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Abstract Populism is a nebulous concept that has almost as many definitions as scholars engaging with the concept that has a paradoxical relationship with law. On the one hand, populist politicians generally oppose the liberal ideal of separating politics and law, i.e. accepting that legal rules should limit political power, claiming that it would impede the expression of the popular will, yet they use legal regulation as their most important instrument to implement their policies. The chameleonic nature of populism and its instrumentalist approach to law presents a special challenge for lawyers that try to assess its impact on the domestic legal system. Populist legislation, after all, is seemingly indistinguishable from legislation adopted under non-populist regimes as populist regimes always claim to strictly adhere to formal procedural requirements and often justify the dramatic overhaul of previous rules invoking foreign examples. Hungary is a perfect litmus test for the examination of legal changes under populist leaders, because in 2010 the right-wing Fidesz-Kdnp party coalition won two-thirds majority in Parliament – a self-described “revolution in the voting booths” -, which gave it the power to completely overhaul the Hungarian legal system, even changing the constitution. In the past 10 years, virtually every significant branch of Hungarian law was recodified, adopting inter alia new criminal, civil, administrative and labor codes. The authors of this special issue attempted to analyze some of the most pertinent changes, in the field of constitutional law, adjudication, tax law, labor law, criminal regulation and asylum legislation.

Abstract The characteristics of Hungarian populism and its effects on labor and social policy are rather different compared to those of western Member States of the EU. These differences are due to the different experiences related to inter- and intra-EU migration and to the difference in how the EU’s austerity measures were imposed during the economic crisis. The two distinctive elements are the workfare regime which replaces the welfare state, and anti-pluralism. In the workfare model, ‘hard-working people’ are pictured as an idealized mass of employees who are disciplined and striving for betterment every day; and whose jobs and wellbeing are jeopardized by illegal migrants and the idle poor. However, labor law does not strengthen the rights of ‘hard-working people’ or support them in asserting their rights against their employers. While the Roma have been described as the undeserving poor and mainstreamed in everyday politics and practice, guarantees and protective measures have been severely curtailed in social policy, amplifying the insecurity and material deprivation of those who lose their jobs. Regarding collective labor law, the lack of an autonomous social dialogue supports anti-pluralist trends, a characteristic of populist governance. The fundamental elements of democratic control, such as participation or trade union rights have been largely eliminated to cement the executive power of the coalition.

Family dogs are exposed to a continuous flow of human speech throughout their lives. However, the extent of their abilities in speech perception is unknown. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test speech detection and language representation in the dog brain. Dogs (n = 18) listened to natural speech and scrambled speech in a familiar and an unfamiliar language. Speech scrambling distorts auditory regularities specific to speech and to a given language, but keeps spectral voice cues intact. We hypothesized that if dogs can extract auditory regularities of speech, and of a familiar language, then there will be distinct patterns of brain activity for natural speech vs. scrambled speech, and also for familiar vs. unfamiliar language. Using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) we found that bilateral auditory cortical regions represented natural speech and scrambled speech differently; with a better classifier performance in longer-headed dogs in a right auditory region. This neural capacity for speech detection was not based on preferential processing for speech but rather on sensitivity to sound naturalness. Furthermore, in case of natural speech, distinct activity patterns were found for the two languages in the secondary auditory cortex and in the precruciate gyrus; with a greater difference in responses to the familiar and unfamiliar languages in older dogs, indicating a role for the amount of language exposure. No regions represented differently the scrambled versions of the two languages, suggesting that the activity difference between languages in natural speech reflected sensitivity to language-specific regularities rather than to spectral voice cues. These findings suggest that separate cortical regions support speech naturalness detection and language representation in the dog brain.

This article investigates the assertion of language rights through legal mobilization by the Hungarian minority in Romania, thus examining this emergent kind of mobilization aimed at the claiming of rights, often rights recognized by law, but not enforced in practice. This incongruity between rights on paper and their execution provokes interethnic rivalry for the visibility of language and culture, in which the exclusive ownership of sovereignty is marked by the dominance of national language in physical spaces coined as ‘linguistic territoriality’ (Csergő, 2007), fostering parallel, monolingual public spheres. Applying Rancière's theory to the case of the Hungarian minority in Romania, it is argued that civil society activists' legal mobilization initiatives are a manifestation of ‘politics’ in the Rancièreian sense as they challenge the distribution of public spaces along ethnic lines through pushing forward their integrative vision of the same spaces—thus ‘seeking the litigious distribution of places and roles’ (Rancière, 2003, p. 201).

This paper elaborates the integral transformation technique of [K. Pachucki, W. Cencek, and J. Komasa, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 184101 (2005)] and uses it for the case of the non-relativistic kinetic and Coulomb potential energy operators, as well as for the relativistic mass-velocity and Darwin terms. The techniques are tested for the ground electronic state of the helium atom and new results are reported for the ground electronic state of the H$_3^+$ molecular ion near its equilibrium structure.

Összefoglaló. A COVID–19-járvány alatt bizonyossá vált, hogy az adattudományok, az adatok gyors megosztása és a nemzetközi összefogás a hatékony járványkezelés kulcsfontosságú eszközei. A járvány előtt létrejött Újonnan Felbukkanó fertőző betegségek Obszervatóriuma (Versatile Emerging infectious disease Observatory, VEO) nevű nemzetközi konzorcium célja egy olyan monitorozó rendszer kiépítése, amely a potenciálisan veszélyes kórokozókat még az előtt azonosítja, mielőtt azok tömeges megbetegedéseket okoznának, lehetőséget adva ezzel a gyors reagálásra. A járványok megelőzésére és kezelésére létrejött nemzetközi együttműködésekben, így a VEO-ban is a kórokozók, vagy a fertőzésnek kitett személyek genetikai szekvencia adatai kiemelkedő fontosságúak. Az ilyen típusú adatok kezelésével kapcsolatban az Európai Unióban többek között a Nagojai Jegyzőkönyv és a GDPR fogalmaz meg elveket, szabályokat. Summary. Data science is proved to be a key tool in the fight against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, but it requires a huge amount of data shared between international research groups. The Versatile Emerging infectious disease Observatory (VEO) EU collaboration was established to generate and distribute high quality data for an evidence-based early warning system for emerging infectious diseases. Through an iterative process between data scientists, disease experts, social scientists and citizen scientists, a collaborative platform will be created for storing, secure sharing and analyses of traditional and new data sources. Next generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized genomic research. This versatile technology is broadly applicable to pathogens and human hosts. Rapid sharing of pathogen genetic resources, including physical samples of cultured pathogens and additionally genetic sequencing data of pathogens, is crucial in support of research and outbreak response. Access to genetic resources is regulated by the Nagoya protocol which is an internationally binding treaty to ensure equal sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. So far the Nagoya protocol has been applied only to biological samples, but digital data from genetic sequencing doesn’t necessarily fall under the treaty. Effects of diseases can differ based on genetic backgrounds, as certain gene variants may provide protection against or susceptibility to viral diseases. Human genomic data is an important resource for medical research. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) lists identifiable human genetic data as sensitive, which is a subset of personal data. Sharing and analysis of this kind of data are strictly regulated and they are also subject to ethical challenges. These concerns become less pronounced when analyzing environmental samples like sewage. Samples collected from wastewater treatment plants can be used as pooled samples, containing naturally anonymized genetic information of the human population, near the wastewater treatment plant.

AbstractThe paper is devoted to Krylov type modifications of the Uzawa method on the operator level for the Stokes problem in order to accelerate convergence. First block preconditioners and their effect on convergence are studied. Then it is shown that a Krylov–Uzawa iteration produces superlinear convergence on smooth domains, and estimation is given on its speed.

Abstract Ciomadul is the youngest volcano in eastern-central Europe. Although its last eruption occurred at ca. 30 ka, there are independent indications for a high-crystallinity magma reservoir persisting beneath the volcano until present. In order to further test the hypothesis of long-lived melt presence and to better constrain the nature and timescales associated with the subvolcanic magma storage system, over 500 zircon U-Th and U-Pb spot ages (crystal interiors and outer surfaces) were interpreted from dacitic rocks of the most productive eruptive period (the Young Ciomadul Eruptive Period; YCEP, 160-30 ka). Zircon surface ages from lava dome and pumice samples range from ca. 600 ka up to the youngest eruption event at 30 ka. They form a continuous age distribution and some single crystals reveal significant age zonation (>150 kyr difference from core to rim). The oldest zircon ages of YCEP overlap with the last eruption events of the Old Ciomadul Eruptive Period (1000–330 ka). The zircon age spectra, combined with textural data, point to a prolonged (several 100's kyr) residence in a highly crystalline mush state. The range in zircon crystallization temperature (from ∼750 °C to the solidus at ∼680 °C) is consistent with the results of thermometry on amphibole and plagioclase from felsic crystal clots, which represent crystal mush fragments. To maintain magma reservoir for such a long time above solidus, continuous magma input by deeper recharge is required. Zircon crystallization model calculations constrained by thermal modelling imply an average rate of magma input of about 1.3 × 10−4 km3/yr over 2 Myr. Such estimate allows us to calculate an extrusive/intrusive ratio of 1:25–1:30. The model calculations suggest that a crystal mush zone of about 35 km3 is still present within the subvolcanic magma reservoir. Importantly, the Ciomadul plumbing system thus remains thermally primed and renewed magma injection could lead to rapid reawakening and eruption of the apparently inactive volcano.

AbstractBiobanking refers to the systematic collection, storage, and distribution of pre- or post-mortem biological samples derived from volunteer donors. The demand for high-quality human specimens is clearly demonstrated by the number of newly emerging biobanking facilities and large international collaborative networks. Several animal species are relevant today in medical research; therefore, similar initiatives in comparative physiology could be fruitful. Dogs, in particular, are gaining increasing attention in translational research on complex phenomena, like aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, biobanks gathering and storing dog biological materials together with related data could play a vital role in translational and veterinary research projects. To achieve these aims, a canine biobank should meet the same standards in sample quality and data management as human biobanks and should rely on well-designed collaborative networks between different professionals and dog owners. While efforts to create dog biobanks could face similar financial and technical challenges as their human counterparts, they can widen the spectrum of successful collaborative initiatives towards a better picture of dogs’ physiology, disease, evolution, and translational potential. In this review, we provide an overview about the current state of dog biobanking and introduce the “Canine Brain and Tissue Bank” (CBTB)—a new, large-scale collaborative endeavor in the field.

Sleep is a fundamental physiological state that facilitates neural recovery during periods of attenuated sensory processing. On the other hand, mammalian sleep is also characterized by the interplay between periods of increased sleep depth and environmental alertness. Whereas the heterogeneity of microstates during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep was extensively studied in the last decades, transient microstates during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep received less attention. REM sleep features two distinct microstates: phasic and tonic. Previous studies indicate that sensory processing is largely diminished during phasic REM periods, whereas environmental alertness is partially reinstated when the brain switches into tonic REM sleep. Here, we investigated interoceptive processing as quantified by the heartbeat evoked potential (HEP) during REM microstates. We contrasted the HEPs of phasic and tonic REM periods using two separate databases that included the nighttime polysomnographic recordings of healthy young individuals (N = 20 and N = 19). We find a differential HEP modulation of a late HEP component (after 500 ms post-R-peak) between tonic and phasic REM. Moreover, the late tonic HEP component resembled the HEP found in resting wakefulness. Our results indicate that interoception with respect to cardiac signals is not uniform across REM microstates, and suggest that interoceptive processing is partially reinstated during tonic REM periods. The analyses of the HEP during REM sleep may shed new light on the organization and putative function of REM microstates. The project was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (NKFI FK 128100 and K 128117) of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office, as well as by the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities in Hungary, within the framework of the Neurology thematic program of the Semmelweis University. This project has also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska–Curie grant (agreement No. 801505). PP was supported by a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PGC2018-096655-A-I00). The study was supported by ELTE Thematic Excellence Programme 2020 TKP2020-IKA-05 provided by National Research, Development and Innovation Office. European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska–Curie grant (agreement No. 801505) ELTE Thematic Excellence Programme 2020 TKP2020-IKA-05 National Research, Development and Innovation Office Higher Education Institutional Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities in Hungary Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PGC2018-096655-A-I00) Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (NKFI FK 128100 and K 128117)