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The aim of the study was to determine the time-delayed (after three years from the moment of soil pollution) effect of petroleum-derived products (PDPs) (petrol, diesel fuel and used engine oil) on the interaction between selected host plant (broad bean) and a herbivorous insect closely related to it (Sitona spp.). We assessed the condition of the plant exposed to pollutants (i.e. its growth and chemical composition), then we evaluated the attractiveness of the plant for both larvae and adults of the insect. The evaluation covered also the effect of bioremediation by using ZB-01 biopreparation. The results showed that after 3 years from soil contamination, engine oil and diesel fuel limited the feeding of adult sitona weevils while petrol caused increase in the attractiveness of plants for these insects. The PDPs negatively affected the growth of plants. The changes in element content depended on the type of pollutant. The biopreparation ZB-01 eliminated or reduced the differences caused by the presence of PDPs in the soil regarding the chemical composition of the host plant, and limited feeding by both the larvae and adult individuals of sitona weevils. The negative relationships between the contents of both some macroelements (Mg, S) and heavy metals (Zn, Ni), and feeding of imago of Sitona were observed. The obtained results indicate that PDPs remain for a long time in the environment and adversely affect not only the organisms directly exposed to the pollution – plants growing on polluted soil but also further links of the trophic chain, i.e. herbivores.

Zbadano zawartość wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) w wodzie i osadach dennych zbiornika Blachownia (południowa Polska). Określono przestrzenną zmienność stężeń WWA w profi lu podłużnym zbiornika. WWA w próbkach oznaczano metodą chromatografi i gazowej sprzężonej z detektorem mas (GC-MS QP-2010 Plus Shimadzu) z użyciem wzorca wewnętrznego. Stężenia wahały się od 0.103 μg/L do 2.667 μg/L (Σ16 WWA), w próbkach wody oraz od 2.329 mg/kg s.m. do 9.078 mg/kg s.m. (Σ16 WWA), w próbkach osadów dennych. Sporządzono bilans zanieczyszczeń i na tej podstawie oszacowano, że ładunek WWA wprowadzany do zbiornika w ciągu roku wynosi 17.70 kg WWA, a ładunek odpływający – 9.30 kg/rok WWA. Kumulacja około 50% rocznego ładunku WWA (8.90 kg) stanowi zagrożenie dla stanu ekologicznego tego ekosystemu. Obliczono, że ładunek WWA w osadzie dennym badanego zbiornika wynosi około 80 kg, co ogranicza jego gospodarcze wykorzystanie. Poprawę stanu ekologicznego tego rodzaju zbiornika można osiągnąć poprzez usunięcie osadów. Analiza uzyskanych wartości wskaźników diagnostycznych dla określonych WWA wykazała, że potencjalnymi źródłami emisji WWA w niewielkich zlewniach o charakterze rolniczo-leśnym mogą być procesy związane ze spalaniem węgla, drewna, materiału roślinnego (niska emisja, pożary lasów, palenie trawy itp.). Znaczący wpływ wywiera również komunikacja.

In Catoviciensi ecclesia Beatae Mariae Virgini dicata invenitur inscriptio Latina, qua eius primus parochus, Victor Schmidt (1841–1917) honoratur. Qui vir strenue fidem Catholicam in Superiori Silesia promovebat, sed eodem tempore repugnabat eis Polonis, qui nationem suam in libertatem vindicare conabantur. Inscriptio Latine composita ideo esse videtur, quia ea lingua et Polonis, et Germanis fidelibus idonea fuit.

"W ostatnich latach narasta w naszym kraju przekonanie o tym, że antyczna kultura nie może udzielić odpowiedzi na problemy trapiące współczesne Polki i Polaków. Opinia ta, która skutkuje usuwaniem lub ograniczaniem nauczania łaciny i wiedzy o starożytności w szkołach i na uniwersytetach, zdaje się być powszechna, warto zatem może zastanowić się nad tym, czy rzeczywiście teksty Greków i Rzymian mogą nas czegoś nauczyć [...]". Tekst wygłoszony na zakończenie XXIX Olimpiady Języka Łacińskiego w 2011 roku.

The aim of the paper is to analyze instances of vegetalization, which is the X IS A PLANT metaphor, in John Henry Newman’s collection of sermons, published as Sermons on Subjects of the Day (1843). One group of metaphors are ontological metaphors, whose source domain is an entity (Lakoff, Johnson 2003[1980]). They can be classified as reifications, vegetalizations, animalizations, personifications, and deifications, which corresponds to the hierarchy of the so-called Great Chain of Being. As claimed by Krzeszowski (1997), these metaphors play an important role in expressing the axiological dimension of language, since they can express specific values of their target domains. In Christian discourse, vegetalizations contribute to the conceptualization of such notions from the religious sphere as God, grace, the Kingdom of God, the Christian life, the Church, or evil.

The title of the paper harks back to Schopenhauerian ‘der Positivitȁt des Schmerzens’, a formulation which, stripped of its broader philosophical context, reads to most of us paradoxical if not overtly contradictory. The folk (non-medical) perception of pain may be evaluatively negative, but there are also pain conceptualizations which reveal that humans infrequently think about this phenomenon along more positive lines. Thus, being predominantly construed as an ‘evil-doer’, pain does not preclude more positive construals, both in medical and non-medical fi elds. ‘Positivity of pain’, then, is often explored within literary, anthropological, psychological, theological, social, therapeutic and utilitarian realms, and, as Sussex puts it, “in its interdisciplinary span, pain language is a prototypical example of a problem of applied linguistics” (2009: 4). With this in mind, I take a closer look at some verbal as well as verbo-pictorial manifestations of pain. The focus of the present study is specifi cally on the overarching metaphor +PAIN as ‘GOOD-DOER’+ (naturally contrasted with the previously hinted +PAIN as ‘EVIL-DOER’+), further broken into more specifi c sub-metaphors. An attempt at capturing and describing some of these apparently counter-intuitive pain metaphorizations reveals their ‘positive potential’, a potential of tools with which to obtain control over pain and, in many cases, re-forge it into something ‘better’, something evaluatively positive.

The article aims at the explanation of some distributional peculiarities of two high unrounded vowels [i] and [È] in Russian. More generally, it looks at some phonotactic constraints of Russian vowels which are directly related to a broader topic of palatalization and vowel reduction in this language. Although the discussion in this paper concerns only a tiny section of Russian phonology, which is the distribution of high unrounded vowels, it is necessary to introduce several facts from Russian phonology, such as palatalization, velarization, stress and vowel reduction. They, at first sight, may look pretty much irrelevant to the main topic of the paper but, as it will become evident, are closely related and actually indispensable to the understanding of vowel distribution including the two high unrounded vowels in Russian.

The article offers a discourse-analytic examination of original (English) and interpreted (Polish) versions of several extracts from plenary speeches by three Members of the European Parliament (Janusz Korwin-Mikke, Nigel Farage and Guy Verhofstadt). Controversial statements that have met with adverse reactions of the audience and/or the media are selected for analysis. The author endeavours to assess the degree to which pragmatic equivalence has been achieved by Polish interpreters. Another pertinent question is whether the identifi ed shifts are due to some systemic differences between the pragmatics of the source and target languages or to other factors, such as the constraints typical for simultaneous interpreting or specifi c, local problems.

The present paper focuses on the changing interpretations of the English gerund. Since no method can accurately and uniformly account for the meanings of all in-stances of existing -ing forms, previous studies have offered approximate charac-terizations based on small samples. This study looks at the numbers of -ing deriva-tions denoting institutionalized activities, on the assumption that these represent non-eventive readings. The derivations in question are arranged chronologically in terms of their time of coinage to compare changing productivity levels of this pro-cess relative to -ry derivations. This count shows that -ing suffi xations outnumber other nominalization processes and this trend has increased in the last two centuries.