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The world is changing rapidly. We face increasing and new social needs such as ageing populations; mass immigration; the rise of long-term, chronic health conditions such as diabetes; high rates of unemployment for young people; a mental health epidemic; increasing loneliness across the generations; homelessness; and, new trends in substance misuse. At the same time we have witnessed the rise of populism, nationalism and the erosion of public trust in government and public services. Economic shocks of recent years including the financial crisis that started in 2008 and the current COVID-19 crisis is making difficult decisions about the future of public services more immediate. If improvements in public wellbeing are to be achieved we need public services designed to deliver social outcomes more effectively for less resources and in more joined-up ways.However, the way that public institutions design and deliver these services also needs to change. Many models of innovation involve co-creation, which implies that people who use (or potentially use) public services work with providers to initiate, design, deliver and evaluate them. The goal of the Co-Creation of Public Service Innovation in Europe project (CoSIE) is to contribute to democratic renewal and social inclusion through cocreating innovative public services by more actively engaging diverse citizen groups and stakeholders in varied public services beyond traditional and less effective participation channels, such as consultative boards. This paper draws together key findings from CoSIE with a particular focus on what these imply for new policy and practice in public services in the form of a discussion paper aimed at European, national and regional policy-makers. The big ideas emerging from CoSIE can be grouped together as ideas associated with conceptualising co-creation, implementing cocreation and moving beyond piloting co-creation to extending co-creation across systems.

Governments in some of the world’s richest nations appear to be caught in a double challenge; they are faced with democratic demands to respond to increasing and new social needs that include: ageing populations; mass immigration; the rise of long-term, chronic health conditions such as diabetes; relatively high rates of unemployment for young people; a mental health epidemic; increasing loneliness across the generations; homelessness; and, new trends in substance misuse. Recently, however, many developed economies have undergone a period of low-growth and the current COVID-19 crisis is leading to economic recession in many countries. If improvements in public wellbeing are to be achieved, they must result from policies designed to deliver social outcomes more effectively for less resources. Moreover, due to a progressive loss of legitimacy and in order to regain part of it, governments need to present social policies and services as a means of proximity to citizens and beneficiaries (Rosanvallon 2011). Many models of innovation involve co-creation, which implies that people who use (or potentially use) public services work with providers to initiate, design, deliver and evaluate them (Voorberg et al. 2014, Torfing et al. 2019). The goal of the Co-Creation of Public Service Innovation in Europe project (CoSIE) is to contribute to democratic renewal and social inclusion through co-creating innovative public services by engaging diverse citizen groups and stakeholders in varied public services. CoSIE assumes that co-creation becomes innovative if it not only concerns the reduction of the public expenditure, but if it manages also to meet social needs, and to empower the beneficiaries of policies, by changing sociopolitical relations and redistributing socio-political responsibilities. More specifically, it aims to a) advance the active shaping of service priorities by end users and their informal support network and b) engage citizens, especially groups often called ’hard to reach’, in the collaborative design of public services. One way it does this is through the development of ten pilot cases, embedded in national contexts which strongly differ in sociocultural, socio-political and socio-economical dimensions. The subsequent comparison permits an examination of the existence of common enabling or hindering factors. The CoSIE project builds on the idea that public sector innovations can be best achieved by creating collaborative partnerships between service providers (i.e. public sector agencies, third sector organisations, private companies) and citizens who benefit from services either directly or indirectly. Cocreation in CoSIE is an emerging, collaborative and power balancing activity that aims to enrich and enhance the value in public service offerings at any stage in the development of new service and during its implementation. It is manifested in a constructive exchange of different kinds of resources (ideas, competences, lived experience, etc.) that enhance the experienced value of public service. Individual and public value may be understood in terms of increased wellbeing, shared visions for the common good, policies, strategies, regulatory frameworks or new services. This paper draws together some of the ‘big ideas’ emerging from CoSIE in the form of a discussion paper aimed at European, national and regional policy-makers. The big ideas emerging from CoSIE can be grouped together as ideas associated with conceptualising co-creation, implementing cocreation and evidencing co-creation: Conceptualising co-creation • Strengths or asset-based approaches are key to co-creation • Co-creation is a moral endeavour Implementing co-creation • The role of technology in co-creation and innovation • The role of professionals in co-creating public services • Scaling up co-created innovations in public service reform Evidencing and evaluating co-creation in public service reform • Challenges for evaluators • Options for evaluating co-creation and strengths-based approaches.

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