• Publicationsclose
• Research close

In his 1999 paper with Breusch, Qian and Wyhowski in the Journal of Econometrics, Peter Schmidt introduced the concept of “redundant” moment conditions. Such conditions arise when estimation is based on moment conditions that arevalid and can be divided into two sub-sets: one that identifies the parameters and another that provides no further information. Their framework highlights an important concept in the moment-based estimation literature namely, that not all valid moment conditions need be informative about the parameters of interest. In this paper, we demonstrate the empirical relevance of the concept in the context of the impact of government health expenditure on health outcomesin England. Using a simulation study calibrated to this data, we perform a comparative study of the finite performance of inference procedures based on Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) and info-metric (IM) estimators. The results indicate that the properties of GMM procedures deteriorate as the number of redundant moment conditions increases; in contrast the IM methods provide reliable point estimators but the performance of associated inference techniques based on first order asymptotic theory, such as confidence intervals and overidentifying restriction tests, deteriorates as the number of redundant mo-ment conditions increases. However, for IM methods, it is shown that bootstrap procedures can provide reliable inferences; we illustrate such methods when analysing the impact of government health expenditure on health outcomes in England.

Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit dem Thema der Unterrichtssprache (oder　„Lehrsprache‶) im Fremdsprachenunterricht, also der Sprache, welche die Lehrkräfte wählen,wenn sie beispielsweise die Klasse begrüßen, Grammatik und Wor tschatz erklären oderArbeitsanweisungen geben. Um auszuloten, welchen Anteil der Zielsprache oder der Muttersprache sich die Studierenden von den japanischen und nicht-japanischen Lehrenden wünschen, inwieweit　sich diese Wünsche mit der Realität im Klassenzimmer decken, und ob die erschwerten　Unterrichtsbedingungen während der Corona-Pandemie einen Einfluss auf die Sprachwahl der Lehrenden hatten, wurde eine Campusumfrage durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Pandemiebedingungen die Sprachwahl nicht signifikant beeinflusst hatten. Hinsichtlich des Verhältnisses von Lernerwunsch und Lehrerverhalten wurde ersichtlich, dass eine Diskrepanz hier eher bei den japanischen Lehrkräften besteht. Die möglichen Hintergründe der Sprachwahl durch die Lehrenden und die Wünsche der Studierenden werden anhand eines geschichtlichen Abrisses und der Entwicklung des Englischunterrichts in Japan nach den Reformen des japanischen Ministeriums für Bildung, Kultur, Sport, Wissenschaft und Technologie (MEXT) seit 2013 betrachtet.

Subjective experience lies at the heart of Buddhist practices. There is a vast textual corpus that illuminates dimensions of these experiences from philosophical discourses and instructions on meditative practices up to individual expressions in songs, poetry, and life stories. Buddhist studies has approached subjective experiences through textual studies, personal interviews, and archival research but has not explored individual accounts of moments of experiences such as a moment of experiencing devotion for a lama. This paper aims to fill this gap through introducing a methodological approach called Microphenomenology that supports contemporary first-person experience into the dialogue of Buddhist studies. Claire Petitmengin defines microphenomenology as “a method of descriptive phenomenological psychology that allows us to become aware of the unfolding of singular lived experiences and to describe it finely, by means of interviews or “self-interviews.” I introduce an overview of this technique and propose that it can be read alongside texts such as Ratna Lingpa’s Instructions for Devotion as the Teacher and provide insight on what lies beyond the page.

This paper develops a search and matching model with heterogeneous firms, on-the-job search by workers, Nash bargaining over wages and adaptive learning. We assume that workers are boundedly rational in the sense that they do not have perfect foresight about the outcome of wage bargaining. Instead workers use a recursive OLS learning mechanism and base their forecasts on the linear wage regression with the firm's productivity and worker's current wage as regressors. For a restricted set of parameters we show analytically that the Nash bargaining solution in this setting is unique. We embed this solution into the agentbased simulation and provide a numerical characterization of the Restricted Perceptions Equilibrium. The simulation allows us to collect data on productivities and wages which is used for updating workers' expectations. The estimated regression coefficient on productivity is always higher than the bargaining power of workers, but the difference between the two is decreasing as the bargaining power becomes larger and vanishes when workers are paid their full productivity. In the equilibrium a higher bargaining power is associated with higher wages and larger wage dispersion, in addition, the earnings distribution becomes more skewed. Moreover, our results indicate that a higher bargaining power is associated with a lower overall frequency of job-to-job transitions and a lower fraction of inefficient transitions among them. Our results are robust to the shifts of the productivity distribution.