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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jaanus, Marja-Leena;

    https://www.ester.ee/record=b5448707*est

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    Authors: Korb, Merili;
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    Authors: Tiirmaa, Kaisa;

    https://www.ester.ee/record=b5509246*est

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    Authors: Kilemit, Liina;

    Estonians are sometimes considered to be areligious, however, according to the census, almost a quarter of our population have admitted belonging to some religion. Every year, quite a few Estonian people become members of one or another Christian congregation. When our land is said to be so secular, the question arises: why do people join the church congregations at all? Liina Kilemit, PhD student of the School of Theology and Religious Studies of the University of Tartu, tried to shed light on this topic. As a result of the research, it has been found that the causes which can lead people to congregations are numerous. Among the most important ones there is an example of friends, family members, or otherwise sympathetic people, and an aspiration to explain and ponder about their own experiences and what is happening in the world, to target their lives with firm and holistic views and values. Accidents and psychological crises frequently push people for religious searches, and people can, among other things, turn to religion to find a way out. Though it is sometimes assumed that for Estonians Lutheranism is not strongly associated with our national culture and identity, the Kilemiti’s study revealed that this is not the case. Those who joined the Lutheran Church highlighted the association of this church with our national traditions, customs and history as a reason for joining. Although the Soviet occupation has led to an interruption in the transmission of religious traditions in our society, the old traditions of family and next of kin, where Christianity was in its place, are still remembered and held by some people. These traditions are mostly remembered by the grandparents’ generation. The research also showed that the choice of confession is far from being random. Some people may be in a long-term search for a church whose teachings, views, sacraments, prayers, and worship arrangements are meaningful and eloquent to them. Another key factor for new members is having warm and friendly interpersonal relationships in the congregation. The journeys of Estonians to church communities at the beginning of the 21st century are numerous and diverse. Religious searches may start far from Christian congregations, sometimes people may first probe other religions or new spiritual teachings, and only then turn to Christianity. Liina Kilemit’s doctoral thesis was based on interview surveys as well as on numerous in-depth interviews, in which those who joined all major Christian denominations and individual congregations in Estonia were studied. Kuigi eestlasi kiputakse mõnikord pidama usuleigeteks, tunnistab rahvaloenduse andmetel peaaegu neljandik meie elanikkonnast mõnda usku. Igal aastal saab üsna paljudest Eesti inimestest ühe või teise kristliku koguduse liige. Kui meie maa on väidetavalt nii ilmalik, tekib küsimus: miks inimesed üldse liituvad kogudustega? Sellele teemale püüdis valgust heita Tartu Ülikooli usuteaduskonna doktorandi Liina Kilemiti doktoritöö. Uurimistöö tulemusena selgus, et põhjusi, mis inimesi kogudustesse võib viia, on arvukalt. Olulisematest võib nimetada sõprade, pereliikmete või muidu sümpaatsete inimeste eeskuju ning soovi enda kogemusi ja maailmas toimuvat usu abil seletada ja mõtestada ning oma elu kindlate ja terviklike seisukohtade ning väärtuste abil eesmärgistada. Usulistele otsingutele tõukavad inimesi sageli ka õnnetused ja psühholoogilised kriisid, millest väljapääsu leidmiseks võivad inimesed muuhulgas pöörduda ka usu poole. Kui vahel on arvatud, et eestlaste jaoks ei seostu luterlus kuigi tugevalt meie rahvusliku kultuuri ja identiteediga, siis Kilemiti uuring näitas, et see nii siiski ei ole. Luterliku kirikuga liitujad tõstsid ühe liitumise põhjusena esile selle kiriku seotust meie rahvuslike traditsioonide, kommete ja ajalooga. Kuigi nõukogude okupatsioon on meie ühiskonnas toonud kaasa katkestuse usuliste traditsioonide edasikandumises, mäletatakse ja peetakse osade inimeste poolt endiselt au sees pere ja suguvõsa vanu traditsioone, milles ristiusk oli omal kohal. Neid traditsioone mäletatakse enamasti vanavanemate põlvkonna vahendusel. Uurimistöö näitas ka, et konfessiooni valik ei ole kaugeltki mitte juhuslik. Mõned inimesed võivad kogudust, mille õpetuslikud seisukohad, vaated, sakramendid, palved ja jumalateenistuse kord oleksid neile tähenduslikud ja kõnekad, kaua otsida. Liitujate jaoks on enamasti oluline ka see, et koguduses valitseks soojad ja sõbralikud inimeste vahelised suhted. 21. sajandi alguse eestlaste teekonnad kogudustesse on väga mitmekesised ja erinevad. Usulised otsingud ei pruugi alata sugugi mitte kristlikest kogukondadest, vaid vahel võidakse eelnevalt tutvust teha hoopis teiste religioonide või uue vaimsuse õpetustega ning alles seejärel liikuda kristluse juurde. Liina Kilemiti doktoritöö aluseks olid nii küsitlusuuringud kui ka arvukalt süvaintervjuusid, mille käigus uuriti kõigi Eesti suuremate kristlike konfessioonide ja üksikkogudustega liitunuid. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5295634

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    Authors: Rüütel, Helina;
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    Authors: Paet, Tiina;

    The language of a people and their history are closely related; through borrowing words, we are also connected to the history of the peoples with whom we have come into linguistic contact. Vocabulary is the most changeable part of a language because societal changes are most clearly reflected in changes in vocabulary, and the influence of other languages is usually most noticeable in loanwords. The subject of this lexicological dissertation is the use of foreign elements (adapted and unadapted foreign words) in the Estonian language. The theoretical aim of the dissertation is to demonstrate what encourages and inhibits changes in the orthography of foreign words and to create a framework for handling foreign elements in general language dictionaries. The practical aim is to offer updated principles for dealing with foreign elements entering the language, especially with regard to their lexicographical presentation in the Estonian Language Institute's Combined Dictionary and the Dictionary of Standard Estonian (ÕS) to be published in 2025. Lexicographical presentation means the comprehensive description of vocabulary units, which includes not only the form of the word but also its meaning and usage. Over the last decade, there has been a shift towards usage-based corpus planning in Estonia, together with a more descriptive approach and an increased role for scientific research. The fact that dictionaries are now being compiled online also means greater public scrutiny of the process and the issues that come with it. All of this has led to a need to update and formulate the principles of corpus planning, including aspects related to the adaptation of foreign elements, such as where the boundary is drawn between an acceptable variant and a spelling mistake, how to deal with deviant spellings and forms that do not conform to the existing language rules (such as in unadapted foreign words), common phonetic adaptations, and the mixing of declension patterns, changes in word meanings, and so on. The main material for the research comes from dictionaries (mostly foreign word and standard language dictionaries) and dictionary databases, with background material from the Estonian Language Institute’s language advice database. The dissertation relies on ways foreign words have changed so far and takes a usage-based approach. Although modern lexicography and corpus planning increasingly apply usage-based principles (e.g., in decisions by the language committee) and the results of scientific research (changes to the Combined Dictionary and the Dictionary of Standard Estonian in 2025, which rely on the results of research articles), there has not been enough research into how norms function and which norms do not work. This dissertation aims to fill this gap. The results of the dissertation show that the boundary between a variant and a spelling mistake is largely a question of intuition and convention. It is difficult to establish a clear boundary between an acceptable linguistic change and a spelling mistake, but if usage shows that many language users frequently "err" in favour of a specific form, there must be a reason for it that deserves investigation. Based on the research, I have proposed a criterion that could be used in practical lexicography: if a non-standard variant is used by at least 20% of users compared to the normative variant, it may be worth considering including it as an alternative spelling. The main aspects of changes in the spelling of foreign words are the source language (its structure), the form of the borrowing in the source language and the target language, the situation of the loan, and corpus planning decisions. The Estonian language has been in contact most extensively with German and Russian, and most of its loanword stock has been borrowed from German. The process of re-borrowing is currently taking place primarily through the dominant language of English. In my thesis, I have come to the conclusion that in a general language dictionary, such as the Estonian Language Institute's Combined Dictionary, descriptive and prescriptive information units can be integrated by adding the history of an explanation or recommendation. Rahva keel ja ajalugu on omavahel seotud: sõnade laenamise kaudu ka nende rahvaste ajalooga, kellega oleme keeleliselt kokku puutunud. Sõnavara on keele kõige muutlikum osa, sest ühiskonna muutused kajastuvad kõige ehedamalt sõnavaras, teis(t)e keel(t)e mõju on tavaliselt kõige märgatavam sõnalaenudes. Siinse leksikoloogiaalase väitekirja uurimisobjekt on eesti keele võõrainese (tsitaatsõnade ja võõrsõnade) kasutamisega seonduv. Väitekirja eesmärk on näidata, mis soodustab võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumist ja mis seda takistab, ning luua raamistik võõrainese käsitlemisele üldkeele sõnaraamatuis. Praktiline eesmärk on pakkuda eesti keelekorraldusele uuendatud põhimõtteid keelde tuleva võõrainese käsitlemiseks, eeskätt leksikograafilisel esitamisel Eesti Keele Instituudi (EKI) ühendsõnastiku (ÜS) ja 2025. aastal ilmuva ÕSi tarvis. Leksikograafiline esitus tähendab sõnavaraüksuste igakülgset kirjeldamist, mis hõlmab nii sõna vormi, sisu kui ka kasutamist. Asjaolu, et nüüdisaegseid sõnaraamatuid koostatakse veebis, tähendab ühtlasi selle protsessi avalikkust ja sellega kaasnevaid küsimusi. See kõik on kaasa toonud vajaduse uuendada ja sõnastada keelekorralduse põhimõtteid, seal hulgas võõrainese kohanemisega seonduvaid, nt seda, kust jookseb piir aktsepteeritava rööpvormi ja ortograafiavea vahel, kuidas käsitleda rööpseid kirjakujusid ja keelereeglitele mittevastavaid vormistusviise (nt tsitaatsõnade puhul), levinud mugandhääldusi, käändtüüpide segunemist, sõnatähenduste muutumist jms. Tänapäeva leksikograafias ja keelekorralduses lähtutakse küll järjest enam kasutuspõhisusest (nt keeletoimkonna otsustes) ja teadusliku uurimise tulemustest (muudatused ÜSis ja ÕSis 2025), ent seni pole piisavalt uuritud, kuidas normingud toimivad ja millised normingud ei tööta. Siinne väitekiri on osa sellesuunalisest uurimistööst. Peamine uurimismaterjal pärineb sõnastikest (eeskätt võõr- ja õigekeelsussõnastikest) ja sõnastike andmebaasidest, taustamaterjal EKI keelenõu andmebaasist. Väitekirjas on vaadeldud võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumist saja aasta jooksul ja lähtutud kasutuspõhisest lähenemisviisist. Väitekirja tulemused näitavad, et see, kust läheb piir rööpvormi ja kirjavea vahel, on suuresti tunnetuslik ja kokkuleppeline. Ühest piiri aktsepteeritava keelemuutuse ja õigekirjavea vahel on raske kehtestada, ent kui kasutus näitab paljude keelekasutajate sagedast n­ö eksimist ühe vormi kasuks, siis on sellel põhjus, mis väärib uurimist. Uurimuse põhjal olen pakkunud hindamisaluse, millele võiks sõnaraamatutöös toetuda: kui norminguvastast varianti on võrreldes normingukohasega kogukasutuses vähemalt 20%, on alust kaaluda rööpvormi aktsepteerimist. Võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumise olulisemad aspektid on lähtekeel (selle struktuur), laenu kuju lähtekeeles ja vahenduskeeles, laenamise situatsioon ning keelekorraldusotsused. Eesti keel on kõige ulatuslikumalt olnud kontaktis saksa ja vene keelega, suurem osa laentüvevarast on jõudnud eesti keelde saksa keele kaudu. Praegune dominantkeel on inglise keel, mille vahendusel toimub nn taaslaenamine, samuti on see peamine uuslaenude allikas. Väitekirjas olen jõudnud järeldusele, et üldkeele sõnaraamatus, nagu EKI ühendsõnastikus, saab deskriptiivseid ja preskriptiivseid infoüksusi põimida, lisades selgituse või soovituse ajaloo. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone

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    Authors: Käpp, Triin;

    Kristlik eetika on miski, mis 21. sajandil on üpris kirgi küttev teema. Kristlikud koolid Eestis sõnastavad, et annavad lastele kristlikku väärtuskasvatust, mis tõukub kristlikust eetikast ning põhineb kristlikul maailmapildil? Mida siis ikkagi kristlikes koolides tehakse? Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks oli mõtestada Eestis kristlikes koolides rakendatavat kristlikku väärtuskasvatust ning vaadelda kristlike koolide rolli 21. sajandi alguse Eesti ühiskonnas. Seda nii Eesti ühiskonna väärtusraamistikus kui ka võrdluses teiste riikide kristliku haridusega. Eesti haridussüsteemi eesmärgiks saavutada tasakaalukas ja üksteisega arvestavate kodanikega ühiskond, kus iga inimene tunneb nii iseenda kui teise väärtust ning kus püüeldakse ühiselt ühiskondliku arengu suunas. Väga palju sõltub siinkohal aga koolide endi väärtusvalikutes nii sõnastatud väärtutes kui väärtuskasvatuse meetodite valikutes. Kristliku väärtuskasvatust on võimalik anda väga mitmete väärtuskasvatuse meetoditega, kuid üldjuhul võib tõdeda, et meie kristlikes koolides saab seda kokku võtta integreeriva väärtuskasvatuse mõistega, kus kokku on põimitud nii iseloomukasvatus kui ratsionalistlik kõlbluskasvatus. Peamise mõistena on kasutusel hingeharidus, mida nähaksegi holistlikuna nii õpilase kui kogu tema keskkonna osas. Kristliku väärtuskasvatuse aluseks on kristlik inimesekäsitlus, mis lähtub ühelt poolt inimese Jumala näolisusest ning tänu pattu langemisele lunastust vajavana ning teisalt pauliinlikust traditsioonist tulenevalt kui hinge, vaimu ja ihu täiuslikku tervikut. Kristliku kooli vajadus tänases ühiskonnas tuli eriti selgelt välja koolijuhtidega peetud intervjuudest, kus kirjeldatakse nelja olulist valdkonda: 1) väärtusühtsus kodus ja koolis; 2) turvaline traditsionaalsus; 3) usuteemadel rääkimise vabadus ja turvalisus;4) kristlik inimesekäsitlus. Neid ühendab läbiva joonena ühiskondlik lünk kristlikus hariduses, mis on seotud meie riigi lähiajalooga ning kristliku hariduse katkestusega selles. Christian ethics is a topic that many people feel rather hot-headed about. Christian Schools in Estonia declare that they conduct Christian values education that bases on Christian Ethic and Christian Worldview. What do they mean by that? The aim of my thesis was to interpret the Christian values education applied at Christian schools and to examine the role of Christian schools in Estonian society at the beginning of the 21st century both in the framework of the values of Estonian society and comparing to Christian education in other countries. An aim of the Estonian education system is to achieve a balanced society where citizens respect each other, are aware of both their own values and those of others, and strive for social progress. However, a lot depends on the value choices of the schools themselves in terms of expressed values and the methods chosen for values education. The Christian values education can be provided by a variety of values education methods, but in the case of Estonian Christian schools the chosen approach can generally be covered by the concept of integrative values education. The main term used is spiritual education, which is seen as holistic with regards to students and their environment. The basis of the Christian values education lies on the Christian view of human, which on the one hand stems from the idea of human being made in the image of God and needing salvation due to the Original Sin, and on the other from the Pauline holistic tradition. The need for a Christian school in today’s society became particularly evident in interviews with school leaders who discussed four important areas: 1) The alignment of values at home and at school; 2) Safe traditionalism; 3) The freedom and safety of religious speech; 4) The Christian approach to man. All these are important for many as we have a societal gap in the Christian education in recent Estonian history due to discontinuance of Christian education. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5459629

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    Authors: Põder, Kristin;

    https://www.ester.ee/record=b5370444*est

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    Authors: Nemvalts, Laura;
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    Authors: Glaase, Laura;

    https://www.ester.ee/record=b5564291

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jaanus, Marja-Leena;

    https://www.ester.ee/record=b5448707*est

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    Authors: Korb, Merili;
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    Authors: Tiirmaa, Kaisa;

    https://www.ester.ee/record=b5509246*est

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    Authors: Kilemit, Liina;

    Estonians are sometimes considered to be areligious, however, according to the census, almost a quarter of our population have admitted belonging to some religion. Every year, quite a few Estonian people become members of one or another Christian congregation. When our land is said to be so secular, the question arises: why do people join the church congregations at all? Liina Kilemit, PhD student of the School of Theology and Religious Studies of the University of Tartu, tried to shed light on this topic. As a result of the research, it has been found that the causes which can lead people to congregations are numerous. Among the most important ones there is an example of friends, family members, or otherwise sympathetic people, and an aspiration to explain and ponder about their own experiences and what is happening in the world, to target their lives with firm and holistic views and values. Accidents and psychological crises frequently push people for religious searches, and people can, among other things, turn to religion to find a way out. Though it is sometimes assumed that for Estonians Lutheranism is not strongly associated with our national culture and identity, the Kilemiti’s study revealed that this is not the case. Those who joined the Lutheran Church highlighted the association of this church with our national traditions, customs and history as a reason for joining. Although the Soviet occupation has led to an interruption in the transmission of religious traditions in our society, the old traditions of family and next of kin, where Christianity was in its place, are still remembered and held by some people. These traditions are mostly remembered by the grandparents’ generation. The research also showed that the choice of confession is far from being random. Some people may be in a long-term search for a church whose teachings, views, sacraments, prayers, and worship arrangements are meaningful and eloquent to them. Another key factor for new members is having warm and friendly interpersonal relationships in the congregation. The journeys of Estonians to church communities at the beginning of the 21st century are numerous and diverse. Religious searches may start far from Christian congregations, sometimes people may first probe other religions or new spiritual teachings, and only then turn to Christianity. Liina Kilemit’s doctoral thesis was based on interview surveys as well as on numerous in-depth interviews, in which those who joined all major Christian denominations and individual congregations in Estonia were studied. Kuigi eestlasi kiputakse mõnikord pidama usuleigeteks, tunnistab rahvaloenduse andmetel peaaegu neljandik meie elanikkonnast mõnda usku. Igal aastal saab üsna paljudest Eesti inimestest ühe või teise kristliku koguduse liige. Kui meie maa on väidetavalt nii ilmalik, tekib küsimus: miks inimesed üldse liituvad kogudustega? Sellele teemale püüdis valgust heita Tartu Ülikooli usuteaduskonna doktorandi Liina Kilemiti doktoritöö. Uurimistöö tulemusena selgus, et põhjusi, mis inimesi kogudustesse võib viia, on arvukalt. Olulisematest võib nimetada sõprade, pereliikmete või muidu sümpaatsete inimeste eeskuju ning soovi enda kogemusi ja maailmas toimuvat usu abil seletada ja mõtestada ning oma elu kindlate ja terviklike seisukohtade ning väärtuste abil eesmärgistada. Usulistele otsingutele tõukavad inimesi sageli ka õnnetused ja psühholoogilised kriisid, millest väljapääsu leidmiseks võivad inimesed muuhulgas pöörduda ka usu poole. Kui vahel on arvatud, et eestlaste jaoks ei seostu luterlus kuigi tugevalt meie rahvusliku kultuuri ja identiteediga, siis Kilemiti uuring näitas, et see nii siiski ei ole. Luterliku kirikuga liitujad tõstsid ühe liitumise põhjusena esile selle kiriku seotust meie rahvuslike traditsioonide, kommete ja ajalooga. Kuigi nõukogude okupatsioon on meie ühiskonnas toonud kaasa katkestuse usuliste traditsioonide edasikandumises, mäletatakse ja peetakse osade inimeste poolt endiselt au sees pere ja suguvõsa vanu traditsioone, milles ristiusk oli omal kohal. Neid traditsioone mäletatakse enamasti vanavanemate põlvkonna vahendusel. Uurimistöö näitas ka, et konfessiooni valik ei ole kaugeltki mitte juhuslik. Mõned inimesed võivad kogudust, mille õpetuslikud seisukohad, vaated, sakramendid, palved ja jumalateenistuse kord oleksid neile tähenduslikud ja kõnekad, kaua otsida. Liitujate jaoks on enamasti oluline ka see, et koguduses valitseks soojad ja sõbralikud inimeste vahelised suhted. 21. sajandi alguse eestlaste teekonnad kogudustesse on väga mitmekesised ja erinevad. Usulised otsingud ei pruugi alata sugugi mitte kristlikest kogukondadest, vaid vahel võidakse eelnevalt tutvust teha hoopis teiste religioonide või uue vaimsuse õpetustega ning alles seejärel liikuda kristluse juurde. Liina Kilemiti doktoritöö aluseks olid nii küsitlusuuringud kui ka arvukalt süvaintervjuusid, mille käigus uuriti kõigi Eesti suuremate kristlike konfessioonide ja üksikkogudustega liitunuid. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5295634

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    Authors: Rüütel, Helina;
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    Authors: Paet, Tiina;

    The language of a people and their history are closely related; through borrowing words, we are also connected to the history of the peoples with whom we have come into linguistic contact. Vocabulary is the most changeable part of a language because societal changes are most clearly reflected in changes in vocabulary, and the influence of other languages is usually most noticeable in loanwords. The subject of this lexicological dissertation is the use of foreign elements (adapted and unadapted foreign words) in the Estonian language. The theoretical aim of the dissertation is to demonstrate what encourages and inhibits changes in the orthography of foreign words and to create a framework for handling foreign elements in general language dictionaries. The practical aim is to offer updated principles for dealing with foreign elements entering the language, especially with regard to their lexicographical presentation in the Estonian Language Institute's Combined Dictionary and the Dictionary of Standard Estonian (ÕS) to be published in 2025. Lexicographical presentation means the comprehensive description of vocabulary units, which includes not only the form of the word but also its meaning and usage. Over the last decade, there has been a shift towards usage-based corpus planning in Estonia, together with a more descriptive approach and an increased role for scientific research. The fact that dictionaries are now being compiled online also means greater public scrutiny of the process and the issues that come with it. All of this has led to a need to update and formulate the principles of corpus planning, including aspects related to the adaptation of foreign elements, such as where the boundary is drawn between an acceptable variant and a spelling mistake, how to deal with deviant spellings and forms that do not conform to the existing language rules (such as in unadapted foreign words), common phonetic adaptations, and the mixing of declension patterns, changes in word meanings, and so on. The main material for the research comes from dictionaries (mostly foreign word and standard language dictionaries) and dictionary databases, with background material from the Estonian Language Institute’s language advice database. The dissertation relies on ways foreign words have changed so far and takes a usage-based approach. Although modern lexicography and corpus planning increasingly apply usage-based principles (e.g., in decisions by the language committee) and the results of scientific research (changes to the Combined Dictionary and the Dictionary of Standard Estonian in 2025, which rely on the results of research articles), there has not been enough research into how norms function and which norms do not work. This dissertation aims to fill this gap. The results of the dissertation show that the boundary between a variant and a spelling mistake is largely a question of intuition and convention. It is difficult to establish a clear boundary between an acceptable linguistic change and a spelling mistake, but if usage shows that many language users frequently "err" in favour of a specific form, there must be a reason for it that deserves investigation. Based on the research, I have proposed a criterion that could be used in practical lexicography: if a non-standard variant is used by at least 20% of users compared to the normative variant, it may be worth considering including it as an alternative spelling. The main aspects of changes in the spelling of foreign words are the source language (its structure), the form of the borrowing in the source language and the target language, the situation of the loan, and corpus planning decisions. The Estonian language has been in contact most extensively with German and Russian, and most of its loanword stock has been borrowed from German. The process of re-borrowing is currently taking place primarily through the dominant language of English. In my thesis, I have come to the conclusion that in a general language dictionary, such as the Estonian Language Institute's Combined Dictionary, descriptive and prescriptive information units can be integrated by adding the history of an explanation or recommendation. Rahva keel ja ajalugu on omavahel seotud: sõnade laenamise kaudu ka nende rahvaste ajalooga, kellega oleme keeleliselt kokku puutunud. Sõnavara on keele kõige muutlikum osa, sest ühiskonna muutused kajastuvad kõige ehedamalt sõnavaras, teis(t)e keel(t)e mõju on tavaliselt kõige märgatavam sõnalaenudes. Siinse leksikoloogiaalase väitekirja uurimisobjekt on eesti keele võõrainese (tsitaatsõnade ja võõrsõnade) kasutamisega seonduv. Väitekirja eesmärk on näidata, mis soodustab võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumist ja mis seda takistab, ning luua raamistik võõrainese käsitlemisele üldkeele sõnaraamatuis. Praktiline eesmärk on pakkuda eesti keelekorraldusele uuendatud põhimõtteid keelde tuleva võõrainese käsitlemiseks, eeskätt leksikograafilisel esitamisel Eesti Keele Instituudi (EKI) ühendsõnastiku (ÜS) ja 2025. aastal ilmuva ÕSi tarvis. Leksikograafiline esitus tähendab sõnavaraüksuste igakülgset kirjeldamist, mis hõlmab nii sõna vormi, sisu kui ka kasutamist. Asjaolu, et nüüdisaegseid sõnaraamatuid koostatakse veebis, tähendab ühtlasi selle protsessi avalikkust ja sellega kaasnevaid küsimusi. See kõik on kaasa toonud vajaduse uuendada ja sõnastada keelekorralduse põhimõtteid, seal hulgas võõrainese kohanemisega seonduvaid, nt seda, kust jookseb piir aktsepteeritava rööpvormi ja ortograafiavea vahel, kuidas käsitleda rööpseid kirjakujusid ja keelereeglitele mittevastavaid vormistusviise (nt tsitaatsõnade puhul), levinud mugandhääldusi, käändtüüpide segunemist, sõnatähenduste muutumist jms. Tänapäeva leksikograafias ja keelekorralduses lähtutakse küll järjest enam kasutuspõhisusest (nt keeletoimkonna otsustes) ja teadusliku uurimise tulemustest (muudatused ÜSis ja ÕSis 2025), ent seni pole piisavalt uuritud, kuidas normingud toimivad ja millised normingud ei tööta. Siinne väitekiri on osa sellesuunalisest uurimistööst. Peamine uurimismaterjal pärineb sõnastikest (eeskätt võõr- ja õigekeelsussõnastikest) ja sõnastike andmebaasidest, taustamaterjal EKI keelenõu andmebaasist. Väitekirjas on vaadeldud võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumist saja aasta jooksul ja lähtutud kasutuspõhisest lähenemisviisist. Väitekirja tulemused näitavad, et see, kust läheb piir rööpvormi ja kirjavea vahel, on suuresti tunnetuslik ja kokkuleppeline. Ühest piiri aktsepteeritava keelemuutuse ja õigekirjavea vahel on raske kehtestada, ent kui kasutus näitab paljude keelekasutajate sagedast n­ö eksimist ühe vormi kasuks, siis on sellel põhjus, mis väärib uurimist. Uurimuse põhjal olen pakkunud hindamisaluse, millele võiks sõnaraamatutöös toetuda: kui norminguvastast varianti on võrreldes normingukohasega kogukasutuses vähemalt 20%, on alust kaaluda rööpvormi aktsepteerimist. Võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumise olulisemad aspektid on lähtekeel (selle struktuur), laenu kuju lähtekeeles ja vahenduskeeles, laenamise situatsioon ning keelekorraldusotsused. Eesti keel on kõige ulatuslikumalt olnud kontaktis saksa ja vene keelega, suurem osa laentüvevarast on jõudnud eesti keelde saksa keele kaudu. Praegune dominantkeel on inglise keel, mille vahendusel toimub nn taaslaenamine, samuti on see peamine uuslaenude allikas. Väitekirjas olen jõudnud järeldusele, et üldkeele sõnaraamatus, nagu EKI ühendsõnastikus, saab deskriptiivseid ja preskriptiivseid infoüksusi põimida, lisades selgituse või soovituse ajaloo. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone

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    Authors: Käpp, Triin;

    Kristlik eetika on miski, mis 21. sajandil on üpris kirgi küttev teema. Kristlikud koolid Eestis sõnastavad, et annavad lastele kristlikku väärtuskasvatust, mis tõukub kristlikust eetikast ning põhineb kristlikul maailmapildil? Mida siis ikkagi kristlikes koolides tehakse? Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks oli mõtestada Eestis kristlikes koolides rakendatavat kristlikku väärtuskasvatust ning vaadelda kristlike koolide rolli 21. sajandi alguse Eesti ühiskonnas. Seda nii Eesti ühiskonna väärtusraamistikus kui ka võrdluses teiste riikide kristliku haridusega. Eesti haridussüsteemi eesmärgiks saavutada tasakaalukas ja üksteisega arvestavate kodanikega ühiskond, kus iga inimene tunneb nii iseenda kui teise väärtust ning kus püüeldakse ühiselt ühiskondliku arengu suunas. Väga palju sõltub siinkohal aga koolide endi väärtusvalikutes nii sõnastatud väärtutes kui väärtuskasvatuse meetodite valikutes. Kristliku väärtuskasvatust on võimalik anda väga mitmete väärtuskasvatuse meetoditega, kuid üldjuhul võib tõdeda, et meie kristlikes koolides saab seda kokku võtta integreeriva väärtuskasvatuse mõistega, kus kokku on põimitud nii iseloomukasvatus kui ratsionalistlik kõlbluskasvatus. Peamise mõistena on kasutusel hingeharidus, mida nähaksegi holistlikuna nii õpilase kui kogu tema keskkonna osas. Kristliku väärtuskasvatuse aluseks on kristlik inimesekäsitlus, mis lähtub ühelt poolt inimese Jumala näolisusest ning tänu pattu langemisele lunastust vajavana ning teisalt pauliinlikust traditsioonist tulenevalt kui hinge, vaimu ja ihu täiuslikku tervikut. Kristliku kooli vajadus tänases ühiskonnas tuli eriti selgelt välja koolijuhtidega peetud intervjuudest, kus kirjeldatakse nelja olulist valdkonda: 1) väärtusühtsus kodus ja koolis; 2) turvaline traditsionaalsus; 3) usuteemadel rääkimise vabadus ja turvalisus;4) kristlik inimesekäsitlus. Neid ühendab läbiva joonena ühiskondlik lünk kristlikus hariduses, mis on seotud meie riigi lähiajalooga ning kristliku hariduse katkestusega selles. Christian ethics is a topic that many people feel rather hot-headed about. Christian Schools in Estonia declare that they conduct Christian values education that bases on Christian Ethic and Christian Worldview. What do they mean by that? The aim of my thesis was to interpret the Christian values education applied at Christian schools and to examine the role of Christian schools in Estonian society at the beginning of the 21st century both in the framework of the values of Estonian society and comparing to Christian education in other countries. An aim of the Estonian education system is to achieve a balanced society where citizens respect each other, are aware of both their own values and those of others, and strive for social progress. However, a lot depends on the value choices of the schools themselves in terms of expressed values and the methods chosen for values education. The Christian values education can be provided by a variety of values education methods, but in the case of Estonian Christian schools the chosen approach can generally be covered by the concept of integrative values education. The main term used is spiritual education, which is seen as holistic with regards to students and their environment. The basis of the Christian values education lies on the Christian view of human, which on the one hand stems from the idea of human being made in the image of God and needing salvation due to the Original Sin, and on the other from the Pauline holistic tradition. The need for a Christian school in today’s society became particularly evident in interviews with school leaders who discussed four important areas: 1) The alignment of values at home and at school; 2) Safe traditionalism; 3) The freedom and safety of religious speech; 4) The Christian approach to man. All these are important for many as we have a societal gap in the Christian education in recent Estonian history due to discontinuance of Christian education. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5459629

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