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Low literacy and schooling rates are a significant factor among adults in the recent migration towards Europe. Furthermore, migrants experience social marginalisation and spatial segregation in the new countries and, hence, they are low-exposed to the target language. Research on interlanguages development in such sociolinguistic contexts is still peripheral. Within the little existing research, there is consensus that adult learners with none/limited literacy acquire L2 linguistic competence more slowly compared with educated adults, but there are divided views on the relationship between L1(s) literacy and L2 acquisition (Tarone et al. 2009; Vainikka et al. 2017; Young-Scholten and Strom 2006). Slow acquisition, in fact, may result from limited literacy or from other factors deriving from literacy, e.g. low exposure to the target language and no access to written texts. Whether and how these sociolinguistic variables influence L2 acquisition (and, if so, what their respective impact is) still need to be verified. Against this background, a longitudinal study was carried out at the University of Palermo, Italy, in 2017-2019, involving 20 adult migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh. Half of them had little/no literacy prior to arrival. The data collected over 13 months, through interviews and narrative tasks, were analysed from a functionalist perspective inspired by the basic variety model (Klein and Perdue 1997; Giacalone Ramat 2003). Data analysis, focused on the acquisition of L2 tense, aspect and modality, brought to light a general low development of the participants’ interlanguages, which barely reach the early stages of the post-basic continuum. This results from the common scenario of very low exposure to the target language, while learners’ degree of literacy does not appear to play a role, as literate and low/non-literate learners follow the same path of morphosyntax acquisition. However, literacy acts in a subtler way, favouring the development of specific morphosyntactic sub-patterns. This involves the analytical phase that precedes the morphological encoding of verbal categories in the transition from basic to post-basic varieties. At this stage, grammatical and lexical information are encoded separately, possibly by means of non-target constructions in which they are distributed among the diverse constituents (Benazzo 2003; Benazzo and Starren 2007; Starren 2001). Some of these have already been described for L2 Italian, e.g. auxiliary constructions (non è:be.3SG credere:INF ‘he does not believe’, Bernini 2003). Others have escaped the attention of specialists, e.g. the light verb construction (fare:INF mangiare:INF ‘I eat’). Non-target constructions are temporary grammaticalisation strategies to cover the functional space of forms (bound morphemes) not yet acquired. Non-target constructions especially occur in learners with limited literacy, while literate learners use them in a more sporadic and transient way. This can be interpreted as an effect of reduced exposure to the input as a consequence of limited literacy. As learners with limited literacy are exposed exclusively to oral input, they struggle in identifying bound morphemes in the input, due to the low salience, redundancy and frequent reduction phenomena these formatives undergo in spontaneous speech. This leads them to favour and maintain “heavier” constructions, made of material more easily perceived in the input.

In this presentation, we introduce a new approach to analyzing network traffic data using associations. In the beginning, we discuss the benefits and issues of currently used analysis tools. Next, we propose a new data representation model and utilization of a graph database to store such data. In the main part of the presentation, we introduce the Granef toolkit and its use for incident investigation.

Predictive analysis allows next-generation cyber defense that is more proactive than current approaches based solely on intrusion detection. In this talk, we will discuss various approaches to predicting and projecting cyber attacks. Graph-based models are dominating the field since the foundation of this research area. Attack graphs were used to traverse through the attacker’s actions and project the continuation of an ongoing attack. Later, attack graphs were combined with Bayesian networks and Markov models to reflect the probabilistic nature of predictions and overcome uncertainties in observation of attack steps. However, there are still open issues, such as how to create such models and evaluate the predictions. The talk will shed light on using graphs in this research area and summarize resolved and open issues.

Translation is one of the essential gene regulation machinery that is important for all domains of life. The translation consists of three steps: initiation, elongation and termination, involving a number of translation factors and various types of RNA. During elongation, the anticodon of the transfer RNA (tRNA) is bound to the corresponding codon on the messenger RNA (mRNA), according to the reading frame (RF) of the mRNA, at the ribosomal A site. The correctness of this process can be disrupted during certain conditions, resulting in a shift of the reading frame, also known as frameshifting. We currently know that this phenomenon occurs, but the exact localization of the frameshifting on the ribosome is unknown. Studies have suggested 3 stages of the elongation cycle where this can potentially occur. Here, we focus on the decoding of the mRNA during tRNA accommodation into the A site, with the help of the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). To demonstrate whether the shift of the reading frame occurs, we used a biologically derived quadruplet tRNA (qtRNA) that can base-pair with four mRNA bases. We use cryogenic electron microscopy to observe the entire process at near-atomic resolution. Results of the study indicate that there is no frameshift in the reading frame during the decoding of the mRNA by the qtRNA in the A site of the ribosome. méně

The text deals with abuse of power in the state prosecutor's office. Text se zabývá zneužíváním moci ve státním zastupitelství.

The chapter analyses the performance of populist political parties in the 2024 EP election in the Czech Republic. The election ended with a significant increase in support for several populist parties: Action of Dissatisfied Citizens, Freedom and Direct Democracy and the Oath and Motorists. All populist parties used radical-right rhetoric before the election, expressing different levels of criticism of the European Union, strong anti-immigration attitudes and negative attitudes toward the Green Deal. The preliminary data show that the electoral support for the populists was based on a higher level of mobilization in so-called peripheral areas of the Czech Republic, potentially affected by recent inflation and austerity policies pursued by the government. All in all, the 2024 EP election in Czechia significantly increased support for populist political parties.

This manual is intended for implementers (research agencies, academic institutions), commissioners (public institutions, companies, NGOs, media, academic institutions) and users (all of the above, including other entities working with data) of questionnaire surveys. To meet the needs of these groups of readers, the manual presents information for a) implementing mixed-mode, b) considering it when commissioning data collection, and c) reflecting on data generation when analysing and processing the results. The individual chapters build on each other rather loosely and can therefore be read selectively according to current needs. Tento manuál je určen pro realizátory (výzkumné agentury, akademická pracoviště), zadavatele (veřejné instituce, firmy, neziskové organizace, média, akademická pracoviště) i uživatele (všichni výše zmínění včetně dalších subjektů pracujících s daty) dotazníkových šetření. Pro potřeby těchto skupin čtenářů manuál představuje informace pro a) realizaci smíšeného módu, b) jeho zvážení při zadávání sběru dat a c) reflektování vzniku dat při analýze a zpracování výsledků. Jednotlivé kapitoly na sebe navazují spíše volně a je tedy možné číst je selektivně dle aktuálních potřeb.

There are three options when using a questionnaire in a research study: a) to adopt it, i.e. use a questionnaire with good psychometrical qualities developed by other experts, b) to adapt a questionnaire to a new target population and conditions, e.g. a questionnaire from abroad, c) or to develop a new questionnaire. The first option is preferably recommended as the psychometrical properties of the instrument are known, which saves time and work, and most importantly it enables the comparison of one´s results with other studies. The adaptation of a questionnaire requires (back) translation, items adaptation, experts’ evaluation of items fitting to theory, conditions, and population; cognitive interviews, piloting, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, item analysis, internal consistency analysis, and other procedures. A brief step-by-step guide to help with necessary decisions during the process of adapting a questionnaire will be demonstrated. Přednáška se zabývala adaptací dotazníků, včetně statistické analýzy dat (CFA, EFA).