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AbstractThousands of Roma were killed in Ukraine by the Nazis and auxiliary police on the spot. There are more than 50,000 Roma in today’s Ukraine, represented by second and third generation decendants of the genocide survivors. The discussion on Roma identity cannot be isolated from the memory of the genocide, which makes the struggle over the past a reflexive landmark that mobilizes the Roma movement. About twenty Roma genocide memorials have been erected in Ukraine during last decade, and in 2016 the national memorial of the Roma genocide was opened in Babi Yar. However, scholars do not have a clear picture of memory narratives and memory practices of the Roma genocide in Ukraine. A comprehensive analysis of the contemporary situation is not possible without an examination of the history and memory of the Roma genocide before 1991.

On sait peu de choses sur le peuplement du Sahara pendant l'optimum climatique de l'Holocène, lorsque le désert a été remplacé par un environnement fertile. Afin d'étudier le rôle du dernier Sahara Vert dans le peuplement de l'Afrique, nous séquençons en profondeur toute la partie non répétitive du chromosome Y chez 104 mâles sélectionnés comme représentatifs des haplogroupes qui se trouvent actuellement au nord et au sud du Sahara. Nous identifions 5 966 mutations, dont nous extrayons 142 marqueurs informatifs puis génotypés chez environ 8 000 sujets issus de 145 populations africaines, eurasiennes et afro-américaines. Nous constatons que l'âge de coalescence des haplogroupes transsahariens remonte au dernier Sahara vert, tandis que la plupart des clades d'Afrique du Nord ou d'Afrique subsaharienne se sont étendus localement au cours de la phase aride ultérieure. Nos résultats suggèrent que le Sahara Vert a favorisé les mouvements humains et les expansions démographiques, peut-être liés à l'adoption du pastoralisme. En comparant nos résultats avec les données précédemment rapportées sur l'ensemble du génome, nous trouvons également des preuves d'une contribution subsaharienne biaisée en fonction du sexe aux Africains du Nord, suggérant que des événements historiques tels que la traite négrière transsaharienne ont principalement contribué au pool d'ADNmt et de gènes autosomiques, alors que le pool de gènes paternels d'Afrique du Nord a été principalement façonné par des événements plus anciens. Poco se sabe sobre el poblamiento del Sahara durante el óptimo climático del Holoceno, cuando el desierto fue sustituido por un entorno fértil. Con el fin de investigar el papel del último Sáhara Verde en el poblamiento de África, secuenciamos profundamente toda la porción no repetitiva del cromosoma Y en 104 machos seleccionados como representativos de los haplogrupos que se encuentran actualmente al norte y al sur del Sáhara. Identificamos 5.966 mutaciones, de las que extraemos 142 marcadores informativos genotipados en unos 8.000 sujetos de 145 poblaciones africanas, euroasiáticas y afroamericanas. Encontramos que la edad de coalescencia de los haplogrupos transaharianos se remonta al último Sáhara Verde, mientras que la mayoría de los clados del norte de África o subsaharianos se expandieron localmente en la fase árida posterior. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el Sáhara Verde promovió movimientos humanos y expansiones demográficas, posiblemente relacionadas con la adopción del pastoreo. Al comparar nuestros resultados con los datos de todo el genoma informados anteriormente, también encontramos evidencia de una contribución subsahariana sesgada por sexo a los africanos del norte, lo que sugiere que eventos históricos como la trata de esclavos transahariana contribuyeron principalmente al ADNmt y al acervo genético autosómico, mientras que el acervo genético paterno del norte de África fue formado principalmente por eventos más antiguos. Little is known about the peopling of the Sahara during the Holocene climatic optimum, when the desert was replaced by a fertile environment. In order to investigate the role of the last Green Sahara in the peopling of Africa, we deep-sequence the whole non-repetitive portion of the Y chromosome in 104 males selected as representative of haplogroups which are currently found to the north and to the south of the Sahara. We identify 5,966 mutations, from which we extract 142 informative markers then genotyped in about 8,000 subjects from 145 African, Eurasian and African American populations. We find that the coalescence age of the trans-Saharan haplogroups dates back to the last Green Sahara, while most northern African or sub-Saharan clades expanded locally in the subsequent arid phase. Our findings suggest that the Green Sahara promoted human movements and demographic expansions, possibly linked to the adoption of pastoralism. Comparing our results with previously reported genome-wide data, we also find evidence for a sex-biased sub-Saharan contribution to northern Africans, suggesting that historical events such as the trans-Saharan slave trade mainly contributed to the mtDNA and autosomal gene pool, whereas the northern African paternal gene pool was mainly shaped by more ancient events. لا يُعرف سوى القليل عن سكان الصحراء خلال العصر الهولوسيني المناخي الأمثل، عندما تم استبدال الصحراء ببيئة خصبة. من أجل التحقيق في دور آخر صحراء خضراء في سكان أفريقيا، نقوم بتعميق الجزء الكامل غير المتكرر من الكروموسوم Y في 104 ذكور تم اختيارهم كممثلين للمجموعات الفردانية التي توجد حاليًا في شمال وجنوب الصحراء. نحدد 5,966 طفرة، نستخرج منها 142 علامة إعلامية ثم نُصنّف جينيًا في حوالي 8,000 مشارك من 145 مجموعة من السكان الأفارقة والأوراسيين والأمريكيين الأفارقة. نجد أن عصر التلاحم للمجموعات الفردانية العابرة للصحراء يعود إلى آخر صحراء خضراء، في حين أن معظم الفروع الخضراء في شمال إفريقيا أو جنوب الصحراء الكبرى توسعت محليًا في المرحلة القاحلة اللاحقة. تشير النتائج التي توصلنا إليها إلى أن الصحراء الخضراء عززت الحركات البشرية والتوسعات الديموغرافية، والتي قد تكون مرتبطة بتبني الرعي. بمقارنة نتائجنا بالبيانات التي تم الإبلاغ عنها سابقًا على مستوى الجينوم، نجد أيضًا دليلًا على مساهمة جنوب الصحراء المتحيزة جنسيًا لشمال إفريقيا، مما يشير إلى أن الأحداث التاريخية مثل تجارة الرقيق عبر الصحراء الكبرى ساهمت بشكل أساسي في الحمض النووي متعدد الجينات ومجموعة الجينات الجسدية، في حين أن مجموعة الجينات الأبوية في شمال إفريقيا تشكلت بشكل أساسي من خلال الأحداث القديمة.

A neural language model trained on a text corpus can be used to induce distributed representations of words, such that similar words end up with similar representations. If the corpus is multilingual, the same model can be used to learn distributed representations of languages, such that similar languages end up with similar representations. We show that this holds even when the multilingual corpus has been translated into English, by picking up the faint signal left by the source languages. However, just as it is a thorny problem to separate semantic from syntactic similarity in word representations, it is not obvious what type of similarity is captured by language representations. We investigate correlations and causal relationships between language representations learned from translations on one hand, and genetic, geographical, and several levels of structural similarity between languages on the other. Of these, structural similarity is found to correlate most strongly with language representation similarity, whereas genetic relationships—a convenient benchmark used for evaluation in previous work—appears to be a confounding factor. Apart from implications about translation effects, we see this more generally as a case where NLP and linguistic typology can interact and benefit one another.

By examining the donations by the local nobility to the local church, this thesis aims to study the church as a public room. By analyzing the donations of the nobility in relation to Habermas concept of the public sphere and the concept of conspicuous consumption the donations to the churches can be viewed as manifestations of power. This thesis studies all donations to the churches that leaves material and visual remnants in the church room. The results shows that there was a conscious strategy for the nobility to use the church for manifestation and representation of power. The nobility used their donations to manifest their power and to represent the power towards the people. This was done by filling the church with their names and coats of arms. By donating liturgical objects, church silver, chapels and coats of arms used for funerals the nobility was able to symbolically place themselves in the religious rituals. The church as a room was a symbolically and hierarchical place, and by connecting themselves with this room by donations the nobility could manifest their position in society, both locally and nationally. 

Uppgifter för behandling av naturliga språk (NLP) har under de senaste åren visat sig vara särskilt effektiva när man använder förtränade språkmodeller som BERT. Det enorma kravet på datorresurser som krävs för att träna sådana modeller gör det dock svårt att använda dem i verkligheten. För att lösa detta problem har komprimeringsmetoder utvecklats. I det här projektet studeras, genomförs och testas några av dessa metoder för komprimering av neurala nätverk för textbearbetning. I vårt fall var den mest effektiva metoden Knowledge Distillation, som består i att överföra kunskap från ett stort neuralt nätverk, som kallas läraren, till ett litet neuralt nätverk, som kallas eleven. Det finns flera varianter av detta tillvägagångssätt, som skiljer sig åt i komplexitet. Vi kommer att titta på två av dem i det här projektet. Den första gör det möjligt att överföra kunskap mellan ett neuralt nätverk och en mindre dubbelriktad LSTM, genom att endast använda resultatet från den större modellen. Och en andra, mer komplex metod som uppmuntrar elevmodellen att också lära sig av lärarmodellens mellanliggande lager för att utvinna kunskap. Det slutliga målet med detta projekt är att ge företagets datavetare färdiga komprimeringsmetoder för framtida projekt som kräver användning av djupa neurala nätverk för NLP. Natural language processing (NLP) tasks have proven to be particularly effective when using pre-trained language models such as BERT. However, the enormous demand on computational resources required to train such models makes their use in the real world difficult. To overcome this problem, compression methods have emerged in recent years. In this project, some of these neural network compression approaches for text processing are studied, implemented and tested. In our case, the most efficient method was Knowledge Distillation, which consists in transmitting knowledge from a large neural network, called teacher, to a small neural network, called student. There are several variants of this approach, which differ in their complexity. We will see two of them in this project, the first one which allows a knowledge transfer between any neural network and another smaller bidirectional LSTM, using only the output of the larger model. And a second, more complex approach that encourages the student model to also learn from the intermediate layers of the teacher model for incremental knowledge extraction. The ultimate goal of this project is to provide the company’s data scientists with ready-to-use compression methods for their future projects requiring the use of deep neural networks for NLP. 

Talking about Balkanism in Romanian contemporary poetry means to betray, to a certain extent required by degradation or alteration, some literary themes and motifs. Finding ourselves in a geographical area of cultural contaminations, the influence of other peoples in Balkans comes naturally: the nostalgia of Byzantium perfection, continuous reporting at an ideal time, abstraction of the chronology. Balkan themes and motives in poetry are identifiable from the early writings of Romanian literature, including the folklore, with Anton Pann, the Vacarescu and Conachi poets – and their ludic descriptivism – , to Ion Barbu, who strikes a metaphysical note in the Balkan motifs, and later, in the second part of twentieth century, with the species of parody. The Romanian native receptivity allowed continuous assimilations without creating an unpleasant heterogeneous feeling. This openness has contributed decisively in a formative way to bring Byzantium on a new soil in a perfect and saturated array; the perfectibility is not possible anymore, so the failure was natural, in a degraded status – Constantinople. Oriental-Byzantine gravity becomes in Oriental-Balkan tragedy or comedy, balance slid to one extreme, sometime becoming ridiculous. Contemporary poetry does not express any more a true lament, but a kind of parody (in ludic poetry) or sheer contempt (in the solemn poetry). The Balkan intelligence is not critical, but creative, with the risk of perpetuating monstrous forms, beyond good and evil. Byzantium established itself through a double filter – for the East and for the West – influencing and being influenced, in turn. Romanian poetry has the full sequence of themes and aesthetic formulae, from tragic to comic, often switching rapidly from one edge to the other, taking into account the old Thracian solemn part, then the proud Byzantium and its absorption in Constantinople – all rolling in a series of formal expressions reflected in themes and vocabulary.

School in the shadow: Private education in Stockholm 1735. During the early eighteenth century, private education was a more significant sector of the educational market than was public education, regarding the number of students and teachers, the presence of female students and teachers, the social background of the students, and the introduction of a more diverse and modern curriculum. Hitherto, little has been known of the actual scope or general conditions of private education, which has been over-shadowed by studies of public education. The article maps private education through the Stockholm Church Consistory’s (Stockholms stads konsistorium) thorough inventory of private teachers in the capital of Sweden during 1734–36, providing information of both suppliers and consumers within the private sector of the educational market, as well as of the practice and functions of private education in early modern time.