mapping, to model the spatial relationships between archaeological entities and topography, such as defining catchment areas and the views from and to monuments. To date, such applications have generally taken a functional approach, treating spatial relationships, and space itself, as depersonalised and neutral. Here, spatial analysis is used to determine the cognitive locational criteria of people of three distinct periods, Lower/Middle Palaeolithic (lithic scatters), later prehistoric (banked enclosure) and Roman (road) on the Dickett’s Field high-level plateau. The advantages and disadvantages of alternative hypothetical locations were modelled and compared to the chosen locations, as indicated by the archaeological evidence. The results of this research demonstrate that spatial analysis can be used to model hypothetical locations and to identify the decision making criteria of past peoples.

This report reviews social housing archetypes in Scotland to enable identification of suitable energy efficiency and zero emissions heating systems.

In the global literature on violence and warfare, the Jōmon period of the prehistoric Japanese archipelago is renowned as an example of a complex hunter-gatherer culture with little evidence of violent conflict through its duration, whereas the subsequent agricultural Yayoi period is marked by numerous indicators of violence, including formalised weaponry and fortified villages. How violence was prevented or utilised during large-scale cultural and technological transitions in prehistory is an ongoing area of research, but it is clear that they cannot simply be explained by external pressures, rather the cultural context in which conflict management strategies are played-out is also a large deciding factor in whether or not disputes result in violence. In order to look at these dynamics with great resolution, this thesis aimed to systematically analyse the arguably most direct evidence for violence – traumatic skeletal lesion – from 29 sites dating to the Late–Final Jōmon (ca. 2540 – 435 BC) through the Yayoi (ca. 900 BC – 250 AD) periods, where agriculture first appeared in the Japanese archipelago. In total 250 Jōmon skulls and 174 Yayoi skeletons were examined for evidence of traumatic lesions likely related to violence. In order to facilitate the data analysis, a method of examining skeletal data in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) using an existing 3D model of the human skeleton was developed. The author modified a freely available 3D model of the skeleton (BodyParts3D licenced through Creative Commons) to be compatible with this thesis’ completeness recording methods. 3D features were then added to the model to represent instances of trauma. This novel method allowed for the creation of distinct analytical units which could be easily queried, compiled, and compared at the individual and group levels rather than simply representing completeness and trauma data in ad hoc diagrams or through singular 3D visualisations. The results demonstrate that, although it has been underestimated, the overall rates of violent trauma during the Jōmon are low, but that there are as of yet unexplored patterns in the occurrence of antemortem and perimortem trauma among the males and females of the period. The transition to the Yayoi is marked by an increase in healed trauma among the sites dating to the beginnings of the period. Perimortem trauma and trauma related to weaponry increase from the Early–Middle Yayoi period, but indicators of healed intragroup trauma persist. The implications of these findings are critically evaluated in relation to previous studies in the region and to patterns of violence from two case studies from European prehistory – the Mesolithic-–Neolithic transition and the Bronze Age.

My thesis examines the functions of visions of heavenly beings in Coptic hagiography and their relationship to the cult of saints in Egypt. I use six saints’ hagiographical traditions as case studies: Kollouthos, Menas, Phoibammon of Preht, Merkourios, Viktor, son of Romanos, and James the Persian. My source base includes all the Coptic hagiographical texts in these saints’ traditions which contain visions experienced by them prior to their deaths and/or visions of them appearing posthumously to laypeople. I am thus able to understand the functions of visions through the writers’ choices in presenting them, and through that how they were perceived and utilised within the cult of saints. I achieve two aims. Firstly, I address the lack of attention that Coptic hagiography has received in both Late Antique and Byzantine Studies and Egyptology, showing that it contributes significantly to our understanding of the cult of saints. Secondly, I focus on visions because, where supernatural phenomena within hagiography have been studied, there has been an overwhelming emphasis on posthumous miracles, meaning that the functions of other phenomena have gone unexplored. The thesis begins with a close examination of my source base and the issues inherent in the creation, transmission, and historicity of hagiographies in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, I contextualise my source base using archaeological evidence of the cult of saints, demonstrating in detail what we can learn from these texts and how to negotiate the issues with them. Then, in Chapters 3 and 4, I perform narratological analysis of the visions experienced by martyr saints and by laypeople, comparing them to illustrate that saints were portrayed as idealised Christians and that laypeople were instructed through visions how to participate in the cult in order to be allowed access to the divine.

This thesis examines the first ten years of the campaign of political violence that was waged by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) during the Northern Ireland Troubles (c.1969–1998). The primary aim is to understand how and why the PIRA chose to apply violence, and the consequences of these decisions. What is significant about this thesis, is the volume and range of PIRA violence that has been disaggregated and assessed – fatal and non-fatal acts of violence; targeted assassinations that were planned and executed as intended; operations that were stillborn, off-target, or thwarted by the security forces; attacks that maimed or killed unintended targets; and acts that were never intended to and did not cause physical harm to others. The work uncovers a richer account of the relationship between PIRA agency, chance, and the character and consequences of PIRA violence than has hitherto been possible. The research has involved a detailed investigation of the PIRA’s activity to establish how, when where and why the violence took different forms. The PIRA’s operations have been examined in minute detail to identify and evaluate the significance of various characteristics that are apparent in each stage of the process: its design, execution, outcome, and reception. This has involved first, identifying why the PIRA selected certain targets and tactics, and the extent to which they perpetrated violence with accuracy and discrimination in each scenario. Second, the different outcomes that are produced – directly or indirectly – as a result of PIRA violence (including the material damage, deaths and injuries caused) and the relationship between these outcomes and the actions taken by the perpetrator(s), have been explored. Finally, the thesis considers how and why the armed struggle was perceived in disparate ways by others.

This presentation reports on a case study investigating how Natural Language Processing technologies can support the measurement and evaluation of gender biased language in archival catalogs. Working with English descriptions from the catalog metadata of the University of Edinburgh’s Archives, we created an annotated dataset and classification models that identify types of gender biases in the descriptions. Though conducted with archival data, the case study holds relevance across Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums (GLAM), particularly for institutions with catalog descriptions written in English. In addition to bringing Natural Language Processing methods to Archives, we identified opportunities to bring Archival Science methods, such as Cultural Humility (Tai, 2021) and Feminist Standpoint Appraisal (Caswell, 2022), to Natural Language Processing. Through this two-way disciplinary exchange, we demonstrate how Humanistic approaches to bias and uncertainty can upend legacies of gender-based oppression that most computational approaches to date uphold when working with data at scale.

Abstract A collaboration between the Linked Art II project and Participatory Knowledge Practices in Analogue and Digital Image Archives (PIA) has led to a reconfigurable Python-based workflow to transform cultural heritage data, initially photographic collections, into Linked Open Usable Data (LOUD), as a foundation for varied participatory interfaces supporting scholarship and beyond. Motivation PIA, led by the University of Basel and the Bern Academy of the Arts, aims to encourage participation from scholars and the wider public through three collections from the photographic archives of the Swiss Society for Folklore Studies (SSFS): The Atlas of Swiss Folklore, Ernst Brunner, and Kreis Family. PIA aims to create multiple interfaces reflecting diverse perspectives by deploying community-developed LOUD specifications such as the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) and Linked Art, an RDF application profile (JSON-LD) based on CIDOC-CRM to describe object-based cultural heritage. In collaboration with the University of Oxford via the Linked Art II project, PIA has transformed their cultural heritage collection data into Linked Art using templates, which encapsulate the data characteristics and cataloguing practices. A Linked Art API will provide an additional entry point, as a means of conveying semantically enriched events and as a benchmark against other collections leveraging this model. Python-based Workflow To generate Linked Art files for the combined PIA collection a data transformation workflow has been created through which PIA templates were encoded in Python for a given Linked Art API entity endpoint, currently: DigitalObject HumanMadeObject and Set. The workflow, described in a use case example with a photograph from the Ernst Brunner collection, provides a three-step software process for transforming data into Linked Art. Query: The first Python script extracts collection data from the (legacy) PIA JSON API. YAML front matters are used for script variables. The filepath for the relevant .yaml file is specified as a script argument throughout the workflow. For our example, the script queried data for all images looking for DigitalObject entities (one of the variables) and the object's metadata that are stored come specifically from https://json.participatory-archives.ch/api/v1/images/12033} Map: Templates are used to map collection data to an intermediate JSON data format. The intermediate JSON data format means that the later transformation script that creates Linked Art JSON-LD does not necessarily need to be modified if a new data source is introduced. Transform: The intermediate JSON data format is transformed to Linked Art with Python functions that define ‘patterns’ (for example classified_as) for representing different aspects of photographic collection data as Linked Art. Future Work The SSFS will migrate its database into the DaSCH Service Platform (DSP) and amend their data model which will affect PIA, requiring an upgrade of its infrastructure and APIs. The workflow for creating Linked Art representations will have to be reconfigured and repurposed with different data sources. After the migration of the SSFS database, the PIA team will investigate remaining issues in the GitHub repository regarding the correct mapping of Linked Art entities and attribution of IDs. The team will work to ensure that the appropriate Linked Art modelling is achieved through the workflow. Conclusion The reconfigurable Python-based workflow is able to transform cultural heritage data, initially photographic collections, into LOUD, as a foundation for varied participatory interfaces supporting scholarship and beyond. The adaptability and extensibility of the workflow allows for potential future transformations of data from other collections to Linked Art. Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the PIA research project which is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) as part of the Sinergia funding scheme (contract no. CRSII5_193788) and by the Linked Art II project at the University of Oxford (Principal Investigator: Dr. Kevin R. Page, Oxford e-Research Centre) funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC project reference AH/T013117/1). {"references": ["Newbury, David (2018): 'LOUD: Linked Open Usable Data and linked.art', in 2018 CIDOC Conference. CIDOC Annual Conference, Heraklion, Greece: International Council of Museums, pp. 1\u201311. [01.04.2023].", "Page, Kevin R. / Delmas-Glass, Emmanuelle / Beaudet, David / Norling, Samantha / Rother, Lynn / H\u00e4nsli, Thomas (2020): 'Linked Art: Networking Digital Collections and Scholarship', in DH2020 Book of Abstracts. Digital Humanities 2020, Online, pp. 504\u2013509. [01.04.2023].", "Raemy, Julien Antoine / Demleitner, Adrian (2023): 'Implementation of the IIIF Presentation API 3.0 based on Software Support: Use Case of an Incremental IIIF Deployment within a Citizen Science Project', in Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection. Cham: Springer International Publishing (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Unpublished paper presented at the International Conference on Digital Heritage, Limassol, Cyprus, November 7-11, 2022.", "Sanderson, Robert (2018): 'Shout it Out: LOUD'. EuropeanaTech Conference 2018, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 15 May. [01.04.2023].", "Sanderson, Robert (2019): 'Keynote: Standards and Communities: Connected People, Consistent Data, Usable Applications', in 2019 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL). 2019 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL), Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA: IEEE, p. 28. DOI: 10.1109/JCDL.2019.00009."]} This poster is related to the extended abstract that is published as part of the DH2023 Book of Abstracts. All versions are identical, only the malfunctioning QR code was replaced.

The study set to investigate the Finnish matriculation examination with a focus on the social studies. The goal was to examine how well the subject-specific exams of the examination measure students’ attainment in the courses of the respective subject across upper secondary studies. The data was drawn form a longitudinal study of 6,172 Southern-Finland upper secondary students in 62 schools who passed their matriculation examination in spring 2017. Data on course choices and attainment was received from school and matriculation examination results from the Finnish Matriculation Examination Board. Key finding of the study is the unanimity between the two assessments: students’ grades in the subject-specific exams of the matriculation examination correlated strongly with their respective grades across the courses during their three years of upper secondary studies. The findings give strong support for the matriculation examination as an exit exam and for its use in student admission to higher education. Corresponding author: Najat Ouakrim-Soivio, Mannerheiminkatu 2, 06100 Porvoo, Finland. najat@arviointi.fi: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9139-4145 Suggested citation: Kantasalmi, K., & Kupiainen, S. (2021). Classes with selective intake in Finnish Comprehensive School: A Problem of Societally Equal Opportunity for Schooling or a Boost for Learning and Equity in Pedagogical arrangements? International Journal of Educational Research, 109, 101857. Kupiainen, S. & Hotulainen, R. (2017). Metropolialueen nuoret toisen asteen opiskelijoina: osaamisen ja oppimisasenteiden kehitys yläkoulun alusta lukion ja ammatillisten opintojen toisen opiskeluvuoden kevääseen. [The metropolitan youth as upper secondary students: The development of learning and learning attitudes from the beginning of lower secondary studies to the second year of general or vocational upper secondary studies]. In A. Toom, M. Rautiainen & J. Tähtinen (Eds.) Toiveet ja todellisuus – Kasvatus osallisuutta ja oppimista rakentamassa. Kupiainen, S., Marjanen, J., & Hautamäki, J. (2016). The problem posed by exam choice on the comparability of results in the Finnish matriculation examination Journal for Educational Research Online, 8(2), 87. Retrived 15.10.2022 at https://www.waxmann.com/index.php?eID=download&id_artikel=ART102868&uid=frei Kupiainen, S., Marjanen, J. & Ouakrim-Soivio, N. (2018). Ylioppilas valintojen pyörteessä. [The matriculate in the whirlwind of choices]. Suomen ainedidaktisen tutkimusseuran julkaisuja. Ainedidaktisia tutkimuksia 14. Retrived 15.10.2022 at https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/231687 Ouakrim-Soivio, N., Kupiainen, S., & Marjanen, J. (2017). Toimivatko oppilas- ja opiskelija-arvioinnin kriteerit? Oppiaineiden välinen ja sukupuolen mukainen vaihtelu perusopetuksen ja lukion päättöarvosanoissa ja arvosanojen yhteys nuorten oppiainevalintoihin. [How do the criteria for student assessment work? Subject and gender-based variation in students’ final grades and their relation to students’ subject choices]. In V. Britschgi, & J. Rautopuro Rantala, J. & Ouakrim-Soivio, N. (2020). Why does changing the orientation of History teachingtake so long? A case study from Finland. In, Berg, C. & Christou, T. (Eds.) The Palgrave handbook of History and Social Studies education. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 471–494. Kupiainen, S. & Ouakrim-Soivio, N. (2019). Do centralised upper secondary school exit examinations offer added value? Presentation on NOFA7-konference13.–15.5.2019. Retrieved 15.10.2022 at https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1347552/FULLTEXT01.pdf Declaration of conflicts of interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education, Bd. 22 Nr. 2 (2023): Assessment and National Exams in Social Studies and Social Sciences