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  • European Marine Science

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pinzelli, Eric;

    In 1684, the Venetian Republic joined the Empire, Poland and the Papacy in driving back the Ottoman forces that had just suffered a crushing defeat under the walls of Vienna. In a few campaigns, the Serenissima’s troops succeeded in securing the entire Peloponnese (the Morea), through the occupation of the main strongholds. The treaty of Karlowitz of 1699 ratified this conquest but, fifteen years later, the Turks took it back almost without a struggle. This barely known episode, often considered as a fruitless attempt from a Republic on the brink of decline, is here considered from diplomatic and strategic viewpoints, at the core of larger international stakes. The present study, chiefly based on unused archival material, unveils the different phases of the conflict between the Porte and the Holy League in the various fields, and attempts to examine the real significance of the Venetian intervention, the motivations, the means and the potential, the organization, the strategies. En 1684, la République de Venise s’allia à l’Empire, à la Pologne et à la Papauté pour repousser les Ottomans qui venaient de subir un cinglant échec devant Vienne. En quelques campagnes, les troupes de la Sérénissime parvinrent à s’emparer de tout le Péloponnèse (ou Morée) en occupant les places fortes du pays. Le traité de Karlowitz de 1699 entérina cette conquête mais, quinze années plus tard, les Turcs la récupérèrent sans peine. Cet épisode mal connu, souvent interprété comme le vain baroud d’honneur d’une Venise sur le déclin, a ici été traité du point de vue diplomatique et stratégique ; il se situe au cœur d’enjeux internationaux beaucoup plus larges. Cette étude, basée largement sur des documents d’archives inédits, retrace les différentes phases du conflit opposant la Sainte Ligue à la Porte sur les divers théâtres d’opérations, et tente d’analyser le rôle exact joué par les Vénitiens, leurs motivations, leurs moyens, leur organisation, leurs stratégies.

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    Authors: Reversat, Jérôme; Silan, Patrick;

    In the Etang de Thau (Herault, France), three species of Helicometra parasitize in their adult stage the digestive tract of the black goby Gobius niger, the grass goby Zosterisessor ophiocephalus, the grey wrasse Symphodus cinereus, and the common eel Anguilla anguilla (Teleostei). These fish act as definitive hosts in the biological cycle of these platyhelminths. Also H. gobii exists in G. niger, Z. ophiocephalus, S. cinereus and A. anguilla ; H. fasciata is found in G. niger ; and H. pulchella is only found in S. cinereus. In the case of the two gobies and the eel, these three congeneric digenes sometimes coexist in the same infracommunity. Spatio-temporal analysis of these different populations has enabled : 1) detection of seasonal variations in their structure, 2) identification of the relationships between the nature of their specificity and demographic strategy, and 3) the global absence of statistical dependence between the intensities of different species in the same infracommunity to be show. Implications arising from previous research concerning the demographic behaviour of these trematodes in their first intermediate host (mollusc compartment), were taken into account when interpreting structures observed in the definitive hosts. The problems of coexistence between these species, which are taxonomically very close in the same parasite community, and the under-lying speciation mechanisms are discussed in the light of population structuration.

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    Authors: Wang, Weili;

    L’environnement maritime du littoral implique de nombreux processus complexes, mais le manque de données en haute résolution couvrant une large zone sur une longue période est souvent l’obstacle principal à des recherches plus approfondies. Le radar haute-fréquence (HF) est un moyen de faire de la télédétection afin d’obtenir pratiquement en temps réel de l’information sur la surface de la mer et sur une large zone. Ainsi l’étude de l’inversion des paramètres marins à partir de données issues de radars HF est réellement porteuse de sens. Cette thèse fait l’usage d’un jeu de données collectées durant 13 mois par deux réseaux de radar HF à commande de phase pour étudier les caractéristiques de signaux d’échos de la mer, étudier les données à traiter et les méthodes d’inversion, calculer les paramètres de la surface de la mer et évaluer la précision de l’inversion radar des paramètres de la houle.Cette thèse se réfère à l’onde de sol radar HF, dont les ondes radio interagissent avec l’océan du fait de la diffraction de résonance de Bragg. Nous passons en revue l’historique et les applications du radar HF. Nous rappelons les bases de la théorie des ondes électromagnétiques. Nous décrivons les principes d’inversion des courants de surface de la mer, direction du vent et paramètres de houles. La faisabilité de l’inversion de paramètres de houle est examinée. A partir de l’analyse théorique et des études statistiques de nombreux échantillons de données, cette thèse propose une série de méthodes sur le traitement du signal brut et le contrôle de qualité, ce qui inclut la détermination du niveau de bruit, le moyennage des données dans l’espace et le temps, l’identification correcte des pics spectraux, le seuil de largeur de pic, etc. Respectant les caractéristiques de différents processus physiques, les inversions de courant et de vent utilisent des spectres collectés toutes les 20 minutes ; l’inversion des paramètres de houle utilise des spectres moyennés sur 1 heure. Les statistiques des spectres utilisés pour le calcul des paramètres de houle sont présentées pour chacune des stations. Un ensemble de programme efficaces de calculs automatiques avec une complexité algorithme réduite sont développés pour réaliser le traitement et en tirer les paramètres marins.Les vitesses de courants radiales sont obtenues à partir d’une unique station radar. Les champs de vecteurs de courants sont obtenus en combinant chaque station. On montre une année de débit moyen dans la mer d’Iroise, ainsi que le calcul de la vorticité et de la divergence. On étudie un ensemble de données d’un mois du radar SeaSonde de Qingdao. Les schémas de débit moyen, ainsi que la vorticité et la divergence sur un mois sont présentés.La direction relative du vent par rapport à la direction de visée du radar est mesurée à travers le ratio des amplitudes des pics de Bragg. Différents modèles empiriques sont employés pour obtenir la vitesse relative du vent par inversion radar. Les résultats présentés sont en accord avec les estimations prédites par le modèle. Différents modèles de distribution directionnelle sont utilisés pour mesurer le facteur de diffusion pour la mer d’Iroise.Cette thèse se concentre sur l’étude des paramètres de houle. Les résultats sont validés à l’aide de bouées et de données du modèle de vagues (Wavewatch III). L’estimation montre que la précision de la fréquence de houle est très bonne, la précision sur la hauteur significative de houle est très raisonnable et la précision sur la direction absolue de la houle est faible. La cohérence des mesures par chacune des stations radars est vérifiée par comparaison entre les deux. L’utilisation conjointe des échantillons est également prise en charge pour réaliser l’inversion. L’utilisation de deux radars n’améliore pas seulement la précision, mais résout aussi l’ambiguïté de direction relative de houle à partir d’une unique station et donne la direction absolue de vague avec une certaine précision. Nearshore marine environment contains many complex processes, but the lack of high-resolution data over a large area during a long time is often the primary obstacle to further research. High-frequency (HF) radar is a mean of remote sensing which obtains continuous near-real time sea surface information over a large area. Thus the study of inversion of marine parameters from HF radar data is very meaningful. Thisthesis makes use of a 13-month-long dataset collected by two phased array HF radar to investigate the characteristics of the sea echo signals, study the data processing and inversion methods, compute sea surface parameters and evaluate the accuracy of radarinversion of swell parameters.The thesis refers to the ground wave HF radar, whose radio waves interact with ocean by Bragg resonance scattering. The development history and applications of HF radar is introduced. The basic theory of electromagnetic wave is reviewed. The principles of inversion of sea surface current, wind direction and swell parameters are described. The feasibility of the swell parameter inversion is investigated. Based on theoretical analysis and statistical studies of a large number of samples, the thesis proposes a series of methods on raw signal processing and quality control, including the determination of the noise level, data averaging in space and time, the proper identification of spectral peaks, the peak width threshold, etc. Respecting the characteristics of different physical processes, inversions of current and wind use spectra collected every 20 min; inversion of swell parameters uses one-hour averaged spectra. The statistics of qualified spectra for swell parameter calculations are presented for both stations. A set of efficient, with a reduced computational cost, automatic computing programs are developed to do the processing and derive marine parameters. Radial current velocities are derived from single radar station. Current vector fields are obtained by combination of both stations. One-year mean flow field in the Iroise Sea is shown, together with the computation of vorticity and divergence. A one-month SeaSonde radar dataset off Qingdao is studied. One-month mean flow pattern together with vorticity and divergence are presented.Relative wind direction with respect to radar look direction is measured through ratio of Bragg peaks amplitudes. Different empirical models are employed to derive radar-inverted relative wind direction. Results show reasonable agreement with model estimations. Different directional distribution models are used to measure the spreading factor for the Iroise Sea. The thesis focuses on the study of swell parameters. Results are validated by buoy and wave model (WAVEWATCH III) data. The assessments show that the accuracy of swell frequency is very good, the accuracy of swell significant waveheight is reasonable, and the accuracy of relative swell direction is low.Consistency of measurements by both radar stations is verified by comparison between the two. This also supports the use of double samples to do the inversion. Use of two radars not only further improves the accuracy but also solves the ambiguity of relative swell direction from single station and gives the absolute wave direction to a certain precision. The thesis proposes a constant relative directionmethod to derive swell significant waveheight, based on the studies of radar integral equation and the inverted results of relative swell direction. This proposal is demonstrated to improve the agreement of radar inversion and buoy/model provided significant waveheight and increases significantly the number of samples. The thesis investigates the accuracy of swell parameters obtained by HF radar. Contributions of random errors in radar observations are quantified. Comparing the differences between radar and buoy/model estimations gives assessments of the contribution of radar intrinsic uncertainty and contribution of other factors.

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    Authors: Michaud, H.; Marsaleix, P.; Leredde, Y.; Estournel, C.; +4 Authors

    We develop and implement a new method to take into account the impact of waves into the 3-D circulation model SYMPHONIE (Marsaleix et al., 2008, 2009a) following the simplified equations of Bennis et al. (2011) which use glm2z-RANS theory (Ardhuin et al., 2008c). These adiabatic equations are completed by additional parameterizations of wave breaking, bottom friction and wave-enhanced vertical mixing, making the forcing valid from the surf zone through to the open ocean. The wave forcing is performed by wave generation and propagation models WAVEWATCH III® (Tolman, 2008, 2009; Ardhuin et al., 2010) and SWAN (Booij et al., 1999). The model is tested and compared with other models for a plane beach test case, previously tested by Haas and Warner (2009)and Uchiyama et al. (2010). A comparison is also made with the laboratory measurements of Haller et al. (2002) of a barred beach with channels. Results fit with previous simulations performed by other models and with available observational data. Finally, a realistic case is simulated with energetic waves travelling over a coast of the Gulf of Lion (in the northwest of the Mediterranean Sea) for which currents are available at different depths as well as an accurate bathymetric database of the 0–10 m depth range. A grid nesting approach is used to account for the different forcings acting at different spatial scales. The simulation coupling the effects of waves and currents is successful to reproduce the powerful northward littoral drift in the 0–15 m depth zone. More precisely, two distinct cases are identified: When waves have a normal angle of incidence with the coast, they are responsible for complex circulation cells and rip currents in the surf zone, and when they travel obliquely, they generate a northward littoral drift. These features are more complicated than in the test cases, due to the complex bathymetry and the consideration of wind and non-stationary processes. Wave impacts in the inner shelf are less visible since wind and regional circulation seem to be the predominant forcings. Besides, a discrepancy between model and observations is noted at that scale, possibly linked to an underestimation of the wind stress. This three-dimensional method allows a good representation of vertical current profiles and permits the calculation of the shear stress associated with waves and currents. Future work will focus on the combination with a sediment transport model.

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    Copernicus Publications
    Other ORP type . 2018
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      Copernicus Publications
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    Authors: Saas, Claire;

    Selon les chiffres officiels, plus de 3 000 migrants sont morts en 2015, en tentant de traverser la mer Égée ou la Méditerranée et atteindre des Etats membres de l'Union Européenne. Jusqu'à présent, ces derniers, avec le soutien de l'Agence Européenne Frontex, ont essayé d'empêcher les migrants d'arriver sur le territoire de l’UE, notamment à travers la détection pré-frontalière et les opérations de refoulement. Malgré l’obligation légale de fournir une assistance aux personnes en détresse en mer, consacrée dans différentes conventions internationales, les États membres de l’UE refusent souvent d’intervenir. La situation du « left-to-die boat » est l’un des rares cas dans lesquels des plaintes pour non-assistance aux migrants en détresse en mer ont été déposées dans plusieurs pays de l’UE. Cela montre à quel point il est difficile d’engager la responsabilité des entités étatiques ou supranationales à raison des morts en mer et faire en sorte que les droits en mer prévalent sur les politiques migratoires restrictives. En outre, empêcher l’accès des migrants au territoire de l’UE est contraire au principe juridique de la liberté de navigation prévue par la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (UNCLOS). La pénalisation des migrants restreint également cette voie de libre circulation des personnes. According to official figures, more than 3 000 migrants died in 2015, while attempting to cross Aegean or Mediterranean Seas and reach European Union member states. Up until now, the latter with the support of Frontex, European Union Agency, have tried to prevent migrants from arriving onto the EU territory, namely through pre-frontier detection and push-backs operations. Despite the legal obligation to render assistance to people in distress at sea enshrined in different international conventions, EU member states often fail to intervene. The left-to-die boat situation is one of the rarest cases in which complaints for non-assistance to migrants in distress at sea were lodged in several EU countries. It shows how difficult it is to demand accountability for deaths at sea and make rights at sea prevail over restrictive migration policies. Moreover, preventing migrants to access EU territory is contrary to the legal channel of free navigation under the UNCLOS Convention. Criminalizing migrants restrict this channel of free movement.

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    Authors: Maier Cornelia; Hegeman Jan; Weinbauer Markus G; Gattuso Jean-Pierre;

    The cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa is one of the few species able to build reef-like structures and a 3-dimensional coral framework in the deep oceans. Furthermore, deep cold-water coral bioherms may be among the first marine ecosystems to be affected by ocean acidification. Colonies of L. pertusa were collected during a cruise in 2006 to cold-water coral bioherms of the Mingulay reef complex (Hebrides, North Atlantic). Shortly after sample collection onboard these corals were labelled with calcium-45. The same experimental approach was used to assess calcification rates and how those changed due to reduced pH during a cruise to the Skagerrak (North Sea) in 2007. The highest calcification rates were found in youngest polyps with up to 1% d−1 new skeletal growth and average rates of 0.11±0.02% d−1±S.E.). Lowering pH by 0.15 and 0.3 units relative to the ambient level resulted in calcification being reduced by 30 and 56%. Lower pH reduced calcification more in fast growing, young polyps (59% reduction) than in older polyps (40% reduction). Thus skeletal growth of young and fast calcifying corallites suffered more from ocean acidification. Nevertheless, L. pertusa exhibited positive net calcification (as measured by 45Ca incorporation) even at an aragonite saturation state (Ωa) below 1.

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    Authors: Assolen, Alexandra;

    Introduction : les tumeurs adipeuses sont les plus fréquentes des tumeurs des tissus mous chez l’adulte. Elles comportent des tumeurs bénignes : les lipomes et des tumeurs malignes : les liposarcomes. Le terme de tumeur adipeuse atypique (ALT) est utilisé pour les liposarcomes bien différenciés (de bas grade) des membres. Le diagnostic préopératoire repose sur une micro biopsie percutanée radioguidée qui constitue le gold standard à ce jour avec étude histologique et recherche d’amplification du gène MDM2 qui caractérise les tumeurs adipeuses atypiques, représentant l’objectif de notre étude. Matériels et méthodes : nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective dans le service d’Anatomie pathologique du CHU de la Timone portant sur 107 prélèvements micro-biopsiques scanno-guidées de tumeurs adipeuses bien différenciées de l’adulte localisées aux membres réalisées entre 2010 et 2018. Dans tous les cas la recherche d’amplification du gène MDM2 par Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) a été réalisée. Le diagnostic final a été porté sur la pièce d’exérèse. Pour la totalité des cas de liposarcomes ainsi que pour 22 lipomes la recherche d’amplification du gène MDM2 a été réalisée sur la biopsie et sur la pièce d’exérèse par deux techniques différentes : FISH et digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Résultats : 24 diagnostics de tumeurs adipeuses atypiques ont été faits en préopératoire. 1 cas de liposarcome myxoïde avec territoires bien différenciés adipeux majoritaires et 4 autres ALT ont été diagnostiquées sur pièce opératoire uniquement en raison des aspects histologiques et grâce à la répétition des examens moléculaires. La sensibilité de la FISH sur micro biopsie est de 86%. Celle de la ddPCR de 56% sur micro biopsie et de 86% pour les pièces opératoires. L’hétérogénéité tumorale et le faible niveau d’amplification du gène MDM2 dans les ALT sont en grande partie responsables des discordances observées entre le diagnostic préopératoire et définitif. Conclusion : Nous avons conclu à une bonne performance de la micro biopsie scanno-guidée pour le diagnostic préopératoire des tumeurs adipeuses atypiques lorsque l’analyse moléculaire est couplée à l’histologie. La FISH apparaît plus sensible que la ddPCR pour la détection de l’amplification du gène MDM2 sur micro biopsie. Cependant la ddPCR est capable de mettre en évidence l’amplification même en présence d’une polysomie. Il est important de remettre en question le diagnostic réalisé sur micro biopsie si des arguments cliniques ou histologiques « atypiques » sont mis en évidence sur la pièce d’exérèse. Dans ces cas il ne faut pas hésiter à renouveler les techniques moléculaires. Enfin, il ne faut pas méconnaitre un éventuel liposarcome myxoïde « avec territoires adipeux bien différenciés extensifs » grâce à la confrontation anatomo-clinique.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Malviya, Shruti;

    Les diatomées (Stramenopiles, Bacillariophyceae) jouent un rôle important sur le plan écologique et sont l'un des groupes phytoplanctoniques les plus divers, avec environ 1800 espèces planctoniques estimées. Bien que largement étudiées, leurs modèles de diversité et de distribution biogéographique ne sont pas bien connus. L'avènement du séquençage de l'ADN à haut débit a révolutionné les études de biodiversité moléculaire facilitant la compréhension de la biogéographie, de la structure des communautés et des processus écologiques. Les deux principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont (1) d'enquêter sur les modèles de la biodiversité mondiale et la structure des communautés de diatomées planctoniques à travers les océans du monde, et (2) de comprendre les mécanismes et processus déterminants la structure de la communauté. Cette thèse présente également une première tentative de discerner la répartition des espèces rares dans les communautés de protistes. L'étude a été réalisée en utilisant les données de metabarcoding générées à partir des échantillons biologiques et des données environnementales associées recueillies au cours de la campagne Tara Oceans (2009-2013), une circumnavigation globale couvrant toutes les principales provinces océaniques. Le matériel d’étude pour cette thèse est constitué d’un total de 12 millions de séquences de la sous unité V9 du 18S ribosomal (barcode), récoltées à partir de 46 stations soit 293 échantillons. Basée sur 63371 metabarcodes de diatomées uniques, cette étude présente une évaluation approfondie de la distribution mondiale des diatomées et de leur diversité. Les analyses révèlent des faits marquants liées à la biogéographie des diatomées, par exemple une nouvelle estimation du nombre total d'espèces de diatomées planctoniques, une diversité considérable inconnue, une diversité exceptionnellement élevée en haute mer, et des patrons de diversité complexes entre les provinces océaniques. La thèse examine ensuite les facteurs qui déterminent les modèles de bêta-diversité. Les résultats suggèrent que les diatomées sont des communautés structurées et réglementées par l'hétérogénéité de l'environnement et des processus spatiaux. Néanmoins, la majorité de la variation totale dans la composition de la communauté ne peut être expliquée ni par les facteurs environnementaux, ni par les distances spatiales, ce qui justifie les analyses futures se concentrant sur les interactions biologiques, les événements historiques, et d'autres facteurs qui ne sont pas considérés. La thèse décrit en outre une approche pour caractériser les clusters significativement associés de ribotypes concomitants. Enfin, une étude préliminaire de communautés de protistes fractionnées par taille révèle que la queue (de leurs distributions rang abondance) semble suivre un comportement en loi de puissance dans presque toutes les communautés de protistes. Cette observation peut indiquer un mécanisme universel potentiel qui peut expliquer l'organisation de communautés planctoniques marines. De façon générale, ce travail présent une perspective globale et complète de la distribution et de la diversité des diatomées dans les océans du monde. La thèse propose un cadre global pour l'évaluation de la diversité mondiale basée sur le metabarcoding, qui pourra être utilisé pour étudier la distribution et la diversité des autres lignées taxonomiques. Par conséquent, ce travail fournit un point de référence pour explorer comment les communautés microbiennes feront face à la variation des conditions environnementales. Diatoms (Stramenopiles, Bacillariophyceae) are an ecologically important and one of the most diverse phytoplanktonic groups, with an estimated ~1,800 marine planktonic species. Although widely studied, their diversity and biogeographic distribution patterns are not well known. The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing has revolutionized molecular biodiversity studies facilitating the understanding of biogeography, community assembly and ecological processes. The two major goals of this thesis are (1) to investigate global biodiversity patterns and structure of marine planktonic diatom communities across the world’s oceans, and (2) to understand the mechanisms and processes determining their community structure and assembly. This thesis also presents an initial attempt to discern the distribution of rare species in protist communities. The study was conducted using the metabarcoding data generated from the biological samples and associated environmental data collected during the Tara Oceans (2009-2013) global circumnavigation covering all major oceanic provinces. A total of ~12 million diatom V9-18S rDNA tags from 46 sampling stations, constituting 293 size fractionated samples represent the study material for the thesis. Using 63,371 unique diatom metabarcodes, this study presents an in-depth evaluation of global diatom distribution and diversity. The analyses study draw a number of revelations related to diatom biogeography, e.g. a new estimate of the total number of planktonic diatom species, a considerable unknown diversity, exceptionally high diversity in the open ocean, complex diversity patterns across oceanic provinces. The thesis then looks into the factors determining the beta-diversity patterns. The results suggest that diatoms represent biogeographically structured ecological communities regulated by both environmental heterogeneity and spatial processes. Nonetheless, the majority of the total variation in community composition remained unexplained by either the examined measured environmental factors or spatial distances, which warrants future analyses focusing on biological interactions, historical events, and other factors that are not considered. The thesis further outlines an approach to characterize significantly associated clusters of co-occurring ribotypes. Finally, a preliminary study of size-fractionated protistan communities reveals that the tail (of their rank-abundance distributions) appears to follow a power-law behavior in almost all protistan communities. This observation may indicate a potential universal mechanism which can explain the organization of marine planktonic communities. In general, this work has presented a global comprehensive perspective on diatom distribution and diversity in the world’s oceans. The thesis offers an overall framework for metabarcoding-based global diversity assessments which in turn can be employed to study distribution and diversity of other taxonomic lineages. Consequently, this work provides a reference point to explore how microbial communities will respond/change in response to environmental conditions.

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    Authors: É., Beucler; Bonnin, Mickael; Deschamps, Anne; Garlan, Thierry; +12 Authors
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    Authors: Waelbroeck, Claire; Pichat, Sylvain; Böhm, Evelyn; Lougheed, Bryan C.; +10 Authors

    Thanks to its optimal location on the northern Brazilian margin, core MD09-3257 records both ocean circulation and atmospheric changes. The latter occur locally in the form of increased rainfall on the adjacent continent during the cold intervals recorded in Greenland ice and northern North Atlantic sediment cores (i.e., Greenland stadials). These rainfall events are recorded in MD09-3257 as peaks in ln(Ti ∕ Ca). New sedimentary Pa ∕ Th data indicate that mid-depth western equatorial water mass transport decreased during all of the Greenland stadials of the last 40 kyr. Using cross-wavelet transforms and spectrogram analysis, we assess the relative phase between the MD09-3257 sedimentary Pa ∕ Th and ln(Ti ∕ Ca) signals. We show that decreased water mass transport between a depth of ∼1300 and 2300 m in the western equatorial Atlantic preceded increased rainfall over the adjacent continent by 120 to 400 yr at Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) frequencies, and by 280 to 980 yr at Heinrich-like frequencies. We suggest that the large lead of ocean circulation changes with respect to changes in tropical South American precipitation at Heinrich-like frequencies is related to the effect of a positive feedback involving iceberg discharges in the North Atlantic. In contrast, the absence of widespread ice rafted detrital layers in North Atlantic cores during D–O stadials supports the hypothesis that a feedback such as this was not triggered in the case of D–O stadials, with circulation slowdowns and subsequent changes remaining more limited during D–O stadials than Heinrich stadials.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pinzelli, Eric;

    In 1684, the Venetian Republic joined the Empire, Poland and the Papacy in driving back the Ottoman forces that had just suffered a crushing defeat under the walls of Vienna. In a few campaigns, the Serenissima’s troops succeeded in securing the entire Peloponnese (the Morea), through the occupation of the main strongholds. The treaty of Karlowitz of 1699 ratified this conquest but, fifteen years later, the Turks took it back almost without a struggle. This barely known episode, often considered as a fruitless attempt from a Republic on the brink of decline, is here considered from diplomatic and strategic viewpoints, at the core of larger international stakes. The present study, chiefly based on unused archival material, unveils the different phases of the conflict between the Porte and the Holy League in the various fields, and attempts to examine the real significance of the Venetian intervention, the motivations, the means and the potential, the organization, the strategies. En 1684, la République de Venise s’allia à l’Empire, à la Pologne et à la Papauté pour repousser les Ottomans qui venaient de subir un cinglant échec devant Vienne. En quelques campagnes, les troupes de la Sérénissime parvinrent à s’emparer de tout le Péloponnèse (ou Morée) en occupant les places fortes du pays. Le traité de Karlowitz de 1699 entérina cette conquête mais, quinze années plus tard, les Turcs la récupérèrent sans peine. Cet épisode mal connu, souvent interprété comme le vain baroud d’honneur d’une Venise sur le déclin, a ici été traité du point de vue diplomatique et stratégique ; il se situe au cœur d’enjeux internationaux beaucoup plus larges. Cette étude, basée largement sur des documents d’archives inédits, retrace les différentes phases du conflit opposant la Sainte Ligue à la Porte sur les divers théâtres d’opérations, et tente d’analyser le rôle exact joué par les Vénitiens, leurs motivations, leurs moyens, leur organisation, leurs stratégies.

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    Authors: Reversat, Jérôme; Silan, Patrick;

    In the Etang de Thau (Herault, France), three species of Helicometra parasitize in their adult stage the digestive tract of the black goby Gobius niger, the grass goby Zosterisessor ophiocephalus, the grey wrasse Symphodus cinereus, and the common eel Anguilla anguilla (Teleostei). These fish act as definitive hosts in the biological cycle of these platyhelminths. Also H. gobii exists in G. niger, Z. ophiocephalus, S. cinereus and A. anguilla ; H. fasciata is found in G. niger ; and H. pulchella is only found in S. cinereus. In the case of the two gobies and the eel, these three congeneric digenes sometimes coexist in the same infracommunity. Spatio-temporal analysis of these different populations has enabled : 1) detection of seasonal variations in their structure, 2) identification of the relationships between the nature of their specificity and demographic strategy, and 3) the global absence of statistical dependence between the intensities of different species in the same infracommunity to be show. Implications arising from previous research concerning the demographic behaviour of these trematodes in their first intermediate host (mollusc compartment), were taken into account when interpreting structures observed in the definitive hosts. The problems of coexistence between these species, which are taxonomically very close in the same parasite community, and the under-lying speciation mechanisms are discussed in the light of population structuration.

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    Authors: Wang, Weili;

    L’environnement maritime du littoral implique de nombreux processus complexes, mais le manque de données en haute résolution couvrant une large zone sur une longue période est souvent l’obstacle principal à des recherches plus approfondies. Le radar haute-fréquence (HF) est un moyen de faire de la télédétection afin d’obtenir pratiquement en temps réel de l’information sur la surface de la mer et sur une large zone. Ainsi l’étude de l’inversion des paramètres marins à partir de données issues de radars HF est réellement porteuse de sens. Cette thèse fait l’usage d’un jeu de données collectées durant 13 mois par deux réseaux de radar HF à commande de phase pour étudier les caractéristiques de signaux d’échos de la mer, étudier les données à traiter et les méthodes d’inversion, calculer les paramètres de la surface de la mer et évaluer la précision de l’inversion radar des paramètres de la houle.Cette thèse se réfère à l’onde de sol radar HF, dont les ondes radio interagissent avec l’océan du fait de la diffraction de résonance de Bragg. Nous passons en revue l’historique et les applications du radar HF. Nous rappelons les bases de la théorie des ondes électromagnétiques. Nous décrivons les principes d’inversion des courants de surface de la mer, direction du vent et paramètres de houles. La faisabilité de l’inversion de paramètres de houle est examinée. A partir de l’analyse théorique et des études statistiques de nombreux échantillons de données, cette thèse propose une série de méthodes sur le traitement du signal brut et le contrôle de qualité, ce qui inclut la détermination du niveau de bruit, le moyennage des données dans l’espace et le temps, l’identification correcte des pics spectraux, le seuil de largeur de pic, etc. Respectant les caractéristiques de différents processus physiques, les inversions de courant et de vent utilisent des spectres collectés toutes les 20 minutes ; l’inversion des paramètres de houle utilise des spectres moyennés sur 1 heure. Les statistiques des spectres utilisés pour le calcul des paramètres de houle sont présentées pour chacune des stations. Un ensemble de programme efficaces de calculs automatiques avec une complexité algorithme réduite sont développés pour réaliser le traitement et en tirer les paramètres marins.Les vitesses de courants radiales sont obtenues à partir d’une unique station radar. Les champs de vecteurs de courants sont obtenus en combinant chaque station. On montre une année de débit moyen dans la mer d’Iroise, ainsi que le calcul de la vorticité et de la divergence. On étudie un ensemble de données d’un mois du radar SeaSonde de Qingdao. Les schémas de débit moyen, ainsi que la vorticité et la divergence sur un mois sont présentés.La direction relative du vent par rapport à la direction de visée du radar est mesurée à travers le ratio des amplitudes des pics de Bragg. Différents modèles empiriques sont employés pour obtenir la vitesse relative du vent par inversion radar. Les résultats présentés sont en accord avec les estimations prédites par le modèle. Différents modèles de distribution directionnelle sont utilisés pour mesurer le facteur de diffusion pour la mer d’Iroise.Cette thèse se concentre sur l’étude des paramètres de houle. Les résultats sont validés à l’aide de bouées et de données du modèle de vagues (Wavewatch III). L’estimation montre que la précision de la fréquence de houle est très bonne, la précision sur la hauteur significative de houle est très raisonnable et la précision sur la direction absolue de la houle est faible. La cohérence des mesures par chacune des stations radars est vérifiée par comparaison entre les deux. L’utilisation conjointe des échantillons est également prise en charge pour réaliser l’inversion. L’utilisation de deux radars n’améliore pas seulement la précision, mais résout aussi l’ambiguïté de direction relative de houle à partir d’une unique station et donne la direction absolue de vague avec une certaine précision. Nearshore marine environment contains many complex processes, but the lack of high-resolution data over a large area during a long time is often the primary obstacle to further research. High-frequency (HF) radar is a mean of remote sensing which obtains continuous near-real time sea surface information over a large area. Thus the study of inversion of marine parameters from HF radar data is very meaningful. Thisthesis makes use of a 13-month-long dataset collected by two phased array HF radar to investigate the characteristics of the sea echo signals, study the data processing and inversion methods, compute sea surface parameters and evaluate the accuracy of radarinversion of swell parameters.The thesis refers to the ground wave HF radar, whose radio waves interact with ocean by Bragg resonance scattering. The development history and applications of HF radar is introduced. The basic theory of electromagnetic wave is reviewed. The principles of inversion of sea surface current, wind direction and swell parameters are described. The feasibility of the swell parameter inversion is investigated. Based on theoretical analysis and statistical studies of a large number of samples, the thesis proposes a series of methods on raw signal processing and quality control, including the determination of the noise level, data averaging in space and time, the proper identification of spectral peaks, the peak width threshold, etc. Respecting the characteristics of different physical processes, inversions of current and wind use spectra collected every 20 min; inversion of swell parameters uses one-hour averaged spectra. The statistics of qualified spectra for swell parameter calculations are presented for both stations. A set of efficient, with a reduced computational cost, automatic computing programs are developed to do the processing and derive marine parameters. Radial current velocities are derived from single radar station. Current vector fields are obtained by combination of both stations. One-year mean flow field in the Iroise Sea is shown, together with the computation of vorticity and divergence. A one-month SeaSonde radar dataset off Qingdao is studied. One-month mean flow pattern together with vorticity and divergence are presented.Relative wind direction with respect to radar look direction is measured through ratio of Bragg peaks amplitudes. Different empirical models are employed to derive radar-inverted relative wind direction. Results show reasonable agreement with model estimations. Different directional distribution models are used to measure the spreading factor for the Iroise Sea. The thesis focuses on the study of swell parameters. Results are validated by buoy and wave model (WAVEWATCH III) data. The assessments show that the accuracy of swell frequency is very good, the accuracy of swell significant waveheight is reasonable, and the accuracy of relative swell direction is low.Consistency of measurements by both radar stations is verified by comparison between the two. This also supports the use of double samples to do the inversion. Use of two radars not only further improves the accuracy but also solves the ambiguity of relative swell direction from single station and gives the absolute wave direction to a certain precision. The thesis proposes a constant relative directionmethod to derive swell significant waveheight, based on the studies of radar integral equation and the inverted results of relative swell direction. This proposal is demonstrated to improve the agreement of radar inversion and buoy/model provided significant waveheight and increases significantly the number of samples. The thesis investigates the accuracy of swell parameters obtained by HF radar. Contributions of random errors in radar observations are quantified. Comparing the differences between radar and buoy/model estimations gives assessments of the contribution of radar intrinsic uncertainty and contribution of other factors.

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    Authors: Michaud, H.; Marsaleix, P.; Leredde, Y.; Estournel, C.; +4 Authors

    We develop and implement a new method to take into account the impact of waves into the 3-D circulation model SYMPHONIE (Marsaleix et al., 2008, 2009a) following the simplified equations of Bennis et al. (2011) which use glm2z-RANS theory (Ardhuin et al., 2008c). These adiabatic equations are completed by additional parameterizations of wave breaking, bottom friction and wave-enhanced vertical mixing, making the forcing valid from the surf zone through to the open ocean. The wave forcing is performed by wave generation and propagation models WAVEWATCH III® (Tolman, 2008, 2009; Ardhuin et al., 2010) and SWAN (Booij et al., 1999). The model is tested and compared with other models for a plane beach test case, previously tested by Haas and Warner (2009)and Uchiyama et al. (2010). A comparison is also made with the laboratory measurements of Haller et al. (2002) of a barred beach with channels. Results fit with previous simulations performed by other models and with available observational data. Finally, a realistic case is simulated with energetic waves travelling over a coast of the Gulf of Lion (in the northwest of the Mediterranean Sea) for which currents are available at different depths as well as an accurate bathymetric database of the 0–10 m depth range. A grid nesting approach is used to account for the different forcings acting at different spatial scales. The simulation coupling the effects of waves and currents is successful to reproduce the powerful northward littoral drift in the 0–15 m depth zone. More precisely, two distinct cases are identified: When waves have a normal angle of incidence with the coast, they are responsible for complex circulation cells and rip currents in the surf zone, and when they travel obliquely, they generate a northward littoral drift. These features are more complicated than in the test cases, due to the complex bathymetry and the consideration of wind and non-stationary processes. Wave impacts in the inner shelf are less visible since wind and regional circulation seem to be the predominant forcings. Besides, a discrepancy between model and observations is noted at that scale, possibly linked to an underestimation of the wind stress. This three-dimensional method allows a good representation of vertical current profiles and permits the calculation of the shear stress associated with waves and currents. Future work will focus on the combination with a sediment transport model.

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    Authors: Saas, Claire;

    Selon les chiffres officiels, plus de 3 000 migrants sont morts en 2015, en tentant de traverser la mer Égée ou la Méditerranée et atteindre des Etats membres de l'Union Européenne. Jusqu'à présent, ces derniers, avec le soutien de l'Agence Européenne Frontex, ont essayé d'empêcher les migrants d'arriver sur le territoire de l’UE, notamment à travers la détection pré-frontalière et les opérations de refoulement. Malgré l’obligation légale de fournir une assistance aux personnes en détresse en mer, consacrée dans différentes conventions internationales, les États membres de l’UE refusent souvent d’intervenir. La situation du « left-to-die boat » est l’un des rares cas dans lesquels des plaintes pour non-assistance aux migrants en détresse en mer ont été déposées dans plusieurs pays de l’UE. Cela montre à quel point il est difficile d’engager la responsabilité des entités étatiques ou supranationales à raison des morts en mer et faire en sorte que les droits en mer prévalent sur les politiques migratoires restrictives. En outre, empêcher l’accès des migrants au territoire de l’UE est contraire au principe juridique de la liberté de navigation prévue par la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (UNCLOS). La pénalisation des migrants restreint également cette voie de libre circulation des personnes. According to official figures, more than 3 000 migrants died in 2015, while attempting to cross Aegean or Mediterranean Seas and reach European Union member states. Up until now, the latter with the support of Frontex, European Union Agency, have tried to prevent migrants from arriving onto the EU territory, namely through pre-frontier detection and push-backs operations. Despite the legal obligation to render assistance to people in distress at sea enshrined in different international conventions, EU member states often fail to intervene. The left-to-die boat situation is one of the rarest cases in which complaints for non-assistance to migrants in distress at sea were lodged in several EU countries. It shows how difficult it is to demand accountability for deaths at sea and make rights at sea prevail over restrictive migration policies. Moreover, preventing migrants to access EU territory is contrary to the legal channel of free navigation under the UNCLOS Convention. Criminalizing migrants restrict this channel of free movement.

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    Authors: Maier Cornelia; Hegeman Jan; Weinbauer Markus G; Gattuso Jean-Pierre;

    The cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa is one of the few species able to build reef-like structures and a 3-dimensional coral framework in the deep oceans. Furthermore, deep cold-water coral bioherms may be among the first marine ecosystems to be affected by ocean acidification. Colonies of L. pertusa were collected during a cruise in 2006 to cold-water coral bioherms of the Mingulay reef complex (Hebrides, North Atlantic). Shortly after sample collection onboard these corals were labelled with calcium-45. The same experimental approach was used to assess calcification rates and how those changed due to reduced pH during a cruise to the Skagerrak (North Sea) in 2007. The highest calcification rates were found in youngest polyps with up to 1% d−1 new skeletal growth and average rates of 0.11±0.02% d−1±S.E.). Lowering pH by 0.15 and 0.3 units relative to the ambient level resulted in calcification being reduced by 30 and 56%. Lower pH reduced calcification more in fast growing, young polyps (59% reduction) than in older polyps (40% reduction). Thus skeletal growth of young and fast calcifying corallites suffered more from ocean acidification. Nevertheless, L. pertusa exhibited positive net calcification (as measured by 45Ca incorporation) even at an aragonite saturation state (Ωa) below 1.

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    Authors: Assolen, Alexandra;

    Introduction : les tumeurs adipeuses sont les plus fréquentes des tumeurs des tissus mous chez l’adulte. Elles comportent des tumeurs bénignes : les lipomes et des tumeurs malignes : les liposarcomes. Le terme de tumeur adipeuse atypique (ALT) est utilisé pour les liposarcomes bien différenciés (de bas grade) des membres. Le diagnostic préopératoire repose sur une micro biopsie percutanée radioguidée qui constitue le gold standard à ce jour avec étude histologique et recherche d’amplification du gène MDM2 qui caractérise les tumeurs adipeuses atypiques, représentant l’objectif de notre étude. Matériels et méthodes : nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective dans le service d’Anatomie pathologique du CHU de la Timone portant sur 107 prélèvements micro-biopsiques scanno-guidées de tumeurs adipeuses bien différenciées de l’adulte localisées aux membres réalisées entre 2010 et 2018. Dans tous les cas la recherche d’amplification du gène MDM2 par Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) a été réalisée. Le diagnostic final a été porté sur la pièce d’exérèse. Pour la totalité des cas de liposarcomes ainsi que pour 22 lipomes la recherche d’amplification du gène MDM2 a été réalisée sur la biopsie et sur la pièce d’exérèse par deux techniques différentes : FISH et digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Résultats : 24 diagnostics de tumeurs adipeuses atypiques ont été faits en préopératoire. 1 cas de liposarcome myxoïde avec territoires bien différenciés adipeux majoritaires et 4 autres ALT ont été diagnostiquées sur pièce opératoire uniquement en raison des aspects histologiques et grâce à la répétition des examens moléculaires. La sensibilité de la FISH sur micro biopsie est de 86%. Celle de la ddPCR de 56% sur micro biopsie et de 86% pour les pièces opératoires. L’hétérogénéité tumorale et le faible niveau d’amplification du gène MDM2 dans les ALT sont en grande partie responsables des discordances observées entre le diagnostic préopératoire et définitif. Conclusion : Nous avons conclu à une bonne performance de la micro biopsie scanno-guidée pour le diagnostic préopératoire des tumeurs adipeuses atypiques lorsque l’analyse moléculaire est couplée à l’histologie. La FISH apparaît plus sensible que la ddPCR pour la détection de l’amplification du gène MDM2 sur micro biopsie. Cependant la ddPCR est capable de mettre en évidence l’amplification même en présence d’une polysomie. Il est important de remettre en question le diagnostic réalisé sur micro biopsie si des arguments cliniques ou histologiques « atypiques » sont mis en évidence sur la pièce d’exérèse. Dans ces cas il ne faut pas hésiter à renouveler les techniques moléculaires. Enfin, il ne faut pas méconnaitre un éventuel liposarcome myxoïde « avec territoires adipeux bien différenciés extensifs » grâce à la confrontation anatomo-clinique.

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