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AbstractThousands of Roma were killed in Ukraine by the Nazis and auxiliary police on the spot. There are more than 50,000 Roma in today’s Ukraine, represented by second and third generation decendants of the genocide survivors. The discussion on Roma identity cannot be isolated from the memory of the genocide, which makes the struggle over the past a reflexive landmark that mobilizes the Roma movement. About twenty Roma genocide memorials have been erected in Ukraine during last decade, and in 2016 the national memorial of the Roma genocide was opened in Babi Yar. However, scholars do not have a clear picture of memory narratives and memory practices of the Roma genocide in Ukraine. A comprehensive analysis of the contemporary situation is not possible without an examination of the history and memory of the Roma genocide before 1991.

ObjectiveNeck-specific exercises for individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) have shown promising results, but there is also a need for more efficient and flexible ways of rehabilitation, such as use of digital health tools. Understanding physiotherapists’ experiences of an internet-based tool may help to improve digital tools within physiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to describe how physiotherapists’ experience an internet-based neck-specific exercise program for patients with chronic WAD.MethodsThis study has a qualitative design. Focus group discussions were held with physiotherapists who have been treating patients with chronic WAD, using an internet-based neck-specific exercises program in a randomized controlled multi-center trial in south and central Sweden. Three focus groups were held with three participants in each group. Phenomenography was applied as a research approach for data analysis.ResultsOne main category was identified as “internet-based program as a complement to regular rehabilitation,” with five descriptive sub-categories: (a) support in patient work; (b) usefulness based on a patient's prerequisites and preferences; (c) physiotherapist and patient interaction; (d) increasing efficiency in rehabilitation; and (e) enabling patient participation, autonomy and self-management.ConclusionsFrom a physiotherapy perspective, an internet-based program could work as a method of complementary support to the standard rehabilitation treatment for patients with chronic WAD, as long as it is interactive and adjustable to the individual. The internet-based program could lead to increased autonomy and self-efficacy, and save resources and time for physiotherapists and patients. Further, more research is needed to strengthen these digital tools within the healthcare system.

Le noyau Borenshult-1, foré à proximité de Motala, à l'est du lac Vättern, dans le centre-sud de la Suède, comprend une succession bien datée et presque complète de carbonates marins marneux déposés relativement près de la terre. Les 34 échantillons de noyau analysés pour la palynologie englobent la partie supérieure du Darriwilian (calcaire de Furudal), l'ensemble du Sandbian (calcaire de Dalby, k-bentonite de Kinnekulle et calcaire de Skagen inférieur) et la partie inférieure du Katian (calcaire de Skagen). L'âge de cet intervalle est bien limité au Darriwilian tardif (tranche de stade Dw3)précoce Katian (Stage slice Ka1), basé sur les conodontes et la datation 206Pb/238U des dépôts de cendres volcaniques. Les échantillons ont produit principalement du phytoplancton marin à parois organiques, principalement des acritarches, avec des chitinozoaires subordonnés, des scolécodontes et des fragments de graptolites. Des palynomorphes terrestres épars, représentés par des cryptospores et des spores triletes, ont également été trouvés dans 23 des échantillons. Un total de 154 espèces d'acritarches correspondant à 53 genres a été identifié, ainsi que de faibles pourcentages de formes anormales (formes teratologiques) d'espèces d'acritarches à certains niveaux. La distribution graphique strati des genres et des espèces a permis trois assemblages palynologiques à distinguer : Assemblage A d'un âge Darriwilien tardif, Assemblage B d'un âge Sandbien (subdivisé en sous-assemblages B1 et B2), et Assemblage C daté comme Katian.Genera tels que Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium et Orthosphaeridum, qui sont communs dans les assemblages de phytoplancton Ordovicien moyen de Baltica, sont bien représentés, avec plusieurs espèces, principalement dans l'Assemblage A et le sous-assemblage B1, jusqu'au Sandbien inférieur.Toutefois, la présence d'une majorité de taxons avec une distribution mondiale soutient le cosmopolitisme des assemblages étudiés, déjà proposé de commencer près de la transition Darriwilian-Sandbian.Notamment, les taxons de phytoplancton avec des affinités siluriennes, précédemment connus de l'Hirnantien, apparaissent pour la première fois dans la partie tardive Darriwilian du noyau de forage Borenshult-1 (Dw3) .Les taxons importants sont Tylotopalla et Metaleiofusa, qui est définitivement établi depuis le début du Sandbian (Ordovicien tardif précoce), ainsi que la première apparition du genre Visbysphaera.Ces événements remettent en question la relation entre l'apparition de morphotypes de phytoplancton pionniers et la glaciation hirnantienne.Autres taxons sans enregistrements pré-siluriens tels que Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum et Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae sont ici présents dans le Sandbien, où des lits de bentonite sont intercalés.Le genre Frankea est enregistré pour la première fois chez l'Ordovicien de Suède, suggérant une distribution latitudinale haute à moyenne au lieu d'une distribution périgondwanaise.La plus grande diversité correspond au Darriwilien et en partie aux assemblages de Sandbien, suivie d'un déclin significatif du Katien.Les principaux changements sont observés dans le Sandbien, avec une baisse significative de la diversité, ce qui est probablement lié à une activité volcanique intense ressentie par les lits de bentonite.La diversité ainsi que les taux d'origination et de renouvellement sont les plus bas de l'intervalle portant la suite de K-bentonites, en particulier près de la plus épaisse d'entre elles.La baisse marquée de la diversité dans la partie katienne de la succession, visible à la fois dans les faibles origines et l'abondance, est peut-être liée à une régression au début de la GICE (excursion carbone isotopique de Guttenberg), avec des conditions environnementales et climatiques moins favorables.Les changements dans les assemblages de phytoplancton ainsi que l'apparition de morphologies innovantes d'acritarques ont été précédemment interprétés comme une conséquence de l'environnement et les perturbations climatiques liées à la glaciation de l'Ordovicien. Nous montrons ici que les premières apparitions de ces taxons avancés ont déjà eu lieu environ 15 Ma plus tôt, suggérant qu'une combinaison possible de facteurs tels que les changements du niveau de la mer et le volcanisme a déclenché ces changements, au lieu d'un événement majeur tel que la glaciation hirnantienne. De plus, ces nouvelles découvertes remettent en question les modèles précédents d'évolution et de rayonnement du phytoplancton de l'Ordovicien et font de Baltica un nouveau domaine clé pour la recherche paléogéographique. El núcleo de Borenshult-1, perforado en las proximidades de Motala, al este del lago Vättern en el centro-sur de Suecia, comprende una sucesión bien datada y casi completa de carbonatos marrones marinos depositados relativamente cerca de la tierra. Las 34 muestras de núcleo analizadas para la palinología abarcan la parte superior del Darriwilian (piedra caliza furudal), todo el Sandbian (piedra caliza Dalby, la Kinnekulle K-bentonita y la piedra caliza Skagen inferior) y la parte inferior del Katian (piedra caliza Skagen). La edad de este intervalo está bien restringida al Darriwilian tardío (etapa Dw3)temprano Katian (Stage slice Ka1), basado en conodontes y datación 206Pb/238U de depósitos de ceniza volcánica. Las muestras arrojaron predominantemente fitoplancton de paredes orgánicas marinas, principalmente acritarcos, con quitinozoos subordinados, scolecodontos y fragmentos de graptolitos. También se encontraron palinomorfos terrestres dispersos, representados por criptosporas y esporas triletas, en 23 de las muestras. Se identificaron un total de 154 especies de acritarcos correspondientes a 53 géneros, así como bajos porcentajes de formas anormales (formas teratológicas) de especies de acritarcos en algunos niveles. La distribución gráfica estratigráfica de géneros y especies permitió tres ensamblajes palinológicos. a distinguir: el Ensamblaje A de una edad Darriwiliana tardía, el Ensamblaje B de una edad Sandbiana (subdividido en subensamblajes B1 y B2) y el Ensamblaje C fechado como Katian.Genera como Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium y Orthosphaeridum, que son comunes en los ensamblajes de fitoplancton del Ordovícico Medio de Báltica, están bien representados, con varias especies, principalmente en el Ensamblaje A y el subensamblaje B1, hasta el Sandbiano inferior. Sin embargo, la presencia de una mayoría de taxones con distribución mundial apoya el cosmopolitismo de los ensamblajes estudiados, ya propuesto para comenzar cerca de la transición Darriwilian-Sandbian. Cabe destacar que los taxones de fitoplancton con afinidades silúricas, previamente conocidos del Hirnantiense, aparecen por primera vez en la parte tardía del Darriwiliense del taladro Borenshult-1 (Dw3) .Los taxones importantes que se producen son Tylotopalla y Metaleiofusa, que se establece definitivamente desde el comienzo del Sandbiense (Ordovícico Tardío temprano), junto con la primera aparición del género Visbysphaera. Estas ocurrencias cuestionan la relación entre la aparición de morfotipos de fitoplancton pioneros y la glaciación Hirnantiana. Otros taxones sin registros pre-silúricos como Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum y Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae están aquí presentes en el Sandbiano, donde los lechos de bentonita se intercalan. El género Frankea se registra por primera vez en el Ordovícico de Suecia, lo que sugiere una distribución latitudinal alta a media en lugar de una distribución peri-Gondwana. La mayor diversidad corresponde al Darriwiliano y en parte a los conjuntos Sandbianos, seguido de una disminución significativa en el Katiano. Los principales cambios se observan en el Sandbiano, con una caída significativa en la diversidad, que probablemente esté relacionado con la intensa actividad volcánica resentida por los lechos de bentonita. La diversidad, así como las tasas de originación y rotación, son las más bajas en el intervalo que soporta el conjunto de bentonitas K, particularmente cerca de las más gruesas. La marcada caída en la diversidad en la parte katiana de la sucesión, visible tanto en bajas originaciones como en abundancia, posiblemente esté relacionada con una regresión al inicio del GICE (excursión de carbono isotópica de Guttenberg), con condiciones ambientales y climáticas menos favorables. Los cambios en los ensamblajes de fitoplancton junto con el inicio de morfologías innovadoras de acritarcos se interpretaron previamente como consecuencia de la y las perturbaciones climáticas relacionadas con la glaciación del Ordovícico. Aquí mostramos que las primeras apariciones de estos taxones avanzados ya ocurrieron hace unos 15 Ma, lo que sugiere que una posible combinación de factores como los cambios en el nivel del mar y el vulcanismo desencadenaron estos cambios, en lugar de un evento importante como la glaciación de Hirnantian. Además, estos nuevos hallazgos desafían los modelos anteriores de evolución y radiación del fitoplancton del Ordovícico y establecen a Baltica como una nueva área clave para la investigación paleogeográfica. The Borenshult-1 core, drilled in the vicinity of Motala, east of Lake Vättern in south central Sweden, comprises a well-dated and nearly complete succession of marine marly carbonates deposited relatively close to land.The 34 core samples analyzed for palynology encompass the upper part of the Darriwilian (Furudal Limestone), the entire Sandbian (Dalby Limestone, the Kinnekulle K-bentonite and the lower Skagen Limestone) and the lower part of the Katian (Skagen Limestone).The age of this interval is well-constrained to the late Darriwilian (Stage slice Dw3)early Katian (Stage slice Ka1), based on conodonts and 206Pb/238U dating of volcanic ash deposits.The samples yielded predominantly marine organic-walled phytoplankton, mainly acritarchs, with subordinate chitinozoans, scolecodonts and fragments of graptolites.Sparse terrestrial palynomorphs, represented by cryptospores and trilete spores, were also found in 23 of the samples.A total of 154 acritarch species corresponding to 53 genera were identified, as well as low percentages of abnormal forms (teratological forms) of acritarch species at some levels.The strati graphic distribution of genera and species allowed for three palynological assemblages to be distinguished: Assemblage A of a late Darriwilian age, Assemblage B of a Sandbian age (further subdivided into sub-assemblages B1 and B2), and Assemblage C dated as Katian.Genera such as Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium and Orthosphaeridum, which are common in Middle Ordovician phytoplankton assemblages from Baltica, are well represented, with several species, mainly in Assemblage A and sub-assemblage B1, up to the lower Sandbian.However, the presence of a majority of taxa with worldwide distribution supports the cosmopolitanism of the studied assemblages, already proposed to begin near the Darriwilian-Sandbian transition.Notably, phytoplankton taxa with Silurian affinities, previously known from the Hirnantian, appear for the first time in the late Darriwilian part of the Borenshult-1 drillcore (Dw3).Important taxa occurring are Tylotopalla and Metaleiofusa, which is definitively established from the beginning of the Sandbian (early Late Ordovician), together with the first appearance of the genus Visbysphaera.These occurrences question the relationship between the appearance of pioneering phytoplankton morphotypes and the Hirnantian glaciation.Other taxa with no pre-Silurian records such as Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum and Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae are here present in the Sandbian, where bentonite beds are intercalated.The genus Frankea is recorded for the first time from the Ordovician of Sweden, suggesting a high to middle latitudinal distribution instead of a peri-Gondwanan distribution.The highest diversity corresponds to the Darriwilian and partly to the Sandbian assemblages, followed by a significant decline in the Katian.The main changes are observed in the Sandbian, with a significant drop in diversity, which is probably related to intense volcanic activity rep resented by the bentonite beds.Diversity as well as origination and turnover rates are the lowest in the interval bearing the suite of K-bentonites, particularly near the thickest of them.The marked drop in diversity in the Katian part of the succession, visible in both low originations and abundance, is possibly related to a regression at the onset of the GICE (Guttenberg isotope carbon excursion), with less favorable environmental and climatic conditions.Changes in phytoplankton assemblages together with the onset of innovative morphologies of acritarchs were previously interpreted as a consequence of environmental and climatic perturbations related to the Ordovician glaciation.Here we show that the first appearances of these advanced taxa already occurred ca 15 Ma earlier, suggesting that a possible combination of factors such as sea level changes and volcanism triggered these changes, instead of a major event such as the Hirnantian glaciation.Additionally, these new findings challenge previous models of evolution and radiation of the Ordovician phytoplankton and set up Baltica as a new key area for paleogeographical research. يشتمل قلب Borenshult -1، الذي تم حفره بالقرب من Motala، شرق بحيرة Vättern في جنوب وسط السويد، على تعاقب جيد وكامل تقريبًا من كربونات المارلي البحرية المودعة بالقرب من الأرض نسبيًا. وتشمل العينات الأساسية الـ 34 التي تم تحليلها لعلم الحفريات الجزء العلوي من Darriwilian (الحجر الجيري الفروي)، و Sandbian بأكمله (Dalby Limestone، و Kinnekulle K - bentonite و Skagen Limestone السفلي) والجزء السفلي من Katian (Skagen Limestone). عمر هذه الفترة مقيد جيدًا بالراحل Darriwilian (شريحة Stage Dw3) في وقت مبكر كاتيان (شريحة المرحلة Ka1)، استنادًا إلى المخروطيات و 206Pb/238U التي يرجع تاريخها إلى رواسب الرماد البركاني. أسفرت العينات في الغالب عن العوالق النباتية البحرية ذات الجدران العضوية، وخاصة أكريتاركس، مع الكيتينوزانات التابعة، والسكولودونات وشظايا الجريبتوليت. كما تم العثور على أشكال أرضية متباينة، ممثلة في أبواغ خفية وأبواغ ثلاثية، في 23 من العينات. تم تحديد ما مجموعه 154 نوعًا من أنواع النرجسية المقابلة لـ 53 جنسًا، بالإضافة إلى نسب مئوية منخفضة من الأشكال غير الطبيعية (الأشكال المسخية) لأنواع النرجسية على بعض المستويات. سمح التوزيع الرسومي الطبقي للأجناس والأنواع بثلاثة تجمعات حركية ليتم تمييزها: التجميع أ في أواخر العصر الدارويلي، التجميع ب في العصر الرملي (مقسم أيضًا إلى تجميعات فرعية B1 و B2)، والتجميع ج المؤرخ بالكاتية .الجنس مثل Baltisphaeridium و Ordovicidium و Pachysphaeridium و Orthosphaeridum، وهي شائعة في تجمعات العوالق النباتية الأوردوفية الوسطى من Baltica، ممثلة تمثيلاً جيدًا، مع العديد من الأنواع، بشكل رئيسي في التجميع أ والتجميع الفرعي B1، حتى Sandbian السفلي. ومع ذلك، فإن وجود غالبية الأصناف ذات التوزيع العالمي يدعم عالمية التجمعات المدروسة، تم اقتراحها بالفعل للبدء بالقرب من التحول الداريويلي- الساندبي. بشكل ملحوظ، تظهر أصناف العوالق النباتية ذات الانتماءات السيلورية، والمعروفة سابقًا من الهيرنانتية، لأول مرة في الجزء الداريويلي المتأخر من النواة الحفرية بورنشولت-1 (Dw3). والأصناف الهامة التي تحدث هي تايلوتوبالا وميتاليوفوسا، والتي تم تأسيسها بشكل نهائي من بداية الساندبيان (الأوردوفيشي المتأخر المبكر)، إلى جانب الظهور الأول لجنس Visbysphaera.The these occurrences question the relationship between the appearance of pioneering phytoplankton morphotypes and the Hirnantian glaciation.Other taxa with no pre - Silurian records such as Visbysphaera pirifera sub.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum and Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae موجودة هنا في Sandbian، حيث يتم إقحام أسرة البنتونيت. يتم تسجيل جنس Frankea لأول مرة من الأوردوفيشي السويدي، مما يشير إلى توزيع خط العرض العالي إلى المتوسط بدلاً من توزيع شبه جندواني. يتوافق أعلى تنوع مع Darriwilian وجزئيًا مع تجمعات Sandbian، يليه انخفاض كبير في Katian. لوحظت التغييرات الرئيسية في Sandbian، مع انخفاض كبير في التنوع، والذي ربما يكون مرتبطًا بممثل النشاط البركاني المكثف المستاء من طبقات البنتونيت. التنوع وكذلك معدلات المنشأ والدوران هي الأدنى في الفترة التي تحمل مجموعة البنتونيت K، خاصة بالقرب من سمكه. من المحتمل أن يكون الانخفاض الملحوظ في التنوع في الجزء الكاتاني من الخلافة، المرئي في كل من المنشأ المنخفض والوفرة، مرتبطًا بالانحدار في بداية GICE (رحلة الكربون بنظائر Guttenberg)، مع ظروف بيئية ومناخية أقل ملاءمة. تم تفسير التغيرات في تجمعات العوالق النباتية جنبًا إلى جنب مع بداية المورفولوجيات المبتكرة للنرجس الصخري سابقًا كنتيجة للظروف البيئية والاضطرابات المناخية المتعلقة بالتجلد الأوردوفيشي. هنا نظهر أن المظاهر الأولى لهذه الأصناف المتقدمة حدثت بالفعل قبل 15 مليون سنة مضت، مما يشير إلى أن مجموعة محتملة من العوامل مثل تغيرات مستوى سطح البحر والبراكين تسببت في هذه التغييرات، بدلاً من حدث كبير مثل التجلد الهيرنانتي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تتحدى هذه النتائج الجديدة النماذج السابقة لتطور وإشعاع العوالق النباتية الأوردوفيشية وتضع البلطيقا كمنطقة رئيسية جديدة للبحث في الجغرافيا القديمة.

Iron ore mining in the Norrbotten region of Sweden began in the early years of the twentieth century as a commercially uncertain and even dangerous proposition. But even before it began to generate profits, public debate began over the appropriate role of the state and of private capital (including foreign investors). This included whether iron ore should be exported for profit or retained for future processing in Sweden—even though the technology and infrastructure for such domestic industry did not exist. Tracing the evolution of this debate in the Swedish news media through to the First World War, this paper argues that the revenue generated by exports became more attractive than the promise of future domestic industry because that revenue could underwrite pressing political objectives. Although domestic iron ore processing remained linked to visions of future industrial prosperity, uncertain visions of future prosperity lost appeal as the capacity for export revenues to generate prosperity in the present became more potent.

School in the shadow: Private education in Stockholm 1735. During the early eighteenth century, private education was a more significant sector of the educational market than was public education, regarding the number of students and teachers, the presence of female students and teachers, the social background of the students, and the introduction of a more diverse and modern curriculum. Hitherto, little has been known of the actual scope or general conditions of private education, which has been over-shadowed by studies of public education. The article maps private education through the Stockholm Church Consistory’s (Stockholms stads konsistorium) thorough inventory of private teachers in the capital of Sweden during 1734–36, providing information of both suppliers and consumers within the private sector of the educational market, as well as of the practice and functions of private education in early modern time.

Denna uppsats är en studie av Blåsmarks bönhusförenings nedläggning och överlåtelsen avbönhuset till Blåsmarks DUF år 1947. Studien är begränsad till tidsperioden 1945–1948 föratt undersöka föreningarna innan och efter den händelse som är i fokus i uppsatsen och ärbaserad på de mötesprotokoll bägge föreningar förde under tidsperioden 1945-1948. Iuppsatsen undersöks föreningarnas arbete innan bönhusföreningens nedläggning 1947 samtorsakerna bakom dess nedläggning och vilka följder det fick för Blåsmarks DUF. Skeendetundersöks ur ett processperspektiv och följer den analytiskt-rationella modellen. Studiensresultat visade att bönhusföreningens nedläggning och överlåtelse av bönhus till BlåsmarksDUF var ett beslut taget främst på grund av att båda föreningarna bestod av samma medlemmar och arbetet med bönhuset redan till stor del utfördes av Blåsmarks DUF. Vidarevisade även studien att arbetet för Blåsmarks DUF föreföll sig detsamma efter övertagandetav bönhuset men att det utökades till att omfatta frågor gällande skötseln av bönhuset. Detframkom även i studien hur Blåsmarks DUF glädjes av att få ett eget bönhus och att beslutetfrån båda föreningar varit enhälligt och utan opposition.  This thesis offers a study of the closure of the Blåsmarks bönhusförenings and the transfer ofthe prayer house to Blåsmarks DUF in 1947. The study is limited to the period 1945-1948 toexamine the associations before and after the events in question and is based on the protocolswritten during both associations’ meetings between 1945-1948. The essay examines theassociations’ work before Blåsmarks bönhusförenings closure in 1947, the reasons behind itsclosure and what consequences it had for Blåsmarks DUF. The event is examined from a process perspective and follows the analytical-rational model. The results of the study showedthat Blåsmarks bönhusförenings closure and the transfer of the prayer house was a decisionmade mainly because both associations consisted of the same members and the work with theprayer house was already largely carried out by Blåsmarks DUF. Furthermore, the study alsoshowed that the work for Blåsmarks DUF is pleased to have its own prayer house and that thedecision to transfer it to them was unanimous and without opposition. 

This essay examines the disability movement in Värmland from 1956 to 1962, through a case study of the association RBU Värmland. Focusing on the starting point of the association, it explores whether their initial purpose and ambitions were fulfilled. RBU Värmland's main purpose was to promote the improved care and treatment of children with Cerebral Palsy, as well as to provide information and support to their parents. The association meant to work with these particular issues because of the disadvantages that these children and their families faced in the society of this time. For example, the healthcare in Sweden did not have the resources to provide satisfactory treatment for the children, and parents had to struggle to take care of them. During the association’s first ten years, it succeeded in improving both these aspects of the lives of children with Cerebral Palsy and their families. They carried out treatment periods where these children received much needed care, while their parents acquired knowledge and support through courses, amongst other things. In the essay, the interpretation of these actions draws on both Michel Foucault's perspective on power, as well as feminist theory. In light of Foucault’s ideas, the association is interpreted as a tool of power, where everyone involved were exercising power on various occasions. Sometimes the motif was to help the children in different ways, and sometimes the purpose was a different one, but either way power was exercised and redistributed. Denna uppsats undersöker handikapprörelsen i Värmland från 1952 till 1962, genom en fallstudie av föreningen RBU Värmland. I fokus ligger föreningens startpunkt, och om deras initiala syfte och ambitioner blev uppfyllda. RBU Värmland hade som sitt huvudsakliga syfte att verka för CP-skadade barns förbättrade vård och behandling, samt att stötta och ge upplysning till deras föräldrar. Föreningen menade att arbeta för just dessa frågor eftersom de var eftersatta i den tidens samhälle, då vården saknade resurser för att bereda en tillfredsställande vård för barnen, samtidigt som föräldrarna fick slita mycket hårt för sina barns omsorg. Föreningen lyckades under sina första tio år att förbättra båda dessa aspekter av de CP-skadade barnens samt deras anhörigas liv, då de bland annat genomförde behandlingsperioder där barnen fick välbehövlig vård, samtidigt som föräldrarna fick hjälp genom kurser, ekonomiskt stöd och dylikt. Dessa gärningar tolkas i uppsatsen både utifrån Michel Foucaults maktperspektiv, samt feministiska teoribildningar. I ljus av Foucaults idéer tolkas föreningen som ett maktredskap, där samtliga aktörer vid olika tillfällen utövade makt. Ibland var motivet att på olika sätt hjälpa de CP-skadade barnen, och ibland var motivet något annat, men oavsett utövades och omfördelades makt. 

This dissertation investigates the role played by Dutch experts in various enterprises and organisations managed or administered by the early modern Swedish state. The work demonstrates how and why Dutch experts were introduced to Sweden, in what manner they were employed by the Swedish state and how their knowledge was utilised in state-controlled organisations. The overall results challenge the impression of an uncomplicated introduction, steered by the state. Instead, the research suggests that the development was multifaceted, where the role and function of state structures, international politics, networks, as well as concepts, including opportunism and pragmatism all played a part in the process which led to the employment of Dutch experts and use of Dutch knowledge. Underlying analytical tools used to demonstrate this include concepts such as collective knowledge, institutional memory, change agents, as well as strategies to minimise uncertainties and knowledge asymmetries in the recruitment process. The investigation consists of four empirical chapters. The first chapter focuses on some of the key Dutch individuals who settled in Sweden during the second half of the sixteenth century. It shows why a Dutch settlement took place, but also how a specific interest in Dutch trade expertise was developed by the Swedish political leadership. The chapter concludes with an analysis of how Dutch expertise was utilised to develop advanced long-distance trade. The second chapter follows the use of Dutch experts in the naval shipbuilding organisation in the first half of the seventeenth century. It shows how an almost complete reliance on Dutch experts and technical knowledge was established during this period. The chapter details how the Dutch introduction and utilisation evolved, when the naval organisation changed from being single-handedly steered by the king, to a situation where it was administered by an independent Admiralty Board. The third chapter investigates the use of Dutch experts in the foreign administration as well as in the administration and management of trade and commercial undertakings. It details how agents and diplomatic networks facilitated exchange and brought knowledge and experts to Sweden. The chapter also challenges an established notion that many of the trade enterprises that were established in Sweden up until the mid-1630s were failures. The results instead demonstrate how successive proposals to develop commercial ventures by Dutch experts created a necessary knowledge base in Swedish society, which in the long run led to the successful formation of advanced commercial enterprises. The final chapter focuses on the establishment of commercial fishing operations. It follows the introduction and growth of a Dutch model for how to develop advanced fishing, and explains why the model only led to a functioning enterprise towards the very end of the period of investigation.