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Due to greenhouse gas emissions in industrial production, global warming and the resulting climate change pose significant threats to a liveable world. The emission of carbon dioxide, which is released as a result of industrial activities, is the most important component that triggers the global warming process. The use of waste material, which is the result of industrial activity, as raw material within the framework of circular economy is of vital importance in terms of the use of sustainable resources. The problem of phosphogypsum, which is released during the production of phosphoric acid, can be eliminated by the Merseburg process. With such waste minimisation, the destruction caused by emission gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will also be prevented. In this evaluation study, the use of carbon dioxide gas as a raw material is discussed, while reducing the emission values of industries such as cement and thermal power plants that cause large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions from phosphogypsum waste. Although an ammonium sulphate production is foreseen with the evaluation of carbon dioxide and phosphogypsum waste with the Merseburg process, the effect of the impurity content of the waste material used on the recommended ammonium sulphate concentration will be an important research topic. Various protocols are being worked on worldwide in order to minimise the emissions on international scale. The use of the Merseburg process for this and similar processes will provide significant advantages to the manufacturer in reaching the targeted emission amount. Globalno zatopljenje i klimatske promjene, kao rezultat emisija stakleničkih plinova u industriji, predstavljaju veliku prijetnju živom svijetu. Ugljikov dioksid, koji se oslobađa kao rezultat industrijskih aktivnosti, najvažnija je komponenta u procesu globalnog zagrijavanja. Otpadni materijal, kao još jedan produkt industrijske aktivnosti, može se u okviru kružnog gospodarstva upotrebljavati kao sirovina. Problem fosfogipsa, koji se oslobađa tijekom proizvodnje fosforne kiseline, može se otkloniti Merseburg procesom. Takvim smanjenjem otpada smanjit će se i destrukcija uzrokovana emisijom plinova, poput ugljikova dioksida, u atmosferu. U ovoj studiji komentirana je uporaba plinovitog ugljikova dioksida kao sirovine, uz smanjenje njegovih emisija u cementarama i termoelektranama, gdje se emitiraju velike količine ugljikova dioksida iz fosfogipsnog otpada. U svijetu se radi na različitim protokolima da bi se smanjile emisije na međunarodnoj razini. Primjena Merseburg procesa za taj i slične procese pružit će značajnu prednost proizvođačima u postizanju ciljanih količina emisija.

As part of a comprehensive evaluation of post-treatment techniques for the removal of chemical and microbiological pollutants from lagoon effluents, an aerated biofilter was designed. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of pozzolan and Luffa cylindrica as low-cost packing materials for the advanced treatment of Stidia natural lagoon effluent. The aerated biofilter operates in down-flow with HLRs of 11.37 to 28.43 m3 m–2 d–1 and an air/liquid flow ratio of 3 : 1. The different experiments performed on the pilot showed that the percentages of sCOD removal vary with the HLRs and the wastewater concentration at the biofilter inlet. In this study, sCOD removal efficiencies above 78.9 % were achieved depending on HLR, and a maximum removal efficiency of TSS of 71.5 % was obtained for 28.43 m3 m–2 d–1. At low HLR (11.37 m3 m–2 d–1), the treated effluent had the following average concentrations: sCOD of 29.5 mg l–1, BOD5 of 21.7 mg l–1 and TSS of 26.4 mg l–1. These experimental results were used with an empirical model to determine the media constant n and treatability factor K. The faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli detected in the treated effluent were less than 105 CFU/100 ml, which meet the national guidelines for wastewater reuse in irrigation. U sklopu sveobuhvatne procjene tehnika naknadnog uklanjanja kemijskih i mikrobioloških onečišćenja iz efluenta laguna, projektiran je aerirani biofiltar. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti učinak pucolana i biljke Luffa cylindrica kao jeftinih punila za naprednu obradu efluenta prirodne lagune Stidia. Aerirani biofiltar radi s brzinom hidrauličkog opterećenja (HLR) od 11,37 do 28,43 m3 m–2 d–1 i omjerom protoka zrak/tekućina od 3 : 1. Eksperimenti provedeni na pilotu pokazuju da smanjenje KPK (izražene s obzirom na otopljene tvari) varira ovisno o HLR-u i koncentraciji otpadne vode na ulazu u biofiltar. U ovom istraživanju postignute su učinkovitost smanjenja KPK iznad 78,9 % ovisno o HLR-u, a maksimalna učinkovitost uklanjanja ukupnih suspendiranih čestica (TSS) od 71,5 % dobivena je pri 28,43 m3 m–2 d–1. Pri niskom HLR-u (11,37 m3 m–2 d–1), KPK, BPK5 i TSS obrađene otpadne vode iznosili su 29,5 mg l–1, 21,7 mg l–1 odnosno 26,4 mg l–1. Ti eksperimentalni rezultati korišteni su u empirijskom modelu da bi se odredila konstanta medija n i faktor obrade K. CFU vrijednosti fekalnih koliforma i bakterije Escherichia coli u obrađenoj otpadnoj vodi bile su ispod 105 CFU/100 ml što zadovoljava nacionalne smjernice za upotrebu tih voda u navodnjavanju zemljišta.

For major thermal engines used in industrial sectors, the use of chillers has been growing steadily over the previous decades. Indeed, this is linked strongly to their large energy performance despite their investment costs, which are still high, in particular for low powers. Performance coefficients for absorption chillers are relatively low, and their profitability depends on the costs of the main equipment and more particularly on the price of the absorber. Several studies focusing on the development of mass contactors are underway with the principal objective of further improving their performance of mass and energy transfer. Relating to the mass and heat transfer, it is specified that the contact between the phases in circulation is ensured by different types of contactors. The transfer performance is correlated with the heat and mass transfer coefficient on the one hand, and the specific exchange area, i.e., the exchange area per unit volume of the contactor on the other hand. These contactors are distinguished by their mode of contact between phases (bubbling, spraying, falling film, etc.). While the exchange coefficient depends on the hydrodynamics regime in the contactor (flow regime and physicochemical properties of phases), the specific exchange area is dictated by its operating mode. Any limitation of its use for a specific application (physicochemical phenomena, such as crystallisation, deposited dust, etc.) requires research and development of better devices more adapted. Moreover, the most used contactors in chemical engineering are plate columns, packed columns, falling film columns, spray columns, etc. In order to intensify exchanges, a new absorber of the pulverised type is to be explored in relation with the physicochemical properties of the phases, and of their hydrodynamic flow conditions in the sprayed column. Therefore, an experimental study of the influence of operating variables (nozzle diameter, fluids flow rate, their concentrations, size of droplets, etc.) on the overall coefficient of mass transfer in gaseous phase in the absorber of the absorber chiller was conducted. After having fixed the pressure in the absorber, the first part of the study allowed developing new correlations linking the experimental results of the KG ∙ a to all operating variables (L, C, dd, etc.). The second part was devoted to the simulation of the absorption chiller functioning by introducing the concept of energy and exergy yields based on the mass transfer correlations. Posljednjih desetljeća vidljiv je stalan porast upotrebe rashladnih uređaja kod glavnih toplinskih motora koji se upotrebljavaju u industrijskim sektorima. Koeficijenti učinka apsorpcijskih rashladnih uređaja relativno su niski, a njihova isplativost ovisi o troškovima glavne opreme, točnije o cijeni apsorbera. U tijeku je nekoliko studija razvoja kontaktora masa usmjerenih na poboljšanje prijenosa tvari i energije u kontaktorima. Vezano uz prijenos tvari i topline, specificirano je da se kontakt između cirkulirajućih faza ostvaruje različitim tipovima kontaktora. Učinak prijenosa koreliran je s koeficijentom prijenosa tvari i topline s jedne strane te specifičnom površinom izmjene, tj. površinom izmjene po jedinici volumena kontaktora, s druge strane. Kontaktori se razlikuju po načinu kontakta faza (mjehurići, raspršenje, padajući film, itd.). Dok koeficijent izmjene ovisi o hidrodinamičkom režimu u kontaktoru (režim protoka i fizikalno-kemijska svojstva faza), specifična površina izmjene ovisi o njegovu načinu rada. Ograničenje njegove uporabe na neku određenu primjenu (fizikalno-kemijske pojave poput kristalizacije) zahtijeva istraživanje i razvoj uređaja koji bi više bili prilagođeni spomenutoj primjeni. Štoviše, najčešće upotrebljavani kontaktori u kemijskom inženjerstvu su kolone s pliticama, kolone s punilima, kolone s padajućim filmovima, kolone za raspršivanje, itd. S ciljem povećanja izmjena, istražit će se novi praškasti apsorber i to s obzirom na fizikalno-kemijska svojstva faza i njihove hidrodinamičke uvjete strujanja u koloni za raspršivanje. Stoga je provedeno istraživanje utjecaja radnih varijabli (promjera mlaznice, protoka fluida, koncentracije fluida, veličine kapljica, itd.) na ukupni koeficijent prijenosa tvari u plinovitoj fazi u apsorberu rashladnog uređaja. Nakon fiksiranja tlaka u apsorberu, prvi dio istraživanja omogućio je razvoj novih korelacija koje povezuju eksperimentalne KG ∙ a rezultate sa svim radnim varijablama (L, C, dd, itd.). Drugi dio bio je posvećen simulaciji rada apsorpcijskog rashladnog uređaja uvođenjem koncepta energetskih i eksergijskih prinosa temeljenih na izrazima za prijenos tvari.

The content of micro- and macroelements in dry wild and edible Morchella esculenta and Lactarius piperatus mushrooms collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina was determined using the ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) technique. The contents of microelements in M. esculenta and L. piperatus expressed in mg kg–1 DW (dry weight) were as follows: Co 0.08 and 0.28, Cu 37.35 and 27.66, Fe 174.29 and 28.11, Mn 21.26 and 19.31, Se 0.46 and 0.52, Zn 122.84 and 45.06, Al 27.80 and 24.80, Cr 0.83 and 1.06, Ni 0.99 and 0.96, As 0.32 and 0.09, Cd 0.48 and 0.13, and Pb 0.61 and 0.12, respectively, while the contents of macroelements were: K 26989.48 and 36117.20, Na 70.85 and 28.60, Ca 643.48 and 271.93, Mg 684.16 and 840.64, S 2329.33 and 610.42, and P 10339.35 and 5107.63, respectively. In this study, the potential health risks of heavy metals were assessed, and target hazard quotient (THQ) for As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the tested mushrooms was lower than the safe level. Edible wild mushrooms M. esculenta and L. piperatus, according to this study, could be used in human nutrition due to their favourable characteristics. Based on the accumulations of heavy metals in the tested mushrooms, it was shown that the collection surfaces are environmentally acceptable. Mushrooms collected from this area are generally safe to eat and pose no health risks to humans. Sadržaj mikro i makroelemenata u sušenim divljim jestivim gljivama Morchella esculenta i Lactarius piperatus prikupljenim u Bosni i Hercegovini određen je tehnikom ICP-OES (induktivno spregnuta plazma s optičkom emisijskom spektrometrijom). Sadržaj mikroelemenata kod M. esculenta i L. piperatus izražen u mg kg–1 suhe težine bio je sljedeći: Co 0,08 i 0,28, Cu 37,35 i 27,66, Fe 174,29 i 28,11, Mn 21,26 i 19,31, Se 0,46 i 0,52, Zn 122,84 i 45,06, Al 27,80 i 24,80, Cr 0,83 i 1,06, Ni 0,99 i 0,96, As 0,32 i 0,09, Cd 0,48 i 0,13, te Pb 0,61 i 0,12, dok je sadržaj makroelemenata bio: K 26989,48 i 36117,20, Na 70,85 i 28,60, Ca 643,48 i 271,93, Mg 684,16 i 840,64, S 2329,33 i 610,42, te P 10339,35 i 5107,63. U ovom radu procijenjeni su potencijalni zdravstveni rizici teških metala, a kvocijent ciljane opasnosti (THQ) za As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni i Cr u ispitivanim gljivama bio je niži od sigurnosne razine. Prema rezultatima istraživanja, divlje jestive gljive M. esculenta i L. piperatus, zbog svojih povoljnih karakteristika, mogle bi se upotrebljavati u ljudskoj prehrani. Podatci o akumuliranosti teških metala u ispitivanim gljivama pokazali su da su sabirne površine ekološki prihvatljive, a gljive sigurne za jelo.

Microbial bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) catalyse the hydrolysis of glycine and taurine-linked bile salts in the small intestine of humans. Achieving the effects of structural changes in BSH molecules on biocatalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) and activation energy (Ea) is necessary to determine biocatalytic performances of the enzymes. Amino acids responsible for biocatalytic activity or substrate specificity in BSH molecules were modified to determine the effects of structural changes on kcat/Km values and Ea values of the bioconversion reactions. Purified wild type positive control enzyme (pCON2) and mutant recombinant target enzymes (F18L and Y24L) reacted with six conjugated pure bile salt substrates at working temperature and pH conditions. The results of the hydrolysis conversion analysis conducted at various pH conditions were used to estimate kcat/Km, and the assays conducted at various temperature conditions were used to approximate Ea of the biocatalytic reactions. The quantified kcat/Km value was found remarkably highest with mutant recombinant enzymes (Y24L), while the efficiency value with wild type (pCON2) was determined as lowest, indicating that the structural modifications in BSH molecules showed higher values. The alterations with the mutant-type enzymes F18L and Y24L resulted in decreasing kcat/Km and increasing Ea estimations of the hydrolysis conversion reactions. Mikrobne hidrolaze žučnih soli (BSH) kataliziraju hidrolizu soli glicina i taurina u tankom crijevu ljudi. Aminokiseline odgovorne za biokatalitičku aktivnost ili specifičnost supstrata u BSH molekulama modificirane su da bi se odredio utjecaj strukturnih promjena BSH molekula na biokatalitičku učinkovitost (kcat/Km) i energiju aktivacije (Ea) reakcija biokonverzije. Pročišćen prirodni enzim pCON2, upotrijebljen kao kontrola, a mutantni enzimi (F18L i Y24L) reagirali su sa šest čistih supstrata konjugiranih žučnih soli pri radnim uvjetima pH i temperature. Eksperimenti provedeni pri različitim pH vrijednostima primijenjeni su u procjeni kcat/Km vrijednosti biokatalitičkih reakcija, dok su eksperimenti provedeni pri različitim temperaturama primijenjeni u aproksimaciji njihovih Ea vrijednosti. Iznos kcat/Km bio je najveći kod mutantnih enzima (Y24L), a najniži kod kontrole (pCON2), što ukazuje da su strukturne modifikacije u BSH molekulama povezane s većom učinkovitosti. Preinake kod mutantnih enzima F18L i Y24L rezultirale su smanjenjem vrijednosti kcat/Km te povećanjem procijenjene Ea vrijednosti reakcija hidrolize.

Hexavalent chromium is one of the hazardous metals that can be found in industrial effluents such as wood treatment units, mining, leather tanning, pigment, steel and electroplating industry. The present work aimed to evaluate the self-purification capacity of the microbial flora taken from the domestic wastewater effluent of Chlef City, with the perspective of designing a microbial bed in the secondary sewage treatment to prevent an industrial Cr(VI) contamination. Under various operating conditions, the bioremoval performance of Cr(VI) was evaluated by using suspended biomass and immobilised biomass (fixed onto pozzolana grains). The results showed that the immobilised biomass was more efficient and more resistant to Cr(VI) toxicity than the suspended biomass. Indeed, the Cr(VI) was totally eliminated within 96 h for an initial concentration of 50 mg l–1 by the immobilised biomass, while this rate was obtained after 120 h for the suspended biomass. The kinetic data fit well to the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The intraparticle diffusion kinetic model suggested that the diffusion process of Cr(VI) was greatly influenced by the initial concentration. The microbial flora present in domestic wastewater is a promising biosorbent that is able to treat effluent containing Cr(VI). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Šesterovalentni krom je jedan od opasnih tvari koja se može naći u otpadnim tokovima drvne industrije, rudarstva, štavljenja kože, industrije pigmenta, čelika i galvanizacije. Cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti kapacitet samopročišćavanja mikrobne flore uzete iz komunalnih otpadnih voda grada Chlefa, s perspektivom projektiranja mikrobnog sloja primjenjivog za sekundarnu obradu industrijskih voda s ciljem sprječavanja kontaminacije kromom(VI). Učinak biološkog uklanjanja šesterovalentnog kroma procijenjen je pri različitim radnim uvjetima primjenom suspendirane te imobilizirane biomase (fiksirane na zrna pucolana). Rezultati su pokazali da je imobilizirana biomasa učinkovitija i otpornija na toksičnost kroma(VI) od suspendirane biomase. Primjenom imobilizirane biomase, 50 mg l–1 kroma(VI) je potpuno uklonjeno tijekom 96 h dok je uz primjenu suspendirane biomase bilo potrebno 120 h. Kinetika odgovara modelima pseudo prvog reda. Kinetički model unutarčestične difuzije ukazao je na veliki utjecaj početne koncentracije kroma(VI) na proces njegove difuzije. Mikrobna flora prisutna u komunalnim otpadnim vodama obećavajući je sorbens koji se može primijeniti za pročišćavanje voda koje sadrže krom(VI). Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

Decarbonisation means reducing or ideally eliminating the greenhouse gas emissions by evaluating all processes in a system from a “low-carbon” perspective. This review describes the current state of the fertiliser industry, and the options and recommendations for its decarbonisation. Decarbonisation of the fertiliser industry can be achieved with the developing technologies in terms of raw materials, energy usage, and operating conditions in the fertiliser production processes. Low-carbon fertilisers can be realised with the improvements that can be made in the life cycle of the fertiliser, from the derivation of the raw materials to the formation of the final products. Today, many decarbonisation studies with new technologies that can be created in ammonia production, which is the most energy-intensive process in the fertiliser industry, are at the research stage. This paper reviews the use of hydrogen source in ammonia production and achieving biomass gasification or electrolysis with low carbon footprints, reducing greenhouse gas emissions in nitric acid production, integrating carbon capture and storage technologies into the fertiliser processes, and increasing the efficiency of low-carbon agricultural practices. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dekarbonizacija podrazumijeva smanjenje ili, u idealnom slučaju, potpunu eliminaciju emisija stakleničkih plinova kroz procjenu svih uključenih procesa iz niskougljične perspektive. Ovaj pregledni rad opisuje trenutno stanje u industriji gnojiva, te daje mogućnosti i preporuke za njenu dekarbonizaciju. Dekarbonizacija industrije gnojiva može se postići razvojem tehnologija bilo da se radi o proizvodnji sirovina, korištenju energije ili radnim uvjetima procesa proizvodnje. Niskougljična gnojiva mogu se realizirati kroz poboljšanja tijekom procesa proizvodnje, od dobivanja sirovina do nastanka konačnih proizvoda. Danas se provode istraživanja dekarbonizacije vezana uz nove tehnologije koje se mogu primijeniti kod proizvodnje amonijaka kao energetski najintenzivnijeg procesa u industrijskoj proizvodnji gnojiva. Ovaj rad dotiče se izvora vodika u proizvodnji amonijaka te postizanja plinifikacije ili elektrolize biomase s niskim ugljičnim otiskom, smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova u proizvodnji dušične kiseline, integriranja tehnologija hvatanja i skladištenja ugljika u procese proizvodnje gnojiva te povećanje učinkovitosti niskougljičnih praksi u poljoprivredi. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

The purpose of this study was to assess the antioxidant activity of the fresh extracts of Croatian and Greek watermelon seeds. Samples were prepared using two extraction methods: Soxhlet and maceration. Ethanol was used as a solvent in the Soxhlet, and methanol in the maceration method. The mass fractions of the extracts obtained by maceration were lower compared to those obtained by the Soxhlet method. The antioxidant capacity of fresh watermelon-seed extracts was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) method. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was also expressed via IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration). Based on the obtained IC50 values (1.41 to 2.60 mg ml−1), all tested extracts showed antiradical activity but antioxidant capacity was better in extracts obtained by the maceration method. The reason for this may be the use of methanol as a solvent, which was to be expected, since methanol is a more polar solvent than ethanol. The neutralisation capacity of DPPH radicals of analysed extracts was compared to the neutralisation capacity of ascorbic acid as standard. The concentrations of tested extracts required to neutralize 50 % of DPPH radicals were significantly higher than the required concentration of ascorbic acid (0.25 mg ml–1). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je procijeniti antioksidativno djelovanje ekstrakata svježih sjemenki lubenice uzgojenih u Hrvatskoj i Grčkoj. Ekstrakti su pripremljeni dvjema metodama: Soxhletovom metodom i maceracijom. Etanol je upotrijebljen kao otapalo u Soxhletovoj metodi, a metanol u maceraciji. Maseni udjeli ekstrakta dobiveni maceracijom niži su od onih dobivenih Soxhletovom metodom. Antioksidacijski kapacitet ekstrakta svježih sjemenki lubenice određen je metodom DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazilni radikal). Antioksidacijski kapacitet ekstrakata također je izražen s IC50 (polovica maksimalne inhibitorne koncentracije). Na temelju dobivenih vrijednosti IC50 (1,41 do 2,60 mg ml−1), svi ispitani ekstrakti pokazali su antiradikalno djelovanje, ali je antioksidacijski kapacitet bio bolji u ekstraktima dobivenim metodom maceracije. Razlog tome može biti upotreba metanola kao otapala, što se moglo očekivati budući da je metanol polarnije otapalo od etanola. Kapacitet neutraliziranja DPPH radikala analiziranih ekstrakata uspoređen je sa standardom za neutraliziranje askorbinske kiseline. Koncentracije svih ispitnih ekstrakata potrebne za neutraliziranje 50 % radikala DPPH bile su znatno veće od potrebne koncentracije askorbinske kiseline (0,25 mg ml–1). Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

In this work, an electrochemical sensor was prepared by modifying a carbon paste with the organic molecule of 2-benzimidazolethiol (CPE/OM) by mixing methods (by combination of the organic molecules and the carbon electrode). The sensor was tested for detection of lead ions in an aqueous solution. All reactions studied took place on the modified electrode surface, the place of contact between the electrode and the electrolytic medium. For this reason, the electrochemical properties of the CPE/OM, including cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry techniques, were used. Cyclic voltammetry studies have indicated the reaction involved. The determination of lead was carried out utilising the voltammetric technique at the surface of the modified electrode, and the correlation between the current of peak oxidation and the concentration of this ion showed a detection limit (DL) of 3.43 ∙ 10–6 mol l–1. The experimental results proved that the carbon paste electrode modified with 2-benzimidazolethiol had high sensitivity toward lead ions and a wide linearity range. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. U ovom je radu pripravljen elektrokemijski senzor (CPE/OM) modificiranjem ugljikove paste s organskom molekulom 2-benzimidazoletiolom. Ispitana je primjenjivost senzora za detekciju iona olova u vodenoj otopini. Sve proučavane reakcije odvijale su se na modificiranoj površini elektrode, tj. na mjestu kontakta elektrode i otopine. Stoga su upotrijebljene ciklička voltametrija i voltametrija kvadratnog vala. Ciklička voltametrija je pokazale koje se reakcije odvijaju. Određivanje olova provedeno je voltametrijski na površini modificirane elektrode, uz granicu detekcije (DL) od 3,43 ∙ 10–6 mol l–1. Eksperimentalni rezultati pokazali su da elektroda modificirana 2-benzimidazoletiolom ima visoku osjetljivost prema ionima olova te veliko područje linearnosti. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati elektrolitičku oksidaciju etanola u alkalnoj otopini pomoću elektrode od ugljikove paste modificirane prirodnim fosfatom i kobaltom (Co-NP/CPE). Elektrode su dobivene elektrodepozicijom kobalta na ugljik-NP supstrat, primjenom potenciostatskih i galvanostatskih tehnika. Morfološka karakterizacija modificiranih elektroda provedena je optičkom mikroskopijom koja je pokazala dobru raspršenost kobalta te prisutnost NP čestica na površini elektrode. Usporedbom dobivenih voltamograma vidljivo je da navedena elektroda pokazuje katalitički učinak što dovodi do bolje oksidacije etanola. U usporedbi s nemodificiranom CPE-NP elektrodom, elektroda modificirana kobaltom pokazuje visoku elektrolitičku aktivnost za oksidaciju etanola. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna. This work aims to study the electrolytic oxidation of ethanol in alkaline solution by a carbon paste electrode modified with natural phosphate and cobalt (Co-NP/CPE). The electrodes were obtained by depositing the cobalt on carbon-NP substrates by electrodeposition, using potentiostatic and galvanostatic techniques. Morphological characterisation by optical microscopy techniques shows that the Co is well dispersed with the presence of NP particles on the surface of the electrode. The study of the electrode behaviour by voltammetric techniques exhibits a catalytic effect leading to a better result regarding the oxidation of ethanol. Compared to CPE-NP, the cobalt-modified CPE-NP electrode exhibits high electrolytic activity for ethanol oxidation. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.