• 2013-2022close
• English close
• Kemija u Industriji close

HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Analysis) is a method of safety analysis, which is widely used in chemical processes. The conventional methods for safety analysis consist of human based safety analysis and computer aid safety analysis. All of them are off-line and qualitative and it is difficult to carry out on-line safety analysis. On-line safety analysis based on scenario object model was proposed for chemical processes. The scenario object model was built using ontology, by which the safety information can be transferred, reused and shared effectively. Deviation degree and qualitative trend were added to the model. Based on the model and new inference algorithm, on-line safety analysis can be implemented for chemical processes. Once a fault or abnormal event occurs, the causes can be traced and the consequences can be predicted. At the same time, semi-quantitative safety analysis is carried out. The resolution can be improved and it can help the operators handle the problems in time and effectively. The method was used for safety analysis of a reactor process and the effectiveness of the method was proved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. HAZOP (analiza opasnosti i operativnosti) metoda je sigurnosne analize koja se primjenjuje u kemijskim procesima. Konvencionalne metode za analizu sigurnosti mogu biti ljudske i računalne. Sve su to kvalitativne i off-line analize, a sigurnosnu on-line analizu teško je provesti. Za kemijske procese predložena je sigurnosna on-line analiza temeljena na scenarijskom objektnom modelu. Scenarijski objektni model izrađen je ontološki, čime se sigurnosne informacije mogu učinkovito prenijeti, ponovno upotrijebiti i dijeliti. Stupanj devijacije i kvalitativni trend pridodani su modelu. Na temelju modela i novog algoritma zaključivanja sigurnosna se on-line analiza može implementirati u kemijske procese. Kada se dogodi pogreška ili abnormalni događaj, mogu se pratiti uzroci i predvidjeti posljedice. Istodobno se provodi polukvantitativna sigurnosna analiza. Rješenje je moguće poboljšati i time omogućiti operaterima pravodobno i učinkovito rješavanje problema. Metoda je primijenjena za sigurnosnu analizu reaktorskog procesa te je dokazana njezina učinkovitost. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

The 8-mm diameter bars of Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys were produced by continuous casting technique. The samples were characterised using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy along with EDX analysis. The continuous cast alloy revealed some martensitic phase, which, after quenching, led to the microstructure that is completely martensite. Quenching of samples had an effect on several mechanical properties and change in morphology of fracture. After ageing at 200 °C and 300 °C, the tensile strength increased and elongation drastically decreased. Morphology of fracture surface changed from primary ductile to a mixture of intergranular and ductile. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Šipke promjera 8 mm proizvedene su iz legure Cu-Al-Mn s prisjetljivosti oblika tehnikom kontinuiranog lijevanja. Uzorci su karakterizirani pomoću optičke mikroskopije i pretražne elektronske mikroskopije uz analizu EDX. Kontinuirano lijevana legura je pokazala mjestimičnu prisutnost martenzitne faze, dok je nakon kaljenja nastala potpuno martenzitna mikrostruktura. Kaljenje uzoraka utjecalo je na mehanička svojstva i na promjenu morfologije prijeloma. Nakon starenja pri 200 °C i 300 °C porasla je vlačna čvrstoća a izduženje se drastično smanjilo. Morfologija prijelomne površine se mijenjala od duktilne do mješavine interkristalne i duktilne. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

Thermal insulation gypsum plaster was prepared from flue gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum. K12 is more recommendable as foaming agent, when the mass fraction of K12 is around 0.1 %, the setting time and compressive strength meet the requirements of gypsum-based construction materials. In the meanwhile, the thermal conductivity is 0.18 W m–1 K–1, which can be used as a thermal insulation material. The hemihydrate mixtures obtained, allow the design of a new wall structure, which is more efficient as a thermal insulation system. The wall heat transfer coefficient test was carried out to compare thermal performance of two different thermal insulation systems. Compared with the thermal performance of a conventional system, the heat transfer coefficient of the new system was reduced by 5.6 %. Finally, energy-saving analysis of a building was carried out to compare the energy-saving effect of the conventional and new systems of building. The energy-savings of the building with the new system increased by almost 2 %, thus resulting in low energy consumption of the building. Toplinskoizolacijska gipsana žbuka izrađena je od gipsa nastalog odsumporavanjem dimnog plina (FGD). Uz maseni udjel sredstva za pjenjenje (K12) 0,1 % toplinska provodnost iznosi 0,18 W m–1 K–1 pa se materijal može upotrijebiti za toplinsku izolaciju. Žbuka i sredstvo za pjenjenje uključeni su u novi tip zidne toplinske izolacije. Koeficijent prijenosa topline novog izolacijskog sustava određen je eksperimentalno i iznosi 0,608 W m–2 K–1. Na temelju analize zaključeno je da se s novim sustavom ušteda energije u zgradi može popeti do 66,99 %. Novi materijal može imati velik utjecaj na energijsku učinkovitost zgrade.

Blueberry contains many substances that are important to the human body and can prevent cardiovascular diseases, protect the retina, and soften blood vessels. Anthocyanin, which is extracted from blueberry, can activate the retina, strengthen vision, reduce serum cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein, and protect cell nucleus tissues from radical oxidation; hence, blueberry is of importance to scientists from different countries. In this study, anthocyanin was extracted and separated from blueberry using ethyl alcohol to investigate the effects of factors, such as ethyl alcohol volume ratio on anthocyanin extraction and separation technologies. The extracting solution was then purified using the macroreticular resin purification method to investigate the effects of ethyl alcohol concentration and eluent dosage on anthocyanin extraction during purification. The research results demonstrated that 60 % ethyl alcohol volume fraction, 1 : 10 mass ratio of solid to liquid, and 60 °C ultrasonic temperature were the best conditions for anthocyanin extraction. The best purification conditions were 95 % ethyl alcohol, which had been acidized by 0.3 % hydrochloric acid and 70 ml of eluent. This work provides a reference for the application of ethyl alcohol in anthocyanin extraction. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Borovnica sadrži niz tvari koje su važne za ljudsko tijelo te mogu spriječiti kardiovaskularne bolesti, zaštititi mrežnicu i poboljšati stanje krvnih žila. Antocijanin, ekstrahiran iz borovnice, može aktivirati mrežnicu, ojačati vid, smanjiti serumski kolesterol, triglicerid i lipoprotein visoke gustoće te zaštititi tkivo stanica od radikalske oksidacije; dakle, borovnica je važna znanstvenicima diljem svijeta. Kako bi se istražili učinci čimbenika kao što je volumni omjer etilnog alkohola pri ekstrakciji antocijanina i tehnologija odvajanja, antocijanin je u ovoj studiji ekstrahiran i odvojen iz borovnice etanolom. Otopina za ekstrakciju je zatim pročišćena makroretikularnom smolom radi ispitivanja učinaka koncentracije etanola i doziranja eluenta na ekstrakciju antocijanina tijekom čišćenja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su volumni udjel etanola od 60 %, maseni omjer čvrste tvari i tekućine od 1 : 10 i ultrazvučna kupelj pri 60 °C najbolji uvjeti za ekstrakciju antocijanina. Najbolji uvjeti za pročišćavanje bili su 95 % etilnog alkohola koji je bio zakiseljen s 0,3 % klorovodične kiseline i 70 ml eluenta. Ovaj rad daje referenciju za primjenu etanola u ekstrakciji antocijanina. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

The influence of portland cement class on the corrosion rate of steel reinforcement in cement mortar caused by penetrating chloride or sulfate from the environment in already hardened cement mortar is investigated in this paper. Three classes of portland cement have been used for the tests, PC 35, PC 45 and PC 55. Cylindrical samples of cement mortar with steel reinfor- cement in the middle were treated 6 months at room temperature in the following solutions: w(SO42-) = 2.1 % and w(Cl-) = 5 %. Two techniques have been used for testing corrosion rate of steel reinforcement in cement mortar: Tafel extrapolation technique and potentiodynamic polarization technique. Investigations were conducted by potentiostat/galvanostat Princeton Applied Research 263A-2 with the software PowerCORR®. The results of both techniques indi-cate the most active corrosion of steel reinforcement in the samples prepared from cement PC 35 in both treated solutions, while the lowest corrosion of the steel reinforcement was observed in cement samples prepared from cement PC 55. This conclusion was drawn by analyzing the results shown in Figs. 1–4. Comparing corrosion current density of samples, working electrodes, Figs. 1 and 2, Table 2, the results show the most stable corrosion of steel reinforcement in samples prepared from cement PC 55, and the most active corrosion in samples prepared from ce- ment PC 35. The most active corrosion in samples prepared from cement PC 35 is evident from the positions of the open circuit potentials whose values are less for samples prepared from cement PC 35 in both the treated solution, Figs. 1 and 2, Table 2. Comparison of the anodic polarization curves of the working electrodes in both the treated solutions, Figs. 3 and 4, also shows that the intensity of corrosion is the largest for the working electrodes prepared from cement PC 35 and the smallest for the working electrodes prepared from cement PC 55. Investigation results should be considered as preliminary. To make the recommendations for the construction of reinforced concrete structures in the maritime environment the impact of sulphates on concrete and steel bars should be investigated. U ovom je radu ispitivan utjecaj klase portland-cementa na brzinu korozije čelične armature u cementnom mortu, uzrokovane prodiranjem klorida ili sulfata iz okoliša u već očvrsli cementni mort. Za ispitivanja su upotrijebljene tri klase portland-cementa, PC 35, PC 45 i PC 55. Radi navedenih ispitivanja cilindrični uzorci od cementnog morta s čeličnom armaturom u sredini tretirani su šest mjeseci na sobnoj temperaturi u sljedećim otopinama: w(SO42-) = 2,1 % i w(Cl-) = 5 %. Za ispitivanje brzine korozije čelične armature u cementnom mortu primijenjene su elektrokemijske tehnike potenciostatske polarizacije, i to tehnika ekstrapolacije Tafelovih krivulja i tehnika potenciodinamičke polarizacije. Ispitivanje je provedeno na potenciostatu/ galvanostatu Princeton Applied Research 263A-2, programskim paketom PowerCORR®. Rezultati obje primijenjene tehnike pokazuju da su korozijski najaktivnije čelične armature u uzorcima pripremanim od cementa klase PC 35 u obje tretirane otopine, dok su korozijski najstabilnije čelične armature u uzorcima pripremanim od cementa klase PC 55. Rezultate provedenih istra?ivanja treba smatrati preliminarnima. Radi davanja preporuka za gradnju armiranobetonskih konstrukcija u morskom okolišu, potrebno je provesti ispitivanja utjecaja sulfata na beton i armaturu, na betonskim i armiranobetonskim uzorcima.

Manganese is widely used in many fields. Many efforts have been made to recover manganese from low-grade pyrolusite due to the depletion of high-grade manganese ore. Thus, it is of practical significance to develop a clean, energy-saving and environmentally friendly technical route to reduce the low-grade pyrolusite. The reported results show that biomass wastes from crops, crop waste, wood and wood waste are environmentally friendly, energy-saving, and low-cost reducing agents for roasting reduction of low-grade pyrolusite. Kinetics of the reduction reactions is necessary for an efficient design of biomass reduction of pyrolusite. Therefore, it is important to look for a general kinetics equation to describe the reduction of pyrolusite by different kinds of biomass, because there is a wide variety of biomass wastes, meaning that it is impossible to investigate the kinetics for each biomass waste. In this paper, thermal gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis were applied to study the overall reduction kinetics of pyrolusite using a mixture of hemicellulose and lignin, two major components of biomass. Overall reduction process is the overlap of the respective reduction processes. A new empirical equation based on the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation can be used to describe the respective reduction kinetics using hemicellulose and lignin as reductants, and the corresponding apparent activation energy is 30.14 kJ mol−1 and 38.91 kJ mol−1, respectively. The overall kinetic model for the reduction of pyrolusite by the mixture of hemicellulose and lignin can be simulated by the summation of the respective kinetics by considering their mass-loss fractions, while a unit step function was used to avoid the invalid conversion data. The obtained results in this work are necessary to understand the biomass reduction of pyrolusite and provide valuable assistance in the development of a general kinetics equation. Ukupna kinetika redukcije piroluzita istraživana je termogravimetrijom i diferencijalnom termogravimetrijom. Kao redukcijsko sredstvo upotrijebljeni su hemiceluloza i lignin, glavni sastojci poljoprivrednog biljnog biootpada, drva i drvnog otpada. Ukupnu redukciju čine isprepleteni pojedinačni redukcijski procesi. Kinetika redukcije piroluzita smjesom hemiceluloze i lignina može se opisati novom empirijskom jednadžbom temeljenoj na jednadžbi Johnson–Mehl–Avrami, a odgovarajuća prividna energija aktivacije iznosi 30.14 kJ mol−1, odnosno 38.91 kJ mol−1. Sveobuhvatna kinetika može se modelirati kao zbroj pojedinačnih udjela uzimajući u obzir masene udjele sastojaka smjese te uz primjenu jedinične odskočne funkcije kako bi se izbjegli nevaljani podaci.

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of a local traditional olive mill wastewater, at Ennakhla-Chlef in northern Algeria, were evaluated. The olive mill wastewater samples had slight acidity of 0.65 % with a pH = 4.88, and electrical conductivity of 34 mS cm–1. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD5) reached up to 183 g l–1 and 7 g l–1, respectively. In addition, the samples showed 1.72 g l–1 of total phenolic compounds. Preliminary microbiological analysis of the wastewater showed the presence of various microorganisms represented especially by lactic acid bacteria and Enterococcus sp. to the aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using yeast strains isolated from olive mill wastewater in the fermentation of the latter. The results shown that fermentation with yeast can produce ethanol at an extent of 1.4 % (v/v). This can constitute a strategy for treating mentioned wastewater and transforming it into valuable biomolecules. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. U ovom radu analizirane su fizikalno-kemijske i mikrobiološke karakteristike otpadnih voda tradicionalnih postrojenja za preradu maslinova ulja u Ennakhla-Chlefu u sjevernom Alžiru. Uzorci otpadne vode imali su slabu kiselost od 0.65 % uz pH = 4,88 i električnu provodnost od 34 mS cm–1. Vrijednosti kemijske i biološke (BPK5) potrošnje kisika kretale su se do 183 odnosno 7 g l–1. Nadalje, uzorci su sadržavali 1,72 g l–1 ukupnih fenola. Preliminarna mikrobiološka analiza ukazala je na prisutnost raznih mikroorganizama, osobito bakterija mliječne kiseline i Enterococcus sp. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

The aim of this study was to prepare microcapsules based on a natural polymer chitosan solution (high degree of deacetylation (DDA), low molecular weight (MW), and low viscosity)/sodium alginate in the presence of a crosslinking agent (glutaraldehyde), in order to encapsulate and vectorise the active principle towards the diseased organ (colon), without being diffused into other levels of the digestive tract, to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment by chemotherapy and to reduce undesirable effects. The method of preparation of the microcapsules obtained from the sodium alginate/chitosan solution/active ingredients system was examined by conventional optical microscopy. In addition, an in vitro study was carried out on the active ingredients’ release profiles, depending on the pH simulating the gastric and intestinal media for the seven systems proposed. It should be mentioned that, in the basic medium (pH(colon) = 8), the release of the active ingredients is of the utmost importance. Nevertheless, control of this release can be improved by a crosslinking agent and the coating method. The dry [sodium alginate / chitosan solution / active ingredients + crosslinking 2 %] formulation coated with non-crosslinked chitosan (Formulation 7) is the standard formula that meets all the criteria from our earlier work, with a core release rate of 67 %. The PSD was unimodal, with sizes ranging from 750 µm to 900 µm. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Cilj ove studije bio je pripremiti mikrokapsule na bazi prirodne polimerne otopine kitozana (visokog stupnja deacetiliranja (DDA), niske molekulske mase (MW) i niske viskoznosti)/natrijeva alginata u prisutnosti umreženog agensa (glutaraldehida), za inkapsuliranje i vektoriziranje aktivnog sastojka prema bolesnom organu (debelom crijevu), bez difuzije u druge razine probavnog trakta, kako bi se povećala terapijska učinkovitost liječenja kemoterapijom i smanjili neželjeni učinci. Metoda pripreme mikrokapsula dobivenih iz sustava natrijeva alginata/otopine kitozana/aktivnih sastojaka ispitana je uobičajenom optičkom mikroskopijom. Uz to, provedeno je istraživanje in vitro na profilima oslobađanja aktivnih sastojaka, ovisno o pH koji simulira želučani i crijevni medij za sedam predloženih sustava. Treba napomenuti da je u osnovnom mediju (pH(debelog crijeva) = 8) oslobađanje aktivnih sastojaka od najveće važnosti. Ipak, kontrola tog ispuštanja može se poboljšati sredstvom za umrežavanje i metodom premazivanja. Suha formulacija [otopina natrijeva alginata/kitozana/aktivnih sastojaka + umreženog 2 %] presvučena neumreženim kitozanom (formulacija 7) standardna je formula koja udovoljava svim kriterijima iz našeg ranijeg rada s brzinom otpuštanja jezgre od 67 %. PSD je bio unimodalan s veličinama koje su se kretale od 750 µm do 900 µm. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

The necessity to remove organic pollutants from the industrial wastewater streams has forced the development of new technologies that can produce better results in terms of pollutant removal and process efficiency in combination with low investment and operating costs. One of the new emerging processes with a potential to fulfil these demands is catalytic wet peroxide oxidation, commonly known as the CWPO process. The oxidative effect of the hydrogen peroxide is intensified by the addition of a heterogeneous catalyst that can reduce the operating conditions to atmospheric pressure and temperatures below 383 K. Zeolites, among others, are especially appealing as catalysts for selective oxidation processes due to their unique characteristics such as shape selectivity, thermal and chemical stability, and benign effect on nature and the living world. In this work, catalytic activity, selectivity and stability of Cu/Y-5 zeolite in phenol oxidation with hydrogen peroxide was examined. Catalyst samples were prepared by ion exchange method of the protonic form of commercial zeolite. The catalysts were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and AAS elemental analysis, while the adsorption techniques were used for the measurement of the specific surface area. The catalytic tests were carried out in a stainless steel Parr reactor in batch operation mode at the atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range from 323 to 353 K. The catalyst was prepared in powdered form and the mass fraction of the active metal component on the zeolite was 3.46 %. The initial concentration of phenol solution was equal to 0.01 mol dm−3 and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 mol dm−3. The obtained experimental data was tested to a proposed kinetic model for phenol oxidation r = k1 cF cVP and hydrogen peroxide decomposition rHP = k2 cHP. The kinetic parameters were estimated using the Nelder-Mead method of nonlinear regression. On the basis of the obtained results of characterization process and conducted catalytic tests, the following can be observed. Zeolite structure of the prepared catalyst was confirmed through powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and adsorption techniques. Their catalytic performance was monitored in terms of phenol and total organic carbon (TOC) conversions, hydrogen peroxide decomposition, by-product distribution and degree of copper leached into the aqueous solution. The obtained experimental results indicate that in the space of 180 minutes, the use of these catalysts allows almost total elimination of phenol and significant removal of total organic carbon content with the use of small amounts of catalyst (0.1 g dm–3) and substoichiometric level (71.4 %) of oxidant required for complete oxidation of organic pollutant. The main product among aromatics was catechol, followed by hydroquinone and benzoquinone, which exhibited the typical pattern for a series reaction scheme. The distribution of carboxylic acids was as follows: maleic, fumaric, acetic and oxalic acids. These low-molecular carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds were responsible for the TOC that remained after almost complete removal of phenol. Moreover, one of the most interesting options was to use CWPO as a pre-treatment prior to biological treatment, for simple organic acids that are highly biodegradable. During the reactions, destabilization of the catalyst was observed in terms of leaching of copper from zeolite into the reaction mixture, but the previous investigations of similar catalytic systems showed that the activity of the solid catalyst was not due to the homogeneous contribution of the copper leached from the catalyst, but was more likely due to the activity of the heterogeneous catalyst. Further investigations on the mechanism of catalyst destabilization and methods of stabilization are the subject of the following article in the series. The proposed kinetic model adequately fits the experimental data. The rate of phenol oxidation and hydrogen peroxide decomposition increases with the increase in reaction temperature and decrease in initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The rate of phenol oxidation is first order toward the concentration of phenol and first order toward the concentration of H2O2. The rate of H2O2 decomposition is first order toward the concentration of H2O2. Activation energy in phenol oxidation was 86.0 kJ mol−1 for phenol oxidation, and 107.6 kJ mol−1 for hydrogen peroxide decomposition, which is in accordance with previously published results. Potreba za uklanjanjem organskih nečistoća iz industrijskih otpadnih voda uvjetovala je razvoj novih, djelotvornih tehnologija s posebnim naglaskom na uštedu sirovina i energije te ekonomičnost procesa. Katalitička oksidacija organskih zagađenja vodikovim peroksidom u vodenom mediju, poznata kao metoda CWPO (eng. Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation), jedan je od postupaka koji ispunjava navedene zahtjeve. Upotrebom vodikova peroksida, kao oksidacijskog sredstva, i pogodnog heterogenog katalizatora moguće je proces provoditi pri atmosferskom tlaku i temperaturi ispod 383 K. Zeoliti su zbog svojih specifičnih značajki (selektivnost prema veličini i obliku molekula, termička i kemijska stabilnost, neškodljivost živom svijetu) izrazito pogodni katalizatori za uporabu u selektivnim oksidacijskim procesima. Stoga su u ovom radu proučavani aktivnost, selektivnost i stabilnost katalizatora Cu/Y-5 u reakciji oksidacije fenola vodikovim peroksidom. Katalizator je pripravljen ionskom izmjenom protoniranog oblika komercijalnog zeolita. Karakterizacija katalizatora obuhvaćala je rendgensku difrakciju (XRD), pretražnu elektronsku mikroskopiju (SEM) i elementnu analizu atomskim apsorpcijskim spektrometrom (AAS), te određivanje specifične površine i obujma pora (standardna BET-metoda). Reakcija je provođena u šaržnom Parrovu reaktoru pri atmosferskom tlaku i temperaturama od 323 do 353 K. Katalizator je pripravljen u praškastom obliku, a maseni udjel bakra u zeolitu iznosio je 3,46 %. Početna koncentracija fenola u reakcijskoj otopini bila je 0,01 mol dm−3, a vodikova peroksida od 0,01 do 0,10 mol dm−3. Dobiveni eksperimentalni podaci testirani su sljedećim kinetičkim modelima za oksidaciju fenola rPh = k1 cPh cHP i raspad vodikova peroksida rHP = k2 cHP, a kinetički parametri procijenjeni su Nelder-Meadovom metodom nelinearnog optimiranja. Rezultati provedenih istraživanja pokazali su da je pri ispitivanim reakcijskim uvjetima primjenom postupka CWPO uz katalizator Cu/Y-5 moguće iz početne reakcijske smjese u potpunosti ukloniti fenol uz istodobno 54,5 %-tno smanjenje sadržaja ukupnog organskog ugljika.

Chemical nomenclature and terminology are not only determined by the development of chemistry, but also by linguistic policies of the nation which uses them. The first modern chemical nomenclature, developed in France at the end of the 18th century, had been intended for international usage, and thus the names of new elements were developed from Greek and Latin roots. Conversely, in Germany the names of elements were coined in strict reference to the German language. In Croatia, both tendencies were present. In the 19th century, when Croatia was part of the Austro- Hungarian Empire, the chemical language was established on the basis of purism, but many new words were actually bohemianisms and literal translations of German terms. In both Yugoslav states (Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1918–1941, and Communist Yugoslavia, 1945–1991), unitaristic strivings were dominant, culminating in the Unified Yugoslav Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, published in 1966. As it is impossible to make one nomenclature out of terms in two languages (Croatian and Serbian), the “Yugoslav” nomenclature was actually a strange mixture of Serbian and “international” terms. The new nomenclature however was never fully developed, even less generally accepted. Eventually it became obsolete in 1991 by establishment of the independent Croatian state, the Republic of Croatia. Kemijski stručni jezik ne određuju samo zahtjevi struke, on se ne mijenja samo zbog razvoja kemije nego i zbog jezične politike sredine u kojoj se razvija. Prikazao sam razvoj hrvatske kemijske nomenklature i terminologije od 19. do 21. stoljeća, ukazujući pritom na utjecaje stranih jezika (njemačkog, češkog, engleskog). Posebnu sam pozornost poklonio raspravama unitaristički i nacionalistički (puristički) orijentiranih hrvatskih kemičara o aktualnoj jezičnoj politici prema stručnom jeziku.