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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Larsen, T. G.; Ethelberg, S.; Zangenberg, M.; Stensvold, C. R.; +7 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBNarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VBN
    Other ORP type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBNarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VBN
      Other ORP type . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Brodersen, Jakob; Andersen, Camilla Vaskjær Aakjær;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: McIlvenny, Paul; Davidsen, Jacob Gorm; Stein, Alexander; Kovács, Artúr Barnabás;

    DOTE is a new type of transcription software developed by the BigSoftVideo team at Aalborg University. It has been designed to support a specific standard of transcription practices common in conversation analysis. It has some of the features commonly found in other software -- such as video playback, a timeline and a visual waveform -- but these features are streamlined and easier to use in DOTE. Moreover, DOTE has enhanced features that do not exist in any legacy software so far, such as auto-completion, intellisense, 360 video support, viewcodes and version control. Our motto is make transcription fun again!

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Rasmussen, John;

    Et mekanisk skelet spændt uden på kroppen kan gøre dig stærkere og sundere – eller give endnu flere arbejdsskader. Exoskeletter i science fiction-stil er nu virkelighed – viden og teknologi afgør, om de bliver drøm eller mareridt.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Jess, Tine;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Heinsen, Laurits;

    Denne PhD-afhandling er baseret på tre originale manuskrifter. Studierne er gennemført på den Kardiologiske Forskningsenhed, OUH Svendborg Hospital.Baggrund Type 2 diabetes mellitus er en betydelig risikofaktor for iskæmisk hjertesygdom. Patienter med type 2diabetes har en høj byrde af traditionelle risikofaktorer, og behandlingen af disse medfører en betydeligreduktion i dødelighed og risikoen for blodprop i hjertet. Til trods for god risikofaktor-kontrol og normalisering af LDL med kolesterolsænkende medicin er disse patienter fortsat i øget risiko for blodprop i hjertet. Dette fænomen betegnes residualrisiko og har været i fokus i de seneste år. Hovedformålet med denne afhandling var at undersøge og beskrive åreforkalkning i asymptomatiske patienter med type 2diabetes som ikke er kendt med iskæmisk hjertesygdom. Delformål 1) At beskrive forekomsten af høj risiko plaque (HRP) og sammenhængen med risikofaktorer samt den koronare kalk score (CACS). 2) At undersøge sammenhængen mellem ændringer i kolesterol, triglycerider, og langtidsblodsukker i forhold til sammensætning og progression af koronar åreforkalkning 3) At evaluere sammenhængen mellem GLP-1 antagonisten liraglutide og ændringer i det totale plaque volumen samt plaque komposition ved opfølgning efter et år. Metode Dette studie var det prospektivt observationsstudie og patienterne blev rekrutteret og undersøgt i perioden fra marts 2016 til september 2017. Patienter med type 2 diabetes uden symptomer og historik mediskæmisk hjertesygdom blev inviteret til at deltage i studiet. Hjerte-CT blev udført ved studiets start og efter et års opfølgning. Det totale plaque-volumen samt plaque sammensætning og højrisiko plaque-morfologi(HRP) blev estimeret ved studiets start og ved opfølgning efter et år. Kliniske data som blodtryk, hjertekardiogram, medicinsk behandling, diabetiske komplikationer, samt blodprøver blev indsamlet ved studietsstart og ved opfølgning efter et år. Opsummering af afhandlingens hovedfund:1) HRP blev observeret hos 37% af patienterne og var associeret med højere langtidsblodsukker, større tobaks-eksponering og mandligt køn. HRP blev identificeret i alle CACS grupper inklusiv CACS på nul.2) Stigende triglycerider var associeret med progression af både høj-risiko plaque og det total plaque volumen. Stigningen i triglycerider var tæt associeret med stigning i vægt, stagnerende HbA1c, samtfaldende lever attenuation. Ydermere var der en klar sammenhængen mellem stigende triglycerider og rest-partikel kolesterol.3) Ændringer i det totale plaque volumen var ikke associeret med liraglutid behandling. Analysen af plaque kompositionen viste, at liraglutide behandling var associeret med øget progression af fibrøst plaque.KonklusionKonklusionen på dette studie er at hjerte-CT er noninvasiv metode som muliggør at karakterisere typen af åreforkalkning samt ændringer over tid. Høj-risiko plaque morfologi blev identificeret hos 37% af patienterne og var associeret med risikofaktorerne langtidsblodsukker, tobaks-eksponering, og mandligt køn, men kunne ikke udelukkes ved fraværet af koronar kalk. En stigning i triglycerider var associeret med plaque progression af høj risiko plaque og en en forværring af den glukometaboliske kontrol samt stigende rest-partikel kolesterol. Liraglutide behandling var associeret med øget progression af fibrøst plaque og er en mulig mekanisme som kan forklare den kardiovaskulære risikoreduktion associeret med liraglutid behandling. This PhD thesis is based on three original manuscripts, and the studies were carried out at the Cardiovascular Research Unit at OUH Svendborg.BackgroundIschemic heart disease remains the leading cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Despite a significant risk reduction in the last decades, T2D remains associated with twice the risk of all-cause mortality, mainly due to coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary computed tomography angiography(CCTA) allows the characterization of coronary artery plaque and disease progression, and several studies have demonstrated that high-risk plaque (HRP) is associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Risk stratification of asymptomatic diabetes is challenging and a better understanding of the extent and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in relation to patient characteristics and risk factors is of interest. The overall aim of this PhD study was to assess plaque characteristics and predictions of plaque progression in a cohort of asymptomatic patients with diabetes without CAD. Study objective:1) To assess the prevalence of HRP in asymptomatic T2D and the relationship between HRP and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, diabetes profile, and the coronary artery calcium score(CACS).2) To assess the association of changes in lipoproteins and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in relation to changes in HRP volumes.3) To assess changes in the total atheroma (TAV) and composition from baseline to follow-up stratified by liraglutide treatmentMethods This PhD thesis is based on data from a prospective observational study performed between March 2016and September 2017 at Odense University Hospital Svendborg. Patients were asymptomatic and without a history of CAD. Serial CCTA was performed to assess total atheroma volume (TAV) and plaque composition at baseline and one-year follow-up. In addition, CACS was assessed from non-enhanced images. A clinical assessment including blood pressure, electrocardiogram, current medication, diabetic complications, and blood test was performed at baseline and at follow-up. The main findings of this PhD thesis were:1) HRP was identified in 37% of patients and was associated with higher HbA1c, greater tobacco exposure, and male gender. HRP was detected in all groups of CACS, and the absence of coronary artery calcium (CACS = 0) could not rule out HRP.2) An increase in triglycerides was associated with the progression of HRP as well as an overall plaque progression. Changes in triglycerides were closely associated with weight gain, stagnant HbA1c, and evidence of increased hepatic fat accumulation. Furthermore, there was a strong association between the increase in triglyceride and the increase in remnant cholesterol.3) We found no association between changes in TAV and liraglutide treatment. The secondary endpoint, changes in plaque composition stratified by liraglutide treatment was positive, and a significant increase in the fibrous plaque volume was detected in the liraglutide treated patients.ConclusionsIn conclusion, CCTA is a non-invasive examination that allows the characterization of plaque composition and changes over time. HRP was detected in 37% of the patients and was associated with higher HbA1c,tobacco exposure, and male gender. Our results warrant caution for use of calcium scoring in this patient group as the absence of coronary artery calcium could not rule out CAD. We found a significant association between an increase in triglyceride levels and HRP progression. The data suggested that this finding was mediated by an increase in remnant cholesterol driven by a worsening in glucometabolic control. Finally, liraglutide was associated with an increase in fibrous plaque which could indicate plaque stabilization. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first study to assess the association between liraglutide treatment and coronary atherosclerosis in humans.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Zhang, Rui;

    Tekst og netværk er to almindelige former for data. De kan altid bruges samme til at beskrive forskellige applikationer, såsom kommentarsystemer, sociale netværk, og akademiske netværk. Dataanalyse bliver vigtig nu. Det er et afgørende spørgsmålat præsentere tekst- og netværksdata på en effektiv måde. Mange repræsentation læringsmodeller er blevet foreslået til dette problem. Men de fleste metoder har brug for dataetiketter, komplekse systemer og/eller højdimensionelle vektorer forat opnå de gode repræsentationer, og dette er ofte udfordrende for beregning og lagring af både upstream og downstream applikationer. Derfor adresserer denne afhandling ovenstående udfordringer og yder bidrag til repræsentationslæring på tekst- og tekstbaserede netværksdata.Til tekstrepræsentation læring foreslås en multi-label-læringsmodel baseret på semantisk etiketlæring for at kategorisere tekstbaserede publikationer med hierarkiskkategoristruktur. Denne model lærer først repræsentationer af publikationer og kategorier. Derefter genkender og videregiver modellen den matchende information hierarkisk. Endelig opnår denne model bedre forudsigelser i hierarkisk kategori af publikationer.Til tekstbaserede netværksdata foreslås først en metapath-baseret repræsentationsmodel. Denne model kan lære lavdimensionelle repræsentationer for målknuder fra deres tekstattributter og topologiske strukturer ved hjælp af en kaskadestyret selvovervåget læring mekanisme. For at overvinde begrænsningen af metapath og reducere de ekstra omkostninger, foreslår vi også en selvovervåget metapath-fri algoritme med relationsbaseret nabo-graf kontrastlæring. Denne model kan producere globale repræsentationer ved at lære alle knudepunkter og links. Repræsentationerne kan bruges til mange downstream-opgaver. Modellen udkonkurrerer de nyeste metoder.Samlet set giver afhandlingen en omfattende gennemgang af eksisterende repræsentation læringsmetoder og foreslår nye metoder baseret på dyb læring for at producere meget mere effektive og effektive repræsentationer til tekst og netværk. Bidragene er empirisk valideret på adskillige datasæt og opgaver i den virkelige verden. Text and networks, as two common forms of data, always appear cooperatively in describing diverse applications in the real world, such as review systems, social networks, and citation networks. As the demand of data analytics continues to grow, how to effectively and efficiently represent text and network data has become a critical research issue. To resolve this problem, various machine learning models have been proposed for text and network representation learning, but most of them mainly rely on tons of manually labeled training samples, complex systems, and/or high-dimensional vectors to improve the accuracy and precision of representations, which often bring new challenges to computation and storage costs in both upstream and downstream applications. Thus, this thesis addresses the above challengesand makes contributions to representation learning on the text and text-attributed network data.For text representation learning, a label-semantic augmented multi-label-learning model is proposed to categorize text-based publications with hierarchical category structure, which creatively learns representations of publications and categories, recognizes and passes their matching information hierarchically, and as a result, achieves better hierarchical-category predictions.For text-attributed network representation learning, a meta-path-based embedding method is first developed, which is able to learn low-dimensional representations for target-typed nodes from their text attributes and topological structures by a cascaded self-supervised mechanism. Moreover, in order to overcome the limitation of preset meta-paths and reduce the extra learning cost, we also propose a selfsupervised meta-path-free algorithm with relation-based neighbor-graph contrast learning, which could produce global node representations by encoding all-typednodes and relations. These representations can be used for a variety of downstream tasks and outperform state-of-the-art baselines.Overall, this thesis provides a comprehensive review of existing representation learning methods and proposes several novel approaches based on deep learning to produce much more effective and efficient representations for text and networks.The contributions are empirically validated on several real-world datasets and tasks.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Leth, Trine Andreasen;

    Bakterien Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato er den ætiologiske årsag til Lyme neuroborreliose (LNB). Borrelia bakterier overføres til mennesker efter bid fra skovflåten, og kan spredes fra bidestedet i huden til andre organer, herunder nervesystemet. Lymfocytisk meningoradiculitis (Bannwarths syndrom) er en typisk manifestation af tidlig LNB, som er defineret ved stærke, udstrålende nervesmerter (radikulitis), halvsidige ansigtslammelser og lymfocytær pleocytose i cerebrospinalvæske (CSF). Det må antages som sikkert, at der er levende Borrelia bakterier i centralnervesystemet (CNS) hos patienter med LNB, da de er blevet identificeret ved PCR-analyse og dyrkning af CSF, og da penicillin virker effektivt hos patienter med symptomer på LNB. Desværre er den kliniske sensitivitet af både Borrelia dyrkning og PCR ikke tilfredsstillende høj, hvilket har ført til brugen af serologiske test. LNB diagnosticeres derfor primært på en tilstedeværelse af neurologiske symptomer, CSF pleocytose, samt påvisning af intratekalt produceret Borrelia specifikke antistoffer bestemt ud fra et beregnet CSF/serum-antistofindeks. Hos nogle patienter, med kort sygdomsvarighed, kan antistofproduktionen være meget lav og ikkepåviselig, hvilket vanskeliggør en skelnen mellem LNB og andre sygdomme i CNS. Det er derfor ønskeligt at finde supplerende metoder til at forbedrer diagnostikken af LNB, særligt i sygdommens tidlige stadie. I denne PhD-afhandling vil jeg først give en introduktion til Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bakterien, og give et overblik over diagnosticeringen af LNB, samt de muligheder og udfordringer, der er knyttet dertil. Derefter vil de tre studiers formål, metoder og resultater blive gennemgået og diskuteret. Studie I " Discriminating between Lyme neuroborreliosis and other central nervous system infections by use of biomarkers CXCL13 and IL-6"Denne tværsnitsundersøgelse inkluderede patienter under udredning for neuroinfektioner. Mængden af CXCL13 og IL-6 i CSF blev bestemt samtidigt ved brug af et bead-baseret multiplex Bio-Plex 200 System. Patienterne blev grupperet i sikker LNB, mulig LNB, viral CNS-infektion, anden bakteriel CNS-infektion, anden CNS-sygdom (med pleocytose) og negativ (uden pleocytose) baseret på kliniske og parakliniske fund. En Principal Component Analyse (PCA) blev udført under anvendelse af resultater (CXCL13, IL-6, leukocytcelletal og proteinkoncentration) fra den laboratoriemæssige analyse af CSF. PCA afslørede tre distinkte klynger (sikker LNB, anden bakteriel CNS-infektion og negativ (uden pleocytose) baseret på leukocytcelletal, proteinkoncentration, CXCL13- og IL-6-mængder i CSF fra 380 inkluderede patienter. Mulige LNB-tilfælde viste sig at være fordelt på tværs af forskellige klynger, med forskellige sandsynligheder for at tilhøre LNB-klyngen. En ROC-analyse indikerede en optimal CXCL13-cut-off-værdi på 50,7 pg/ml, hvilket resulterede i en sensitivitet og en specificitet på henholdsvis 93,6 og 91,1%, når man sammenlignede patienter med sikker LNB-diagnose med ikke-LNB-tilstande med CSF-pleocytose. Studie II " Establishment of a droplet digital PCR protocol for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in cerebrospinal fluid " Studie II er en systematisk validering af en digital droplet-PCR-analyse (ddPCR), samt optimering af præanalytiske parametre til påvisning af Borrelia bakterier. Protokollen blev optimeret ved hjælp af syntetiske DNA-gBlocks og dyrkede Borrelia referencestammer. Den optimerede ddPCR-protokol blev evalueret på kliniske prøver fra patienter undersøgt for LNB (n=59). Den optimerede ddPCR-protokol inkluderede et centrifugeringstrin til koncentrering af prøvematerialet før DNA-oprensningen. Den analytiske følsomhed blev bestemt til at være 100 % med mindst 4 kopier af gBlocks pr. PCR og 100 %, når mere end 10 Borrelia bakterier blev tilsat 1 ml CSF. Den kliniske sensitivitet og specificitet blev beregnet til at være henholdsvis 11,1 % og 100 %. Studie III " Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in cerebrospinal fluid samples followed by pre-enrichment culture " I denne prospektive tværsnitsundersøgelse blev voksne patienter (> 17 år), som skulle lumbalpunkteres med henblik på undersøgelse for LNB, inviteret til at deltage. CSF prøver fra patienterne blev inokuleret direkte i prøvetagningsrør indeholdende Borrelia dyrkningsmedium, som efterfølgende blev inkuberet i mindst 8 uger og undersøgt for tilstedeværelsen af Borrelia bakterier ved PCR og mikroskopi. En opformering af Borrelia bakterier blev opnået hos 23 % af patienterne med LNB, og et positivt resultat blev bekræftet af to uafhængige PCR-analysemetoder. Konklusion Resultaterne fra studie I bekræfter, at CXCL13 er et værdifuldt supplement til diagnosticering af LNB, og at kombinationen af CXCL13 og IL-6 kan bruges differential diagnostisk til at evaluere patienter med mulig LNB med henblik på at underbygge den kliniske diagnose yderligere. De lave diagnostiske sensitiviteter opnået i studie II og III understøtter ikke brugen af Borrelia PCR som en rutinediagnostisk metode. Imidlertid kan præopformering af Borrelia bakterier fra CSF-prøver forbedre påvisningen af Borrelia DNA, hvilket kan vise sig at være af yderligere diagnostisk værdi hos klinisk udvalgte patienter, som undersøges i den tidlige fase af deres neuroborreliose. Tick-borne spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex are the causes of various disease manifestations collectively termed Lyme borreliosis. The Borrelia spirochetes infect humans through a tick bite on the skin and can spread from there to other organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). In Europe, typical manifestations of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) are intense pain from the nerve roots (radicular neuritis), facial nerve palsy, and CNS inflammation by mononuclear cells. It is certain that there are living Borrelia spirochetes in the CNS of patients with LNB, as they have been identified by culture and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and since penicillin works effectively in patients with symptoms of LNB. Unfortunately, the positivity rates of Borrelia culture testing and specific PCR are unsatisfyingly low, leading to the use of serological tests. LNB diagnosis is therefore primarily based on symptomology, CSF pleocytosis and intrathecal synthesis of Borrelia specific antibodies determined by the CSF/serum antibody index. However, there are limitations to the intrathecal antibody index analyses because antibody production may be absent at a detectable level in early LNB infection, making it challenging to discriminate LNB from other CNS diseases. The CXCL13 chemokine has been investigated as a biomarker for LNB with the aim of improving the diagnostics of LNB. Supplementary tools improving LNB diagnostics in the early stage of the disease are thus warranted. This PhD thesis provides an introduction to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes, together with an overview of some of the diagnostic challenges concerning LNB. Subsequently, the included manuscripts' aims, methods, and results are presented and discussed.Study I “Discriminating between Lyme neuroborreliosis and other central nervous system infections by use of biomarkers CXCL13 and IL-6”This cross-sectional study consecutively included patients examined for neuroinfections. We quantified the levels of CXCL13 and IL-6 in CSF simultaneously using a bead-based dupleximmunoassay and the Bio-Plex 200 System. Patients were grouped into definite LNB, possible LNB, viral CNS infection, bacterial CNS infection, Other CNS disease (with pleocytosis) and Negative (without pleocytosis) based on clinical and paraclinical findings. We performed a Principal component analysis (PCA) using results from CSF analysis (CXCL13, IL-6, leukocyte cell countsand protein concentration). We visually inspected the PCA-plot and found three distinct clusters (definite LNB, bacterial CNSinfection and negative) based on leukocyte cell counts, protein concentration, CXCL13 and IL-6concentrations from 380 included patients. In addition, we showed that possible LNB cases weredispersed across multiple clusters and had different probabilities of belonging to the LNB cluster.ROC calculation combined with a Youden index score indicated an optimal CXCL13 cut-off valueof 50.7 pg/ml, resulting in a sensitivity and a specificity of 93.6 and 91.1%, respectively, whencomparing definite LNB patients to non-LNB conditions with CSF pleocytosis. Study II “Establishment of a droplet digital PCR protocol for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensulato DNA in cerebrospinal fluid” In Study II, a thorough validation of a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assay and pre-analyticalparameters for detection of Borrelia spirochetes were performed. The ddPCR protocol was optimizedusing synthetic DNA gBlocks and cultured Borrelia species. The optimized ddPCR protocol wasevaluated on clinical samples from patients examined for LNB (n=59). PCR-plate incubation at 4 °C before droplet reading and a centrifugation step for concentrating thesample prior to DNA purification was shown to have a significant effect on the ddPCR performance.The analytical sensitivities were determined to be 100% with at least 4 copies of gBlocks per PCRand 100% when more than 10 Borrelia spirochetes were spiked in 1 mL CSF. The clinical sensitivityand specificity were calculated to be 11.1% and 100%, respectively. Study III “Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in cerebrospinal fluid samples usingpre-enrichment culture” Study III was a prospective cross-sectional study inviting adult patients to participate beforeundertaking a lumbar puncture on suspicion of LNB. CSF specimens were inoculated directly intosample tubes containing Borrelia culture medium. Cultures were incubated for at least 8 weeks andexamined for the presence of Borrelia spirochetes by three separate PCR protocols in twoindependent laboratories. Pre-enrichment culture of Borrelia spirochetes in CSF was accomplished in 23% of patients withLNB. The presence of Borrelia was confirmed by the three independent PCR analyses employed. Conclusion The results from Study I confirms that CXCL13 is a valuable supplement for the diagnosis of LNBpatients and that the combination of CXCL13 and IL-6 may be used to evaluate patients with possibleLNB to substantiate the clinical diagnosis further. The low diagnostic yield in studies II and III donot support the use of Borrelia-specific PCR in CSF as a supplemental routine diagnostic tool.However, pre-enrichment of Borrelia spirochetes from CSF specimens can improve the detection ofBorrelia DNA and may prove of additional value in clinically selected patients who are admitted inthe early phase of their neuroborreliosis. 

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Naemi, Amin;

    Problemstilling og mål: Forudsigelse af forværring under indlæggelse på akutmodtagelsen er et fascinerende emne såvel som et svært og komplekst problem. Vitale værdier er blandtde vigtigste parametre der anvendes til identifikation af risikopatienter, og mange bestræbelser på at muliggøre tidligere opdagelse af risikopatienter er blevet gjort på dette område, men ingen specifik model har været generelt anvendeligt og er blevet integreret ind i klinisk daglig praksis. Årsagerne er mange og inkluderer flere alvorlige barrierer, som ikke er undersøgt endnu. Derfor går vi i dette forskningsprojekt ud over den traditionelle tilgang, og ser på problemet fra nye og anderledes vinkler. I stedet for blot at se på grænseværdier og enkelt målinger for vitale værdier, får vi mere præcise indsigter om de forværrede patienter og deres kendetegn ved at bruge kontinuerlig overvågning, tidsserieanalyse og Machine Learning (ML) teknikker.Forskningsspørgsmål: Vi formulerer vores forskningsspørgsmål som:RQ1. I betragtning af patienternes sygdomsscore, hvordan kan vi forudsige deres forløb ved hjælp af et adaptivt realtidssystem?RQ2. Hvad er de rigtige teknikker til at håndtere dataudfordringer såsom manglende værdier og ubalancerede datasæt? Og hvordan påvirker disse teknikker ydeevnen af prædiktive modeller? Er der en sammenhæng mellem manglende værdier og klinisk forringelse? RQ3. I betragtning af tidsmæssige afhængigheder, hvilken yderligere information kan vi få fra patienters tilstand under indlæggelse? RQ4. I betragtning af tidsmæssige afhængigheder, hvad er de farlige mønstre, der sker ved forværring af patienters vitale tegn, før en uønsket hændelse? RQ5. Er der en sammenhæng mellem klinisk forværring og indlæggelseslængde som klinisk endepunkt?Metoder: Action Design Research (ADR) bruges som forskningsmetodologi for dette ph.d.- projekt. ADR har fire hovedfaser og syv principper, og ud fra disse stadier og principper fastlægges forskellige opgaver på hvert trin. Vi anvender denne metodologi vedrørende vores forskningsspørgsmål, mål, roller og ansvar i vores arbejde. Disse stadier er (1) problemformulering, (2) opbygning, intervention og evaluering, (3) refleksion og læring og (4) formalisering af læring. Rammer: Dette projekt er tværfaglig forskning i samarbejde med forskere fra Center for Sundhedsinformatik og Teknologi på Syddansk Universitet og Akutafdelingen på Odense Universitetshospital. Resultater: To datasæt fra to danske hospitaler er indsamlet under projektet, og seks studier er designet til at identificere forværrede patienter og deres karakteristika. I det første trin gennemfører vi en omfattende systematisk litteraturgennemgang for at kortlægge området og identificere åbne områder indenfor feltet. Baseret på denne gennemgang fremsætter vi otte anbefalinger, der kan føre til udvikling af robuste prædiktive modeller i fremtiden. I næste trin bruges tidsserieanalyse til at introducere nye funktioner, der kan integreres i scoringssystemer og give et mere præcist billede af patienters tilstand. Efter dette trin udvikler vi hybridmodeller bestående af ML og autoregressive modeller for at forudsige nær fremtidig status for hver patient. I det næste trin evaluerer vi hypoteserne om sammenhæng mellem kliniske endemål og viser, hvordan data for opholdslængde (LOS) kan bruges til at stratificere patienter med risiko for klinisk forværring. I dette trin demonstrerer vi også, hvordan kvaliteten af data kan påvirke ydeevnen af ML-modeller. Endelig, i den sidste undersøgelse, udvikler vi et adaptivt system med evnen til visualisering og fortolkning baseret på shapelets mining og ensemble learning, der kan analysere vitale værdi serier og identificere de lokale mønstre, der er stærkt forbundet med klinisk forringelse. Konklusion: Anvendelighed, gennemsigtighed og fortolkning er blandt vores hovedmål i denne forskning. Disse aspekter hjælper os med at komme tættere på det endelige mål inden for dette forskningsfelt: at integrere ML-baserede modeller i klinisk praksis. Vi identificerer de forskningshuller og barrierer, der forhindrer forskere i at nå dette mål i denne forskning. Derfor er vi opmærksomme på nogle kriterier som tidskompleksitet og optimering samt visualiseringsevne for modeller, som er vigtige for klinikere. Vi introducerer også nye funktioner baseret på patienters forløb under indlæggelsen, som kan bruges i scoringssystemer og giver klinikere mere præcis indsigt i patienternes forhold. Purpose and Aim: Prediction of clinical deterioration is a fascinating topic as well as a messy and complex problem. Vital signs are among the main features used, and many effortsto improve identification of risk patients have been made in this area, but there is no successful model integrated into the real world. There are some serious barriers not investigated yet. Therefore, in this research, we go beyond the common approach and look at the problem from new and different angles. Instead of looking at the vital signs’ values, we get more precise insights about the deteriorating patients and their characteristics byutilizing continuous monitoring, time series analysis, and Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Research Questions: We formulate our research questions as:RQ1. Given the illness severity scores of patients, how can we predict their trajectories using an adaptive real-time system?RQ2. What are the proper techniques for addressing data challenges such as missing values and data imbalance? And how these techniques affect the performance of predictive models? Is there an association between missing values and clinical deterioration? RQ3. Considering temporal dependencies, what more information can we gain from patients’ conditions during hospitalization?RQ4. Considering temporal dependencies, what are the dangerous patterns happening in deteriorating patients’ vital signs before an adverse event? RQ5. Is there an association between clinical deterioration and Length of Stay as clinical outcomes? Methods: Action Design Research (ADR) is used as a research methodology for this PhD project. ADR has four main stages and seven principles and based on these stages and principles, various tasks are determined at each stage. We adopt this methodology regarding our research questions, aims, roles and responsibilities in our work. These stages are (1)Problem Formulation, (2) Building, Intervention, and Evaluation, (3) Reflection and Learning, and (4) Formalization of Learning.Settings: This project is interdisciplinary research with collaboration of researchers from Center for Health Informatics and Technology of University of Southern Denmark and the Emergency Department of Odense University Hospital. Results: Two datasets from two Danish hospitals are collected during the research, and six studies are designed for identifying deteriorating patients and their characteristics. In the first step, we conduct a comprehensive systematic literature review to identify the state-of-the-art studies and open areas in this field. Based on this review, we provide eight recommendations that can lead to developing robust predictive models in future. In the next step, time series analysis is used to introduce new features that can integrate into scoring systems and give a more accurate picture of patients’ conditions. Following this step, we develop hybrid models consisting of ML and autoregressive models to predict near future status of each patient. In the next step, we evaluate the hypotheses of association between clinical outcomes and show how Length of Stay (LOS) data can be used to stratify patients at risk of clinical deterioration. In this step, we also demonstrate that how quality of data can impact the performance of ML models. Finally, in the last study, we develop an adaptive system with the capability of visualization and interpretability based on shapelets mining and ensemble learning that can analyze vital signs’ trajectories and identify the local patterns that are highly associated with clinical deterioration.Conclusions: Applicability, transparency, and interpretability are among our main goals in this research. These metrics help us get closer to the ultimate aim in this field of research: integrating ML-based models in clinical practice. We identify the research gaps and barriers that prevent researchers from achieving this goal in this research. Therefore, we pay attention to some criteria such as time complexity and optimization as well as visualization ability for models, which are important for clinicians. We also introduce new features based on patients’ trajectories during hospitalization that can be used in scoring systems and give clinicians more accurate insight into the patients’ conditions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Pedersen, Claudia Læssøe;

    Afhandlingens hovedformål har været at identificere de politiske og militære udfordringer og erfaringer, der mødte Israel og det israelske forsvar (IDF) i dets krigsførelse i bymæssige områder fra 1982 til 2014. Derudover har det været formålet at klarlægge, hvorledes disse udfordringer og erfaringer kan bidrage til den fremtidige praksis og analyse af bykampe. Gennem afhandlingens historiske rekonstruktioner af bykampene i Libanon, 1982 over Vestbredden, 2002, til Gaza, 2008-09 og 2014, er de væsentligste israelske erfaringer fra hhv. den kinetiske (fysiske) og kognitive (sociale og politiske) kampplads identificerede. Det påvises, at udfordringerne på den kinetiske kampplads bæres ind på den kognitive kampplads, hvorved effekter og konsekvenser på det strategisk/politiske niveau muliggøres. En af de identificerede tilbagevendende udfordringer for IDF var en indbygget konflikt i dets ’rules of engagement’ (ROEs), idet disse på samme tid understregede behovet for at minimere civile tab og minimere tabet af egne tropper. Dette blev imidlertid ændret, hvorved der under Gaza-operationerne 2008 og 2014 var en klar prioritering af IDF soldaters liv over civile palæstinensiske liv. Udfordringen fik til gengæld helt nyt liv på den kognitive kampplads, idet israelerne blev stærkt kritiserede for at forbryde sig mod principperne om distinktion og proportionalitet. En anden væsentlig identificeret tilbagevendende erfaring var erkendelsen af utilstrækkelig bykampstræning, dog indenfor forskellige områder. Israelerne måtte i øvrigt sande, at kreativitet i de palæstinensiske ikke-statslige aktørers forberedelse af kamppladsen kontinuerligt udviklede sig, ligesom brugen af ’lawfare’, hvilket øgede kompleksiteten.Ud fra afhandlingens nybrydende historiske rekonstruktioner af bykampene er det anskueliggjort, at udviklingen fra Libanon til Gaza på den kognitive kampplads gik imod et stærkt øget fokus på LOAC. Således kan der ligeledes påvises en klar sammenhæng mellem fokus på LOAC og en åbenlys stigning og kreativitet i udførelsen af ’lawfare’. På baggrund af de udvalgte cases ses ligeledes en stigende spænding imellem ’humanitet’ og ’militær nødvendighed’ indenfor LOAC, som på den kognitive kampplads spændes til bristepunktet eller muligvis endda sprænger rammen. De israelske udfordringer gjaldt således også især den massive kritik af den israelske krigsførelse som værende i strid med LOAC og særligt principperne distinktion og proportionalitet, som vanskeliggjorde kampen for legitimitet. Denne kritik fik ikke mindst luft under vingerne igennem medierne, som bragte den israelske krigsførelse til doms for den internationale offentlige mening.I Beirut i 1982 var den internationale presse til stede midt på kamppladsen, hvilket skabte en betydelig udfordring for israelerne og ikke bidrog positivt til det israelske narrativ om at have ’den mest moralske hær i verden’. På Vestbredden og i Gaza 2004-2014, afskar IDF stort set pressens adgang til kamppladsen, hvorved IDF uden troværdige modsvar blev beskyldt for at skjule ugerninger. Den israelske indsats på den kognitive kampplads for at opnå legitimitet fik ofte en selvpåført kæp i hjulet, da informationer fra både det politiske niveau og IDF ofte viste sig at være upålidelige og ødelæggelse og civile tab disproportionale. Israelerne undlod i øvrigt i høj grad at forklare kompleksiteten af den asymmetriske urbane kampplads.Endelig påvises der i afhandlingen en udvikling i de strategisk/politiske effekter og konsekvenser i tidsperioden. Hvor de væsentligste konsekvenser som følge af Libanon-krigen var en alvorlig delegitimering internationalt, havde den juridiske dimension overtaget i Gaza-krigene. Selv om det israelske image endnu en gang led et alvorligt knæk, var de juridiske implikationer og mulige konsekvenser tydelige. The main purpose of this thesis has been to analyze the political and military challenges facing Israel and the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) in its asymmetric urban warfare from 1982 to 2014. In addition, the purpose has been to clarify how these challenges and experiences can contribute to the future practice and analysis of urban warfare. To achieve these purposes, I have carried out historical reconstructions of urban battles in Lebanon 1982, the West Bank 2002, and Gaza 2008-09 and 2014 and thus made it possible to analyze the challenges and experiences faced by the Israelis in both the physical “kinetic” and the social “cognitive” battlefields. Here it will be shown that the challenges of the kinetic battlefield transcend into the cognitive battlefield with effects and consequences at the strategic-political level.In the kinetic battlefield, an identified recurring challenge facing the IDF was the fact that the rules of engagement (ROEs) were contradictory, as they stressed the need both to minimize civilian casualties and the loss of own troops. However, this inherent conflict was resolved in relation to the kinetic battlefield prior to the Gaza Wars, thus prioritizing IDF soldiers’ lives in ROEs over Palestinian civilian lives. On the other hand, ROEs became a major challenge for the Israelis in the cognitive battlefield during the Gaza Wars. Another significant and recurring challenge or experience for the IDF was the recognition that its forces had received inadequate urban combat training. The Israelis also had to deal with the continuous development and increased sophistication and creativity in battlefield preparation and lawfare performed by the asymmetrical non-state actor, which only increased the complexity.Within the cognitive battlefield, a significant development in focus and attention to LOAC has been shown. Thus, there also appears to be a connected development through the present set of cases between the focus on LOAC and an increase in lawfare. Based on the selected cases, it is suggested that the inherent tension between humanity and military necessity within LOAC is strained to the limit or even pushed beyond the reasonable framing of LOAC in the cognitive battlefield. Thus, a main Israeli challenges was the struggle for legitimacy, not least when massive criticism and accusations of violations of LOAC increased, especially the principles of distinction and proportionality. This criticism got tailwind through the media and thus became a combatant in the battle for public opinion.In Beirut in 1982, the international press was present in the middle of the battlefield, which posed a significant challenge to the Israelis and discouraged the presentation of the IDF as the ‘most moral army in the world’. In the West Bank and Gaza, the IDF largely cut off the press from the battlefields and was thus accused of hiding misdeeds. Most Israeli efforts in the cognitive battlefield to gain legitimacy have failed, as information from both the political level and the IDF often proved to be unreliable, and destruction and casualties seemed disproportionate. Furthermore, the Israelis largely failed to explain the complexity of the asymmetric urban battlefield.Finally, the thesis has identified developments in strategic and political consequences. The most important consequence of the war in Lebanon was the serious delegitimization of Israel internationally. In contrast, in the Gaza Wars 2008 and 2014, the legal dimension proved dominant. Although the Israeli image suffered once again in the Gaza Wars, the legal implications and potential consequences were significant.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Larsen, T. G.; Ethelberg, S.; Zangenberg, M.; Stensvold, C. R.; +7 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBNarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VBN
    Other ORP type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBNarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Brodersen, Jakob; Andersen, Camilla Vaskjær Aakjær;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: McIlvenny, Paul; Davidsen, Jacob Gorm; Stein, Alexander; Kovács, Artúr Barnabás;

    DOTE is a new type of transcription software developed by the BigSoftVideo team at Aalborg University. It has been designed to support a specific standard of transcription practices common in conversation analysis. It has some of the features commonly found in other software -- such as video playback, a timeline and a visual waveform -- but these features are streamlined and easier to use in DOTE. Moreover, DOTE has enhanced features that do not exist in any legacy software so far, such as auto-completion, intellisense, 360 video support, viewcodes and version control. Our motto is make transcription fun again!

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Rasmussen, John;

    Et mekanisk skelet spændt uden på kroppen kan gøre dig stærkere og sundere – eller give endnu flere arbejdsskader. Exoskeletter i science fiction-stil er nu virkelighed – viden og teknologi afgør, om de bliver drøm eller mareridt.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Jess, Tine;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VBN; Aalborg Univers...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Heinsen, Laurits;

    Denne PhD-afhandling er baseret på tre originale manuskrifter. Studierne er gennemført på den Kardiologiske Forskningsenhed, OUH Svendborg Hospital.Baggrund Type 2 diabetes mellitus er en betydelig risikofaktor for iskæmisk hjertesygdom. Patienter med type 2diabetes har en høj byrde af traditionelle risikofaktorer, og behandlingen af disse medfører en betydeligreduktion i dødelighed og risikoen for blodprop i hjertet. Til trods for god risikofaktor-kontrol og normalisering af LDL med kolesterolsænkende medicin er disse patienter fortsat i øget risiko for blodprop i hjertet. Dette fænomen betegnes residualrisiko og har været i fokus i de seneste år. Hovedformålet med denne afhandling var at undersøge og beskrive åreforkalkning i asymptomatiske patienter med type 2diabetes som ikke er kendt med iskæmisk hjertesygdom. Delformål 1) At beskrive forekomsten af høj risiko plaque (HRP) og sammenhængen med risikofaktorer samt den koronare kalk score (CACS). 2) At undersøge sammenhængen mellem ændringer i kolesterol, triglycerider, og langtidsblodsukker i forhold til sammensætning og progression af koronar åreforkalkning 3) At evaluere sammenhængen mellem GLP-1 antagonisten liraglutide og ændringer i det totale plaque volumen samt plaque komposition ved opfølgning efter et år. Metode Dette studie var det prospektivt observationsstudie og patienterne blev rekrutteret og undersøgt i perioden fra marts 2016 til september 2017. Patienter med type 2 diabetes uden symptomer og historik mediskæmisk hjertesygdom blev inviteret til at deltage i studiet. Hjerte-CT blev udført ved studiets start og efter et års opfølgning. Det totale plaque-volumen samt plaque sammensætning og højrisiko plaque-morfologi(HRP) blev estimeret ved studiets start og ved opfølgning efter et år. Kliniske data som blodtryk, hjertekardiogram, medicinsk behandling, diabetiske komplikationer, samt blodprøver blev indsamlet ved studietsstart og ved opfølgning efter et år. Opsummering af afhandlingens hovedfund:1) HRP blev observeret hos 37% af patienterne og var associeret med højere langtidsblodsukker, større tobaks-eksponering og mandligt køn. HRP blev identificeret i alle CACS grupper inklusiv CACS på nul.2) Stigende triglycerider var associeret med progression af både høj-risiko plaque og det total plaque volumen. Stigningen i triglycerider var tæt associeret med stigning i vægt, stagnerende HbA1c, samtfaldende lever attenuation. Ydermere var der en klar sammenhængen mellem stigende triglycerider og rest-partikel kolesterol.3) Ændringer i det totale plaque volumen var ikke associeret med liraglutid behandling. Analysen af plaque kompositionen viste, at liraglutide behandling var associeret med øget progression af fibrøst plaque.KonklusionKonklusionen på dette studie er at hjerte-CT er noninvasiv metode som muliggør at karakterisere typen af åreforkalkning samt ændringer over tid. Høj-risiko plaque morfologi blev identificeret hos 37% af patienterne og var associeret med risikofaktorerne langtidsblodsukker, tobaks-eksponering, og mandligt køn, men kunne ikke udelukkes ved fraværet af koronar kalk. En stigning i triglycerider var associeret med plaque progression af høj risiko plaque og en en forværring af den glukometaboliske kontrol samt stigende rest-partikel kolesterol. Liraglutide behandling var associeret med øget progression af fibrøst plaque og er en mulig mekanisme som kan forklare den kardiovaskulære risikoreduktion associeret med liraglutid behandling. This PhD thesis is based on three original manuscripts, and the studies were carried out at the Cardiovascular Research Unit at OUH Svendborg.BackgroundIschemic heart disease remains the leading cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Despite a significant risk reduction in the last decades, T2D remains associated with twice the risk of all-cause mortality, mainly due to coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary computed tomography angiography(CCTA) allows the characterization of coronary artery plaque and disease progression, and several studies have demonstrated that high-risk plaque (HRP) is associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Risk stratification of asymptomatic diabetes is challenging and a better understanding of the extent and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in relation to patient characteristics and risk factors is of interest. The overall aim of this PhD study was to assess plaque characteristics and predictions of plaque progression in a cohort of asymptomatic patients with diabetes without CAD. Study objective:1) To assess the prevalence of HRP in asymptomatic T2D and the relationship between HRP and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, diabetes profile, and the coronary artery calcium score(CACS).2) To assess the association of changes in lipoproteins and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in relation to changes in HRP volumes.3) To assess changes in the total atheroma (TAV) and composition from baseline to follow-up stratified by liraglutide treatmentMethods This PhD thesis is based on data from a prospective observational study performed between March 2016and September 2017 at Odense University Hospital Svendborg. Patients were asymptomatic and without a history of CAD. Serial CCTA was performed to assess total atheroma volume (TAV) and plaque composition at baseline and one-year follow-up. In addition, CACS was assessed from non-enhanced images. A clinical assessment including blood pressure, electrocardiogram, current medication, diabetic complications, and blood test was performed at baseline and at follow-up. The main findings of this PhD thesis were:1) HRP was identified in 37% of patients and was associated with higher HbA1c, greater tobacco exposure, and male gender. HRP was detected in all groups of CACS, and the absence of coronary artery calcium (CACS = 0) could not rule out HRP.2) An increase in triglycerides was associated with the progression of HRP as well as an overall plaque progression. Changes in triglycerides were closely associated with weight gain, stagnant HbA1c, and evidence of increased hepatic fat accumulation. Furthermore, there was a strong association between the increase in triglyceride and the increase in remnant cholesterol.3) We found no association between changes in TAV and liraglutide treatment. The secondary endpoint, changes in plaque composition stratified by liraglutide treatment was positive, and a significant increase in the fibrous plaque volume was detected in the liraglutide treated patients.ConclusionsIn conclusion, CCTA is a non-invasive examination that allows the characterization of plaque composition and changes over time. HRP was detected in 37% of the patients and was associated with higher HbA1c,tobacco exposure, and male gender. Our results warrant caution for use of calcium scoring in this patient group as the absence of coronary artery calcium could not rule out CAD. We found a significant association between an increase in triglyceride levels and HRP progression. The data suggested that this finding was mediated by an increase in remnant cholesterol driven by a worsening in glucometabolic control. Finally, liraglutide was associated with an increase in fibrous plaque which could indicate plaque stabilization. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first study to assess the association between liraglutide treatment and coronary atherosclerosis in humans.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Zhang, Rui;

    Tekst og netværk er to almindelige former for data. De kan altid bruges samme til at beskrive forskellige applikationer, såsom kommentarsystemer, sociale netværk, og akademiske netværk. Dataanalyse bliver vigtig nu. Det er et afgørende spørgsmålat præsentere tekst- og netværksdata på en effektiv måde. Mange repræsentation læringsmodeller er blevet foreslået til dette problem. Men de fleste metoder har brug for dataetiketter, komplekse systemer og/eller højdimensionelle vektorer forat opnå de gode repræsentationer, og dette er ofte udfordrende for beregning og lagring af både upstream og downstream applikationer. Derfor adresserer denne afhandling ovenstående udfordringer og yder bidrag til repræsentationslæring på tekst- og tekstbaserede netværksdata.Til tekstrepræsentation læring foreslås en multi-label-læringsmodel baseret på semantisk etiketlæring for at kategorisere tekstbaserede publikationer med hierarkiskkategoristruktur. Denne model lærer først repræsentationer af publikationer og kategorier. Derefter genkender og videregiver modellen den matchende information hierarkisk. Endelig opnår denne model bedre forudsigelser i hierarkisk kategori af publikationer.Til tekstbaserede netværksdata foreslås først en metapath-baseret repræsentationsmodel. Denne model kan lære lavdimensionelle repræsentationer for målknuder fra deres tekstattributter og topologiske strukturer ved hjælp af en kaskadestyret selvovervåget læring mekanisme. For at overvinde begrænsningen af metapath og reducere de ekstra omkostninger, foreslår vi også en selvovervåget metapath-fri algoritme med relationsbaseret nabo-graf kontrastlæring. Denne model kan producere globale repræsentationer ved at lære alle knudepunkter og links. Repræsentationerne kan bruges til mange downstream-opgaver. Modellen udkonkurrerer de nyeste metoder.Samlet set giver afhandlingen en omfattende gennemgang af eksisterende repræsentation læringsmetoder og foreslår nye metoder baseret på dyb læring for at producere meget mere effektive og effektive repræsentationer til tekst og netværk. Bidragene er empirisk valideret på adskillige datasæt og opgaver i den virkelige verden. Text and networks, as two common forms of data, always appear cooperatively in describing diverse applications in the real world, such as review systems, social networks, and citation networks. As the demand of data analytics continues to grow, how to effectively and efficiently represent text and network data has become a critical research issue. To resolve this problem, various machine learning models have been proposed for text and network representation learning, but most of them mainly rely on tons of manually labeled training samples, complex systems, and/or high-dimensional vectors to improve the accuracy and precision of representations, which often bring new challenges to computation and storage costs in both upstream and downstream applications. Thus, this thesis addresses the above challengesand makes contributions to representation learning on the text and text-attributed network data.For text representation learning, a label-semantic augmented multi-label-learning model is proposed to categorize text-based publications with hierarchical category structure, which creatively learns representations of publications and categories, recognizes and passes their matching information hierarchically, and as a result, achieves better hierarchical-category predictions.For text-attributed network representation learning, a meta-path-based embedding method is first developed, which is able to learn low-dimensional representations for target-typed nodes from their text attributes and topological structures by a cascaded self-supervised mechanism. Moreover, in order to overcome the limitation of preset meta-paths and reduce the extra learning cost, we also propose a selfsupervised meta-path-free algorithm with relation-based neighbor-graph contrast learning, which could produce global node representations by encoding all-typednodes and relations. These representations can be used for a variety of downstream tasks and outperform state-of-the-art baselines.Overall, this thesis provides a comprehensive review of existing representation learning methods and proposes several novel approaches based on deep learning to produce much more effective and efficient representations for text and networks.The contributions are empirically validated on several real-world datasets and tasks.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Leth, Trine Andreasen;

    Bakterien Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato er den ætiologiske årsag til Lyme neuroborreliose (LNB). Borrelia bakterier overføres til mennesker efter bid fra skovflåten, og kan spredes fra bidestedet i huden til andre organer, herunder nervesystemet. Lymfocytisk meningoradiculitis (Bannwarths syndrom) er en typisk manifestation af tidlig LNB, som er defineret ved stærke, udstrålende nervesmerter (radikulitis), halvsidige ansigtslammelser og lymfocytær pleocytose i cerebrospinalvæske (CSF). Det må antages som sikkert, at der er levende Borrelia bakterier i centralnervesystemet (CNS) hos patienter med LNB, da de er blevet identificeret ved PCR-analyse og dyrkning af CSF, og da penicillin virker effektivt hos patienter med symptomer på LNB. Desværre er den kliniske sensitivitet af både Borrelia dyrkning og PCR ikke tilfredsstillende høj, hvilket har ført til brugen af serologiske test. LNB diagnosticeres derfor primært på en tilstedeværelse af neurologiske symptomer, CSF pleocytose, samt påvisning af intratekalt produceret Borrelia specifikke antistoffer bestemt ud fra et beregnet CSF/serum-antistofindeks. Hos nogle patienter, med kort sygdomsvarighed, kan antistofproduktionen være meget lav og ikkepåviselig, hvilket vanskeliggør en skelnen mellem LNB og andre sygdomme i CNS. Det er derfor ønskeligt at finde supplerende metoder til at forbedrer diagnostikken af LNB, særligt i sygdommens tidlige stadie. I denne PhD-afhandling vil jeg først give en introduktion til Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bakterien, og give et overblik over diagnosticeringen af LNB, samt de muligheder og udfordringer, der er knyttet dertil. Derefter vil de tre studiers formål, metoder og resultater blive gennemgået og diskuteret. Studie I " Discriminating between Lyme neuroborreliosis and other central nervous system infections by use of biomarkers CXCL13 and IL-6"Denne tværsnitsundersøgelse inkluderede patienter under udredning for neuroinfektioner. Mængden af CXCL13 og IL-6 i CSF blev bestemt samtidigt ved brug af et bead-baseret multiplex Bio-Plex 200 System. Patienterne blev grupperet i sikker LNB, mulig LNB, viral CNS-infektion, anden bakteriel CNS-infektion, anden CNS-sygdom (med pleocytose) og negativ (uden pleocytose) baseret på kliniske og parakliniske fund. En Principal Component Analyse (PCA) blev udført under anvendelse af resultater (CXCL13, IL-6, leukocytcelletal og proteinkoncentration) fra den laboratoriemæssige analyse af CSF. PCA afslørede tre distinkte klynger (sikker LNB, anden bakteriel CNS-infektion og negativ (uden pleocytose) baseret på leukocytcelletal, proteinkoncentration, CXCL13- og IL-6-mængder i CSF fra 380 inkluderede patienter. Mulige LNB-tilfælde viste sig at være fordelt på tværs af forskellige klynger, med forskellige sandsynligheder for at tilhøre LNB-klyngen. En ROC-analyse indikerede en optimal CXCL13-cut-off-værdi på 50,7 pg/ml, hvilket resulterede i en sensitivitet og en specificitet på henholdsvis 93,6 og 91,1%, når man sammenlignede patienter med sikker LNB-diagnose med ikke-LNB-tilstande med CSF-pleocytose. Studie II " Establishment of a droplet digital PCR protocol for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in cerebrospinal fluid " Studie II er en systematisk validering af en digital droplet-PCR-analyse (ddPCR), samt optimering af præanalytiske parametre til påvisning af Borrelia bakterier. Protokollen blev optimeret ved hjælp af syntetiske DNA-gBlocks og dyrkede Borrelia referencestammer. Den optimerede ddPCR-protokol blev evalueret på kliniske prøver fra patienter undersøgt for LNB (n=59). Den optimerede ddPCR-protokol inkluderede et centrifugeringstrin til koncentrering af prøvematerialet før DNA-oprensningen. Den analytiske følsomhed blev bestemt til at være 100 % med mindst 4 kopier af gBlocks pr. PCR og 100 %, når mere end 10 Borrelia bakterier blev tilsat 1 ml CSF. Den kliniske sensitivitet og specificitet blev beregnet til at være henholdsvis 11,1 % og 100 %. Studie III " Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in cerebrospinal fluid samples followed by pre-enrichment culture " I denne prospektive tværsnitsundersøgelse blev voksne patienter (> 17 år), som skulle lumbalpunkteres med henblik på undersøgelse for LNB, inviteret til at deltage. CSF prøver fra patienterne blev inokuleret direkte i prøvetagningsrør indeholdende Borrelia dyrkningsmedium, som efterfølgende blev inkuberet i mindst 8 uger og undersøgt for tilstedeværelsen af Borrelia bakterier ved PCR og mikroskopi. En opformering af Borrelia bakterier blev opnået hos 23 % af patienterne med LNB, og et positivt resultat blev bekræftet af to uafhængige PCR-analysemetoder. Konklusion Resultaterne fra studie I bekræfter, at CXCL13 er et værdifuldt supplement til diagnosticering af LNB, og at kombinationen af CXCL13 og IL-6 kan bruges differential diagnostisk til at evaluere patienter med mulig LNB med henblik på at underbygge den kliniske diagnose yderligere. De lave diagnostiske sensitiviteter opnået i studie II og III understøtter ikke brugen af Borrelia PCR som en rutinediagnostisk metode. Imidlertid kan præopformering af Borrelia bakterier fra CSF-prøver forbedre påvisningen af Borrelia DNA, hvilket kan vise sig at være af yderligere diagnostisk værdi hos klinisk udvalgte patienter, som undersøges i den tidlige fase af deres neuroborreliose. Tick-borne spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex are the causes of various disease manifestations collectively termed Lyme borreliosis. The Borrelia spirochetes infect humans through a tick bite on the skin and can spread from there to other organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). In Europe, typical manifestations of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) are intense pain from the nerve roots (radicular neuritis), facial nerve palsy, and CNS inflammation by mononuclear cells. It is certain that there are living Borrelia spirochetes in the CNS of patients with LNB, as they have been identified by culture and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and since penicillin works effectively in patients with symptoms of LNB. Unfortunately, the positivity rates of Borrelia culture testing and specific PCR are unsatisfyingly low, leading to the use of serological tests. LNB diagnosis is therefore primarily based on symptomology, CSF pleocytosis and intrathecal synthesis of Borrelia specific antibodies determined by the CSF/serum antibody index. However, there are limitations to the intrathecal antibody index analyses because antibody production may be absent at a detectable level in early LNB infection, making it challenging to discriminate LNB from other CNS diseases. The CXCL13 chemokine has been investigated as a biomarker for LNB with the aim of improving the diagnostics of LNB. Supplementary tools improving LNB diagnostics in the early stage of the disease are thus warranted. This PhD thesis provides an introduction to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes, together with an overview of some of the diagnostic challenges concerning LNB. Subsequently, the included manuscripts' aims, methods, and results are presented and discussed.Study I “Discriminating between Lyme neuroborreliosis and other central nervous system infections by use of biomarkers CXCL13 and IL-6”This cross-sectional study consecutively included patients examined for neuroinfections. We quantified the levels of CXCL13 and IL-6 in CSF simultaneously using a bead-based dupleximmunoassay and the Bio-Plex 200 System. Patients were grouped into definite LNB, possible LNB, viral CNS infection, bacterial CNS infection, Other CNS disease (with pleocytosis) and Negative (without pleocytosis) based on clinical and paraclinical findings. We performed a Principal component analysis (PCA) using results from CSF analysis (CXCL13, IL-6, leukocyte cell countsand protein concentration). We visually inspected the PCA-plot and found three distinct clusters (definite LNB, bacterial CNSinfection and negative) based on leukocyte cell counts, protein concentration, CXCL13 and IL-6concentrations from 380 included patients. In addition, we showed that possible LNB cases weredispersed across multiple clusters and had different probabilities of belonging to the LNB cluster.ROC calculation combined with a Youden index score indicated an optimal CXCL13 cut-off valueof 50.7 pg/ml, resulting in a sensitivity and a specificity of 93.6 and 91.1%, respectively, whencomparing definite LNB patients to non-LNB conditions with CSF pleocytosis. Study II “Establishment of a droplet digital PCR protocol for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensulato DNA in cerebrospinal fluid” In Study II, a thorough validation of a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assay and pre-analyticalparameters for detection of Borrelia spirochetes were performed. The ddPCR protocol was optimizedusing synthetic DNA gBlocks and cultured Borrelia species. The optimized ddPCR protocol wasevaluated on clinical samples from patients examined for LNB (n=59). PCR-plate incubation at 4 °C before droplet reading and a centrifugation step for concentrating thesample prior to DNA purification was shown to have a significant effect on the ddPCR performance.The analytical sensitivities were determined to be 100% with at least 4 copies of gBlocks per PCRand 100% when more than 10 Borrelia spirochetes were spiked in 1 mL CSF. The clinical sensitivityand specificity were calculated to be 11.1% and 100%, respectively. Study III “Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in cerebrospinal fluid samples usingpre-enrichment culture” Study III was a prospective cross-sectional study inviting adult patients to participate beforeundertaking a lumbar puncture on suspicion of LNB. CSF specimens were inoculated directly intosample tubes containing Borrelia culture medium. Cultures were incubated for at least 8 weeks andexamined for the presence of Borrelia spirochetes by three separate PCR protocols in twoindependent laboratories. Pre-enrichment culture of Borrelia spirochetes in CSF was accomplished in 23% of patients withLNB. The presence of Borrelia was confirmed by the three independent PCR analyses employed. Conclusion The results from Study I confirms that CXCL13 is a valuable supplement for the diagnosis of LNBpatients and that the combination of CXCL13 and IL-6 may be used to evaluate patients with possibleLNB to substantiate the clinical diagnosis further. The low diagnostic yield in studies II and III donot support the use of Borrelia-specific PCR in CSF as a supplemental routine diagnostic tool.However, pre-enrichment of Borrelia spirochetes from CSF specimens can improve the detection ofBorrelia DNA and may prove of additional value in clinically selected patients who are admitted inthe early phase of their neuroborreliosis. 

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Naemi, Amin;

    Problemstilling og mål: Forudsigelse af forværring under indlæggelse på akutmodtagelsen er et fascinerende emne såvel som et svært og komplekst problem. Vitale værdier er blandtde vigtigste parametre der anvendes til identifikation af risikopatienter, og mange bestræbelser på at muliggøre tidligere opdagelse af risikopatienter er blevet gjort på dette område, men ingen specifik model har været generelt anvendeligt og er blevet integreret ind i klinisk daglig praksis. Årsagerne er mange og inkluderer flere alvorlige barrierer, som ikke er undersøgt endnu. Derfor går vi i dette forskningsprojekt ud over den traditionelle tilgang, og ser på problemet fra nye og anderledes vinkler. I stedet for blot at se på grænseværdier og enkelt målinger for vitale værdier, får vi mere præcise indsigter om de forværrede patienter og deres kendetegn ved at bruge kontinuerlig overvågning, tidsserieanalyse og Machine Learning (ML) teknikker.Forskningsspørgsmål: Vi formulerer vores forskningsspørgsmål som:RQ1. I betragtning af patienternes sygdomsscore, hvordan kan vi forudsige deres forløb ved hjælp af et adaptivt realtidssystem?RQ2. Hvad er de rigtige teknikker til at håndtere dataudfordringer såsom manglende værdier og ubalancerede datasæt? Og hvordan påvirker disse teknikker ydeevnen af prædiktive modeller? Er der en sammenhæng mellem manglende værdier og klinisk forringelse? RQ3. I betragtning af tidsmæssige afhængigheder, hvilken yderligere information kan vi få fra patienters tilstand under indlæggelse? RQ4. I betragtning af tidsmæssige afhængigheder, hvad er de farlige mønstre, der sker ved forværring af patienters vitale tegn, før en uønsket hændelse? RQ5. Er der en sammenhæng mellem klinisk forværring og indlæggelseslængde som klinisk endepunkt?Metoder: Action Design Research (ADR) bruges som forskningsmetodologi for dette ph.d.- projekt. ADR har fire hovedfaser og syv principper, og ud fra disse stadier og principper fastlægges forskellige opgaver på hvert trin. Vi anvender denne metodologi vedrørende vores forskningsspørgsmål, mål, roller og ansvar i vores arbejde. Disse stadier er (1) problemformulering, (2) opbygning, intervention og evaluering, (3) refleksion og læring og (4) formalisering af læring. Rammer: Dette projekt er tværfaglig forskning i samarbejde med forskere fra Center for Sundhedsinformatik og Teknologi på Syddansk Universitet og Akutafdelingen på Odense Universitetshospital. Resultater: To datasæt fra to danske hospitaler er indsamlet under projektet, og seks studier er designet til at identificere forværrede patienter og deres karakteristika. I det første trin gennemfører vi en omfattende systematisk litteraturgennemgang for at kortlægge området og identificere åbne områder indenfor feltet. Baseret på denne gennemgang fremsætter vi otte anbefalinger, der kan føre til udvikling af robuste prædiktive modeller i fremtiden. I næste trin bruges tidsserieanalyse til at introducere nye funktioner, der kan integreres i scoringssystemer og give et mere præcist billede af patienters tilstand. Efter dette trin udvikler vi hybridmodeller bestående af ML og autoregressive modeller for at forudsige nær fremtidig status for hver patient. I det næste trin evaluerer vi hypoteserne om sammenhæng mellem kliniske endemål og viser, hvordan data for opholdslængde (LOS) kan bruges til at stratificere patienter med risiko for klinisk forværring. I dette trin demonstrerer vi også, hvordan kvaliteten af data kan påvirke ydeevnen af ML-modeller. Endelig, i den sidste undersøgelse, udvikler vi et adaptivt system med evnen til visualisering og fortolkning baseret på shapelets mining og ensemble learning, der kan analysere vitale værdi serier og identificere de lokale mønstre, der er stærkt forbundet med klinisk forringelse. Konklusion: Anvendelighed, gennemsigtighed og fortolkning er blandt vores hovedmål i denne forskning. Disse aspekter hjælper os med at komme tættere på det endelige mål inden for dette forskningsfelt: at integrere ML-baserede modeller i klinisk praksis. Vi identificerer de forskningshuller og barrierer, der forhindrer forskere i at nå dette mål i denne forskning. Derfor er vi opmærksomme på nogle kriterier som tidskompleksitet og optimering samt visualiseringsevne for modeller, som er vigtige for klinikere. Vi introducerer også nye funktioner baseret på patienters forløb under indlæggelsen, som kan bruges i scoringssystemer og giver klinikere mere præcis indsigt i patienternes forhold. Purpose and Aim: Prediction of clinical deterioration is a fascinating topic as well as a messy and complex problem. Vital signs are among the main features used, and many effortsto improve identification of risk patients have been made in this area, but there is no successful model integrated into the real world. There are some serious barriers not investigated yet. Therefore, in this research, we go beyond the common approach and look at the problem from new and different angles. Instead of looking at the vital signs’ values, we get more precise insights about the deteriorating patients and their characteristics byutilizing continuous monitoring, time series analysis, and Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Research Questions: We formulate our research questions as:RQ1. Given the illness severity scores of patients, how can we predict their trajectories using an adaptive real-time system?RQ2. What are the proper techniques for addressing data challenges such as missing values and data imbalance? And how these techniques affect the performance of predictive models? Is there an association between missing values and clinical deterioration? RQ3. Considering temporal dependencies, what more information can we gain from patients’ conditions during hospitalization?RQ4. Considering temporal dependencies, what are the dangerous patterns happening in deteriorating patients’ vital signs before an adverse event? RQ5. Is there an association between clinical deterioration and Length of Stay as clinical outcomes? Methods: Action Design Research (ADR) is used as a research methodology for this PhD project. ADR has four main stages and seven principles and based on these stages and principles, various tasks are determined at each stage. We adopt this methodology regarding our research questions, aims, roles and responsibilities in our work. These stages are (1)Problem Formulation, (2) Building, Intervention, and Evaluation, (3) Reflection and Learning, and (4) Formalization of Learning.Settings: This project is interdisciplinary research with collaboration of researchers from Center for Health Informatics and Technology of University of Southern Denmark and the Emergency Department of Odense University Hospital. Results: Two datasets from two Danish hospitals are collected during the research, and six studies are designed for identifying deteriorating patients and their characteristics. In the first step, we conduct a comprehensive systematic literature review to identify the state-of-the-art studies and open areas in this field. Based on this review, we provide eight recommendations that can lead to developing robust predictive models in future. In the next step, time series analysis is used to introduce new features that can integrate into scoring systems and give a more accurate picture of patients’ conditions. Following this step, we develop hybrid models consisting of ML and autoregressive models to predict near future status of each patient. In the next step, we evaluate the hypotheses of association between clinical outcomes and show how Length of Stay (LOS) data can be used to stratify patients at risk of clinical deterioration. In this step, we also demonstrate that how quality of data can impact the performance of ML models. Finally, in the last study, we develop an adaptive system with the capability of visualization and interpretability based on shapelets mining and ensemble learning that can analyze vital signs’ trajectories and identify the local patterns that are highly associated with clinical deterioration.Conclusions: Applicability, transparency, and interpretability are among our main goals in this research. These metrics help us get closer to the ultimate aim in this field of research: integrating ML-based models in clinical practice. We identify the research gaps and barriers that prevent researchers from achieving this goal in this research. Therefore, we pay attention to some criteria such as time complexity and optimization as well as visualization ability for models, which are important for clinicians. We also introduce new features based on patients’ trajectories during hospitalization that can be used in scoring systems and give clinicians more accurate insight into the patients’ conditions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Pedersen, Claudia Læssøe;

    Afhandlingens hovedformål har været at identificere de politiske og militære udfordringer og erfaringer, der mødte Israel og det israelske forsvar (IDF) i dets krigsførelse i bymæssige områder fra 1982 til 2014. Derudover har det været formålet at klarlægge, hvorledes disse udfordringer og erfaringer kan bidrage til den fremtidige praksis og analyse af bykampe. Gennem afhandlingens historiske rekonstruktioner af bykampene i Libanon, 1982 over Vestbredden, 2002, til Gaza, 2008-09 og 2014, er de væsentligste israelske erfaringer fra hhv. den kinetiske (fysiske) og kognitive (sociale og politiske) kampplads identificerede. Det påvises, at udfordringerne på den kinetiske kampplads bæres ind på den kognitive kampplads, hvorved effekter og konsekvenser på det strategisk/politiske niveau muliggøres. En af de identificerede tilbagevendende udfordringer for IDF var en indbygget konflikt i dets ’rules of engagement’ (ROEs), idet disse på samme tid understregede behovet for at minimere civile tab og minimere tabet af egne tropper. Dette blev imidlertid ændret, hvorved der under Gaza-operationerne 2008 og 2014 var en klar prioritering af IDF soldaters liv over civile palæstinensiske liv. Udfordringen fik til gengæld helt nyt liv på den kognitive kampplads, idet israelerne blev stærkt kritiserede for at forbryde sig mod principperne om distinktion og proportionalitet. En anden væsentlig identificeret tilbagevendende erfaring var erkendelsen af utilstrækkelig bykampstræning, dog indenfor forskellige områder. Israelerne måtte i øvrigt sande, at kreativitet i de palæstinensiske ikke-statslige aktørers forberedelse af kamppladsen kontinuerligt udviklede sig, ligesom brugen af ’lawfare’, hvilket øgede kompleksiteten.Ud fra afhandlingens nybrydende historiske rekonstruktioner af bykampene er det anskueliggjort, at udviklingen fra Libanon til Gaza på den kognitive kampplads gik imod et stærkt øget fokus på LOAC. Således kan der ligeledes påvises en klar sammenhæng mellem fokus på LOAC og en åbenlys stigning og kreativitet i udførelsen af ’lawfare’. På baggrund af de udvalgte cases ses ligeledes en stigende spænding imellem ’humanitet’ og ’militær nødvendighed’ indenfor LOAC, som på den kognitive kampplads spændes til bristepunktet eller muligvis endda sprænger rammen. De israelske udfordringer gjaldt således også især den massive kritik af den israelske krigsførelse som værende i strid med LOAC og særligt principperne distinktion og proportionalitet, som vanskeliggjorde kampen for legitimitet. Denne kritik fik ikke mindst luft under vingerne igennem medierne, som bragte den israelske krigsførelse til doms for den internationale offentlige mening.I Beirut i 1982 var den internationale presse til stede midt på kamppladsen, hvilket skabte en betydelig udfordring for israelerne og ikke bidrog positivt til det israelske narrativ om at have ’den mest moralske hær i verden’. På Vestbredden og i Gaza 2004-2014, afskar IDF stort set pressens adgang til kamppladsen, hvorved IDF uden troværdige modsvar blev beskyldt for at skjule ugerninger. Den israelske indsats på den kognitive kampplads for at opnå legitimitet fik ofte en selvpåført kæp i hjulet, da informationer fra både det politiske niveau og IDF ofte viste sig at være upålidelige og ødelæggelse og civile tab disproportionale. Israelerne undlod i øvrigt i høj grad at forklare kompleksiteten af den asymmetriske urbane kampplads.Endelig påvises der i afhandlingen en udvikling i de strategisk/politiske effekter og konsekvenser i tidsperioden. Hvor de væsentligste konsekvenser som følge af Libanon-krigen var en alvorlig delegitimering internationalt, havde den juridiske dimension overtaget i Gaza-krigene. Selv om det israelske image endnu en gang led et alvorligt knæk, var de juridiske implikationer og mulige konsekvenser tydelige. The main purpose of this thesis has been to analyze the political and military challenges facing Israel and the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) in its asymmetric urban warfare from 1982 to 2014. In addition, the purpose has been to clarify how these challenges and experiences can contribute to the future practice and analysis of urban warfare. To achieve these purposes, I have carried out historical reconstructions of urban battles in Lebanon 1982, the West Bank 2002, and Gaza 2008-09 and 2014 and thus made it possible to analyze the challenges and experiences faced by the Israelis in both the physical “kinetic” and the social “cognitive” battlefields. Here it will be shown that the challenges of the kinetic battlefield transcend into the cognitive battlefield with effects and consequences at the strategic-political level.In the kinetic battlefield, an identified recurring challenge facing the IDF was the fact that the rules of engagement (ROEs) were contradictory, as they stressed the need both to minimize civilian casualties and the loss of own troops. However, this inherent conflict was resolved in relation to the kinetic battlefield prior to the Gaza Wars, thus prioritizing IDF soldiers’ lives in ROEs over Palestinian civilian lives. On the other hand, ROEs became a major challenge for the Israelis in the cognitive battlefield during the Gaza Wars. Another significant and recurring challenge or experience for the IDF was the recognition that its forces had received inadequate urban combat training. The Israelis also had to deal with the continuous development and increased sophistication and creativity in battlefield preparation and lawfare performed by the asymmetrical non-state actor, which only increased the complexity.Within the cognitive battlefield, a significant development in focus and attention to LOAC has been shown. Thus, there also appears to be a connected development through the present set of cases between the focus on LOAC and an increase in lawfare. Based on the selected cases, it is suggested that the inherent tension between humanity and military necessity within LOAC is strained to the limit or even pushed beyond the reasonable framing of LOAC in the cognitive battlefield. Thus, a main Israeli challenges was the struggle for legitimacy, not least when massive criticism and accusations of violations of LOAC increased, especially the principles of distinction and proportionality. This criticism got tailwind through the media and thus became a combatant in the battle for public opinion.In Beirut in 1982, the international press was present in the middle of the battlefield, which posed a significant challenge to the Israelis and discouraged the presentation of the IDF as the ‘most moral army in the world’. In the West Bank and Gaza, the IDF largely cut off the press from the battlefields and was thus accused of hiding misdeeds. Most Israeli efforts in the cognitive battlefield to gain legitimacy have failed, as information from both the political level and the IDF often proved to be unreliable, and destruction and casualties seemed disproportionate. Furthermore, the Israelis largely failed to explain the complexity of the asymmetric urban battlefield.Finally, the thesis has identified developments in strategic and political consequences. The most important consequence of the war in Lebanon was the serious delegitimization of Israel internationally. In contrast, in the Gaza Wars 2008 and 2014, the legal dimension proved dominant. Although the Israeli image suffered once again in the Gaza Wars, the legal implications and potential consequences were significant.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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