Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the Abu Sayyaf Group continues its militant activities in the Southern Philippines and Sabah. There is a need to rethink strategies by both the Philippines and Malaysia to tackle the ASG more effectively. Published version
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The influence of the perception of a single trait, such as the aesthetic appearance, on the global evaluation of a person is a phenomenon widely investigated in social psychology. Mostly defined as Halo Effect, this phenomenon has been deeply studied for more than a hundred years now, and findings such as the relationship between aesthetic appearance and other personality traits like competence and trustworthiness have since been uncovered. The latter plays an especially crucial role in individuals’ social interactions. Despite the large body of literature published on the Halo Effect, and especially on the relationship between aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness, little is known about the overall generalizability of the effect. Almost all of the studies have been conducted on adult participants from western countries. Moreover, nothing is known about the stability of the effect over time, in the event of major destabilization, such as a new pandemic outbreak. In this work, the cross-cultural generalizability of the Halo Effect is investigated, as well as its stability over time and its explotability. Six different studies on the Halo Effect are here reported. In chapter 3, a comparison of the evaluation of participants of two different ethnic groups —Asian and Caucasian— toward individuals of their ethnic ingroup or outgroup is made. Additionally, the variations in the intensity of the Halo in adults and children are investigated. In chapter 4, the differences between two different Halo Effects (Liking times Trustworthiness and Aesthetic × Trustworthiness) are investigated. In chapter 5, the time-evolution changes of the strength of the Halo Effect during the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outbreak are investigated, to study the stability of the effect over time. Chapter 6 investigates how the usage of a Prime that promotes more or less contact with others influence 9 the Halo Effect’s stability, while chapter 7 investigates the stability affected by a change in the aesthetic appearance of strangers, induced by face mask wearing. Finally, chapter 8 investigates the exploitability of the Halo Effect of faces, by employing them as tools to increase the perceived Trustworthiness of an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Taken together, the results of the six studies confirm that the effect extends across individuals of different cultures, but not across individuals of different ages. Significant differences have in fact been found in the strength of the relationship between adults and children. Additionally, the effect has been proven to be affected by external events, such as the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, with a fast return to the baseline level. Results from chapter 5, 6, and 7 confirm the instability of the effect over time, while results of chapter 8 suggests that faces can be exploited to increase the perceived Trustworthiness of objects. Overall, the findings support the effect’s theoretical underpinnings and uniformity in adults, the uniqueness of children’s faces, and the opportunity of using the effect to improve perceived traits such as trustworthiness. Doctor of Philosophy
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We are writing this openly-published letter to express deep concerns regarding the paper recently published in JAMA Network Open: Estimation of US Children’s Educational Attainment and Years of Life Lost Associated With Primary School Closures During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28786The paper by Christakis, Van Cleve, and Zimmerman(2020,abbrev. CVZ) is built upon multiple critically flawed assumptions, obvious misuse of the standard analytical tools, and clear mistakes in study design. Additionally, the analysis presented contains crucial mathematical and statistical errors that completely revert the main results, sufficient that if the estimates had been calculated according to the declared methodology, the results would completely contradict the stated conclusions and policy recommendations. These are not idle criticisms. This study has received enormous public attention, and its results immediately appeared in discussions of public health policies around schools worldwide. The central question is resolving an evidence base for the inevitable tradeoff between (a) the very real harms of missed education provoked by policies that decrease viral spread vs. (b) the resumption of education as a social good which increases viral spread. This is an incredibly important public health question, and it demands careful cost-benefit analysis. To that end, this paper adds no usable evidence whatsoever.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in a global pandemic after its first appearance in December 2019 remains circulating in our society. Since then, many mutations had emerged such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron and many other mutations even with the discovery of vaccinations. Therefore, the possibility of a mutation of higher infectivity appearing exists as long as the virus remains in circulation. The ability to predict infectivity of possible mutations remains crucial in protecting lives. Infectivity is measured by the interaction between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 (antibody) and the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) on human cells(antigen). Both of which are proteins and can be generally classified as protein-protein interactions in an antigen-antibody complex. Topological descriptors generated by persistent homology captures the intrinsic biological information of protein-protein interactions upon mutation through the extraction of essential features from high-dimensional dataset. Machine learning model employed like the Gradient Boosting Tree (GBT) incorporates topological descriptors to predict changes in binding affinity upon mutations. The changes in binding affinity indicates if the mutation has strengthened in its infectivity. Bachelor of Science in Mathematical Sciences and Economics
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SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is orchestrated by the spike (S) glycoprotein that contains an immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD) targeted by the largest fraction of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in COVID-19 patient plasma. Little is known about neutralizing Abs binding to epitopes outside the RBD and their contribution to protection. Here, we describe 41 human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) derived from memory B cells, which recognize the SARS-CoV-2 S N-terminal domain (NTD) and show that a subset of them neutralize SARS-CoV-2 ultrapotently. We define an antigenic map of the SARS-CoV-2 NTD and identify a supersite recognized by all known NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs. These mAbs inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect Syrian hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the 501Y.V2 and B.1.1.7 lineages, harbor frequent mutations localized in the NTD supersite suggesting ongoing selective pressure and the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs to protective immunity. ispartof: location:United States status: Published online ispartof: bioRxiv
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handle: 10986/36542
This brief presents the main findings from a rapid phone survey conducted by the World Bank across eight South Asian countries. The primary aim of the survey was to understand changes in the labor market among different groups. Additional questions were included on households’ ability to meet basic needs, safety nets, and coping mechanisms. In Sri Lanka, the survey was implemented between September and December 2020, and therefore helps assess the short-term impact of the COVID-19 crisis.
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Although the types of coronaviruses seen in animals differ, recent studies have also shown that they are affected by COVID-19, known as SARS-CoV-2. The impact of COVID-19 on animals is a factor that should be followed carefully, especially since different variants appear in humans every day and this disease is transmitted from human to animal. Thanks to vaccination, animals are less affected by different types of coronaviruses. Cats and ferrets are especially affected much more in COVID-19, causing damage to the lungs and other organs. Recently, it has been shown that the use of monoclonal antibodies, especially in the early stages of COVID-19, by people with chronic diseases, positively affects the course of the disease, reduces the frequency of hospitalization and the possibility of falling into intensive care. Sotrovimab is a pan-sarbecovirus monoclonal antibody, and 12-13 studies to date have shown that individuals with chronic disease are less affected when given in the early stages of the disease when the symptoms are mild. We also think that if especially old cats and ferrets are treated with Sotrovimab in the early stages of the disease when they contract COVID-19, it will positively affect the prognosis of the disease.
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The perspective of procurement and supply chain management is changing dramatically; traditionally, it was seen as a support function; however, the procurement function is receiving increased attention and investment as an essential contributor to the strategic success and a business enabler. While an end-to-end digital supply chain is an opportunity as it unleashes the next level of strategic growth and involves minimal investment in infrastructure, it is still a challenge to optimize and transform. Furthermore, the recent pandemics and geopolitical disruptions of Covid-19, the Ukraine-Russian war, Brexit and the US-China trade war; have structurally changed the global economy and revealed a new risk assessment that will result in the re-introduction of buffers, boundaries across industries and a partial return to regionalization with sort of de-globalization in which existing just-in-time getting replaced by just-in-case strategy.
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handle: 11250/2978472
Despite common perceptions to the contrary, pandemic diseases do not affect populations indiscriminately. In this paper, we review literature produced by demographers, historians, epidemiologists, and other researchers on disparities during the 1918–20 influenza pandemic and the Covid-19 pandemic. Evidence from these studies demonstrates that lower socio-economic status and minority/stigmatized race or ethnicity are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. However, such research often lacks theoretical frameworks or appropriate data to explain the mechanisms underlying these disparities fully. We suggest using a framework that considers proximal and distal factors contributing to differential exposure, susceptibility, and consequences as one way to move this research forward. Further, current pandemic preparedness plans emphasize medically defined risk groups and epidemiological approaches. Therefore, we conclude by arguing in favour of a transdisciplinary paradigm that recognizes socially defined risk groups, includes input from the social sciences and humanities and other diverse perspectives, and contributes to the reduction of health disparities before a pandemic hits.
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This research was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic. In an attempt to bridge a knowledge gap, a phenomenological study was carried out to answer the question “What is shared between people’s experiences of doing home-based telework during the Covid-19 pandemic?”. Four people who were currently working from home participated in the study of which three were women. A method of empirical psychological phenomenology or EPP was used in both research process and analysis. The results were that a digital adjustment had been made and digital communication was used in place of regular social interactions. These interactions were not as satisfactory as regular social interactions. The work was more flexible which lead to blurred boundaries and a greater ability to structure the workday after personal needs. A reduced work motivation and personal impact of Covid-19 was found. Also, there were new insights on the viability of telework and digital solutions going forward. This study contributed to a gap in research by providing insight into what the experience of teleworking during the Covid-19 pandemic may look like, which was an unexplored field.
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Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the Abu Sayyaf Group continues its militant activities in the Southern Philippines and Sabah. There is a need to rethink strategies by both the Philippines and Malaysia to tackle the ASG more effectively. Published version
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The influence of the perception of a single trait, such as the aesthetic appearance, on the global evaluation of a person is a phenomenon widely investigated in social psychology. Mostly defined as Halo Effect, this phenomenon has been deeply studied for more than a hundred years now, and findings such as the relationship between aesthetic appearance and other personality traits like competence and trustworthiness have since been uncovered. The latter plays an especially crucial role in individuals’ social interactions. Despite the large body of literature published on the Halo Effect, and especially on the relationship between aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness, little is known about the overall generalizability of the effect. Almost all of the studies have been conducted on adult participants from western countries. Moreover, nothing is known about the stability of the effect over time, in the event of major destabilization, such as a new pandemic outbreak. In this work, the cross-cultural generalizability of the Halo Effect is investigated, as well as its stability over time and its explotability. Six different studies on the Halo Effect are here reported. In chapter 3, a comparison of the evaluation of participants of two different ethnic groups —Asian and Caucasian— toward individuals of their ethnic ingroup or outgroup is made. Additionally, the variations in the intensity of the Halo in adults and children are investigated. In chapter 4, the differences between two different Halo Effects (Liking times Trustworthiness and Aesthetic × Trustworthiness) are investigated. In chapter 5, the time-evolution changes of the strength of the Halo Effect during the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outbreak are investigated, to study the stability of the effect over time. Chapter 6 investigates how the usage of a Prime that promotes more or less contact with others influence 9 the Halo Effect’s stability, while chapter 7 investigates the stability affected by a change in the aesthetic appearance of strangers, induced by face mask wearing. Finally, chapter 8 investigates the exploitability of the Halo Effect of faces, by employing them as tools to increase the perceived Trustworthiness of an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Taken together, the results of the six studies confirm that the effect extends across individuals of different cultures, but not across individuals of different ages. Significant differences have in fact been found in the strength of the relationship between adults and children. Additionally, the effect has been proven to be affected by external events, such as the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, with a fast return to the baseline level. Results from chapter 5, 6, and 7 confirm the instability of the effect over time, while results of chapter 8 suggests that faces can be exploited to increase the perceived Trustworthiness of objects. Overall, the findings support the effect’s theoretical underpinnings and uniformity in adults, the uniqueness of children’s faces, and the opportunity of using the effect to improve perceived traits such as trustworthiness. Doctor of Philosophy
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We are writing this openly-published letter to express deep concerns regarding the paper recently published in JAMA Network Open: Estimation of US Children’s Educational Attainment and Years of Life Lost Associated With Primary School Closures During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28786The paper by Christakis, Van Cleve, and Zimmerman(2020,abbrev. CVZ) is built upon multiple critically flawed assumptions, obvious misuse of the standard analytical tools, and clear mistakes in study design. Additionally, the analysis presented contains crucial mathematical and statistical errors that completely revert the main results, sufficient that if the estimates had been calculated according to the declared methodology, the results would completely contradict the stated conclusions and policy recommendations. These are not idle criticisms. This study has received enormous public attention, and its results immediately appeared in discussions of public health policies around schools worldwide. The central question is resolving an evidence base for the inevitable tradeoff between (a) the very real harms of missed education provoked by policies that decrease viral spread vs. (b) the resumption of education as a social good which increases viral spread. This is an incredibly important public health question, and it demands careful cost-benefit analysis. To that end, this paper adds no usable evidence whatsoever.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in a global pandemic after its first appearance in December 2019 remains circulating in our society. Since then, many mutations had emerged such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron and many other mutations even with the discovery of vaccinations. Therefore, the possibility of a mutation of higher infectivity appearing exists as long as the virus remains in circulation. The ability to predict infectivity of possible mutations remains crucial in protecting lives. Infectivity is measured by the interaction between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 (antibody) and the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) on human cells(antigen). Both of which are proteins and can be generally classified as protein-protein interactions in an antigen-antibody complex. Topological descriptors generated by persistent homology captures the intrinsic biological information of protein-protein interactions upon mutation through the extraction of essential features from high-dimensional dataset. Machine learning model employed like the Gradient Boosting Tree (GBT) incorporates topological descriptors to predict changes in binding affinity upon mutations. The changes in binding affinity indicates if the mutation has strengthened in its infectivity. Bachelor of Science in Mathematical Sciences and Economics
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SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is orchestrated by the spike (S) glycoprotein that contains an immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD) targeted by the largest fraction of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in COVID-19 patient plasma. Little is known about neutralizing Abs binding to epitopes outside the RBD and their contribution to protection. Here, we describe 41 human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) derived from memory B cells, which recognize the SARS-CoV-2 S N-terminal domain (NTD) and show that a subset of them neutralize SARS-CoV-2 ultrapotently. We define an antigenic map of the SARS-CoV-2 NTD and identify a supersite recognized by all known NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs. These mAbs inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect Syrian hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the 501Y.V2 and B.1.1.7 lineages, harbor frequent mutations localized in the NTD supersite suggesting ongoing selective pressure and the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs to protective immunity. ispartof: location:United States status: Published online ispartof: bioRxiv
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handle: 10986/36542
This brief presents the main findings from a rapid phone survey conducted by the World Bank across eight South Asian countries. The primary aim of the survey was to understand changes in the labor market among different groups. Additional questions were included on households’ ability to meet basic needs, safety nets, and coping mechanisms. In Sri Lanka, the survey was implemented between September and December 2020, and therefore helps assess the short-term impact of the COVID-19 crisis.
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Although the types of coronaviruses seen in animals differ, recent studies have also shown that they are affected by COVID-19, known as SARS-CoV-2. The impact of COVID-19 on animals is a factor that should be followed carefully, especially since different variants appear in humans every day and this disease is transmitted from human to animal. Thanks to vaccination, animals are less affected by different types of coronaviruses. Cats and ferrets are especially affected much more in COVID-19, causing damage to the lungs and other organs. Recently, it has been shown that the use of monoclonal antibodies, especially in the early stages of COVID-19, by people with chronic diseases, positively affects the course of the disease, reduces the frequency of hospitalization and the possibility of falling into intensive care. Sotrovimab is a pan-sarbecovirus monoclonal antibody, and 12-13 studies to date have shown that individuals with chronic disease are less affected when given in the early stages of the disease when the symptoms are mild. We also think that if especially old cats and ferrets are treated with Sotrovimab in the early stages of the disease when they contract COVID-19, it will positively affect the prognosis of the disease.