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‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫اﻣﺮوزه‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺪﮔﺬر‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮏ‬ ‫اﭘﺘﻮا‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫از‬ ‫اده‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪي‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫دي‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮏ‬ 5 O 2 Ta ‫و‬ 2 SiO ‫ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ‬ ‫داراي‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻻﯾﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ،‬ ‫ﻧﻮري‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﺎري‬ ‫دﻟﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﮥ‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻮي‬ ‫ﺳﻮم‬ ، ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫اﺛﺮات‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺮ‬ ‫اﭘﺘﯿﮑﯽ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺎﮐﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬. ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﺶ،‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎوب،‬ ‫ﮥ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮودي‬ ‫ﻧﻮر‬ ‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮود‬ ‫اﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮج‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫در‬ 818 ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ 99 / 0 ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬ MWcm 22 10 ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬ MWcm 42 10 ‫ﯾﺎﻓﺖ.‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿ‬ ‫ﮥ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل،‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺋﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻮج‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ TMM ‫اﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ، ‫واژ‬ ‫ﮔﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ،‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل،‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﺳﻮم،‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﯽ،‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﮐﺮ،‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ.‬ . Today, graphene nanostructures have made potential application in nonlinear optoelectronic devices, e.g. in narrowband filters. In this paper, the nonlinear absorption of one-dimensional defective photonic crystal made of Ta2O5 and SiO2 periodic layers and graphene layer as a structural defect showing non-linear optical properties are investigated in the visible wavelength region using the transfer matrix method (TMM). Due to the high third-order nonlinear susceptibility of the graphene layer, the optical Kerr effect is found to be a dominant effect in the studied structure. Results indicate that the absorption response of the structure is tuneable through the changes in periodicity, polarization and angle and amplitude of incident. Calculation results show that it is possible to achieve two absorption values of 0.99 with an incident amplitude of less than 22 10 MWcm and zero with incident amplitude higher than 42 10 MWcm , an incident wavelength of 818 nm

Revue publiée à Téhéran. Numéro de juin.

International audience; Human forced and theft forced, slavery home, exploitation gob, exploitation sexual for human suppressing through out carried usually is phenomena these Combating. beggary recently has which trafficking human of definition Criminal. perpetrators trafficking these of perpetrators the for punishment severe considers, change to subject been because difficult still is trafficking human of crime the proving, Nevertheless. crimes and investigations complicated, officials and agencies tracking specializing requires it the in; Therefore. countries different many in proceedings criminal need sometimes it the into probe to attempts it, method analytical-descriptive a using, research present of system legal the in crimes trafficking human organized counter to taken measures suggestions some, Iran of system legal the of pitfalls the considering by and France which about results obtained these, end the In. them eliminate to order in given are the specialize to approach clear and efficient any have not do legislators Iranian the the taking and, crime trafficking human organized the to regard in proceedings criminal country our of laws present the that suggested is it, considerations into research present increasing the and society the of requirements modern the to according reformed be specialty appropriate and policy criminal efficient an on based crimes of expansion.

International audience; Parler de l’Afghanistan, c’est évoquer les cultures et les civilisations qui ont durant des millénaires présidé à sa construction et les peuples divers, commerçants ou envahisseurs, qui y ont laissé leur empreinte, et c’est aussi s’immerger dans les riches recherches menées par la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan (DAFA). Créée en 1922, la DAFA est une institution qui joue un rôle important dans ce pays à la croisée d’influences culturelles variées, de la préhistoire à nos jours. Ce livre qui retrace plusieurs millénaires d’Histoire est rédigé en dari car il se veut accessible aux étudiants locaux en sciences humaines et sociales ainsi qu’à toute personne intéressée par le passé afghan.

International audience

International audience

International audience; Since Small and Medium Enterprises play a key role in improving the economy of a country, the regulatory system must be aligned with the progress of the SMEs to survive in the competitive market. Having understood this criterion, some international organizations, like Doing Business have ranked the countries according to the regulatory system that dominates them which promotes further study of the reasons behind prosperous countries in regard to SMEs.Not only international policies for these enterprises, but also the regulations of every single economy must be on a par with the development of small and medium enterprises. For this aim, judiciary system, specific regulations, rules of chambers of commerce, and dispute resolution must be supportive of the enterprises especially those newly established. Other factors like controlling policies of financing, technology advancement and transfer, tax strategies, gender and the disadvantaged groups, environmental considerations, role of NGOs, linkage with large scale enterprises, linkage with international organizations, banking network and similar effective factors can lead to a sustainable industrial development will be studied accordingly.The main hypothesis of this research is the existence of a relationship between national and regulatory system and the advancement of small and medium enterprises. This research starts a comparative study among successful countries and unsuccessful countries and adopts the best solutions for accomplishment of SMEs. Further, it suggests helping supplementary tools like tax strategies, encouraging elements, financial policies, external cooperation, and network connection for helping the SMEs to create chain corporations internationally and stand out in today’s market.